This document provides an introduction to an Electrical Machines Lab course. It discusses key topics that will be covered, including different types of electrical machines like transformers, motors, and generators. It also describes several pieces of equipment that will be used in experiments, such as an electromagnetic brake for measuring torque, a torque meter, and a tachometer. The goal of the lab is for students to learn principles of electric machinery through hands-on experiments with various AC and DC machines.
This document provides an introduction to an Electrical Machines Lab course. It discusses key topics that will be covered, including different types of electrical machines like transformers, motors, and generators. It also describes several pieces of equipment that will be used in experiments, such as an electromagnetic brake for measuring torque, a torque meter, and a tachometer. The goal of the lab is for students to learn principles of electric machinery through hands-on experiments with various AC and DC machines.
This document provides an introduction to an Electrical Machines Lab course. It discusses key topics that will be covered, including different types of electrical machines like transformers, motors, and generators. It also describes several pieces of equipment that will be used in experiments, such as an electromagnetic brake for measuring torque, a torque meter, and a tachometer. The goal of the lab is for students to learn principles of electric machinery through hands-on experiments with various AC and DC machines.
This document provides an introduction to an Electrical Machines Lab course. It discusses key topics that will be covered, including different types of electrical machines like transformers, motors, and generators. It also describes several pieces of equipment that will be used in experiments, such as an electromagnetic brake for measuring torque, a torque meter, and a tachometer. The goal of the lab is for students to learn principles of electric machinery through hands-on experiments with various AC and DC machines.
Chapter (1): Introduction to Electrical Machines Lab
Eng. TareQ FoQha
Second Semester 2020-2021 Chapter (1): Introduction to Electrical Machines Lab EM Lab
Electrical Machines
An electrical machine is a device that can convert either mechanical energy to electrical energy or electrical energy to mechanical energy. • When such a device is used to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy, it is called a generator. • When it converts electrical energy to mechanical energy, it is called a motor. • The transformer converts ac electrical energy at one voltage level to ac electrical energy at another voltage level. Mechanical Energy Generator Electrical Energy
Electrical Energy Motor Mechanical Energy
Electrical Energy Transformer Electrical Energy
Eng. TareQ FoQha Second Semester 2020-2021
Chapter (1): Introduction to Electrical Machines Lab EM Lab
Magnetic Field
Four Principles of Electric Machinery:
1. A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it.
Eng. TareQ FoQha Second Semester 2020-2021
Chapter (1): Introduction to Electrical Machines Lab EM Lab
Magnetic Field
Four Principles of Electric Machinery:
2. A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a coil of wire if it passes through that coil. (This is the basis of transformer action)
Eng. TareQ FoQha Second Semester 2020-2021
Chapter (1): Introduction to Electrical Machines Lab EM Lab
Magnetic Field
Four Principles of Electric Machinery:
3. A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a force induced on it. (This is the basis of motor action) The direction of the force is given by the right-hand rule: If the index finger of the right hand points in the direction of the vector I and the middle finger points in the direction of the flux density vector B, then the thumb points in the direction of the resultant force on the wire.
Eng. TareQ FoQha Second Semester 2020-2021
Chapter (1): Introduction to Electrical Machines Lab EM Lab
Magnetic Field
Four Principles of Electric Machinery:
4. A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field has a voltage induced in it. (This is the basis of generator action) Vector l points along the direction of the wire toward the end making the smallest angle with respect to the vector v X B. The voltage in the wire will be built up so that the positive end is in the direction of the vector v X B.
Eng. TareQ FoQha Second Semester 2020-2021
Chapter (1): Introduction to Electrical Machines Lab EM Lab
Types of Electrical Machines
Electrical machines are classified into two main types:
1. Stationary/Static Electrical Machines A stationary electrical machine is such kind of machine which does not have any moving parts & they remain stationary throughout its operation. (Transformers)
2. Rotating/Dynamic Electrical Machines
Such type of machines consists of moving parts as well as stationary parts. There are two types of Dynamic electrical machines: (Motors and Generators)
Eng. TareQ FoQha Second Semester 2020-2021
Chapter (1): Introduction to Electrical Machines Lab EM Lab
Experiments will be covered in this lab
1. AC Machines Single Phase Transformer; Three Phase Transformer; Capacitor Run Induction Motor; Capacitor Start Induction Motor; Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Induction Motor; Repulsion Motor; Three Phase Squirrel-cage Induction Motor; Three Phase Slip-Ring Induction Motor; Synchronous Generators and Synchronous Motors.
2. DC Machines Self-Excited Motors: Series DC Motors, Shunt DC Motors, Compound DC Motor, Self-Excited Generators: Shunt and Compound DC Generators, Permanent Magnet DC Motor; Universal Motor.
Eng. TareQ FoQha Second Semester 2020-2021
Chapter (1): Introduction to Electrical Machines Lab EM Lab
Electromagnetic Break
An electromagnetic brake is a device used to slow a moving object by dissipating its kinetic energy as heat. It allows to regulate with fine-tune the braking action, without any mechanical friction, therefore without any wear or consumption, therefore no need for any maintenance. The drag force that slow the moving object is an electromagnetic force between a magnet and a nearby conductive object in relative motion, due to currents induced in the conductor through electromagnetic induction. A conductive surface moving past a stationary magnet will have circular electric currents induced in it by the magnetic field, as described by law of induction. The circulating currents will create their own magnetic field which opposes the field of the magnet. Thus the moving conductor will experience a drag force from the magnet that opposes its motion, proportional to its velocity. The kinetic energy of the moving object is dissipated as heat generated by the current flowing through the electrical resistance of the conductor.
Eng. TareQ FoQha Second Semester 2020-2021
Chapter (1): Introduction to Electrical Machines Lab EM Lab
Electromagnetic Break
The magnetic field is created by varying the electric current in the electromagnet's windings that create a north pole and a south pole. The braking force is proportional to the electric current and to the speed of the rotating brake. The electromagnet exerts on the rotating disk a couple in the opposite direction of the motion, so with a floating system, with a dynamometer or with arms and weight, you can obtain the value of the braking couple.
When the motor to be tested is coupled with the brake, the braking torque is equivalent to the torque developed by the motor under test.
Eng. TareQ FoQha Second Semester 2020-2021
Chapter (1): Introduction to Electrical Machines Lab EM Lab
Electromagnetic Break
You have to put the measuring weight on the graduated arm, which will be put on the right, while the weight acting as a counterbalance will be put on the left arm. The disk has to be inserted on the testing motor shaft and locked with the suitable key. Lock very well both the brake and the testing machine and slip the thickness only after this operation. Verify that the disk rotates in a free way, without touch the brake magnet.
When the motor is lock, you have to put the measuring weight towards the brake and regulate the counterbalance till the brake is on balance. Now the counterbalance has to be locked and never more moved. Putting the motor in rotation, the balance is immediately changed and to brake the motor you have only to move the measuring weight along the arm according to the following ratio: τ (N.m) = G x b G = weight in Newton b = arm in meter
Watch The Video
Eng. TareQ FoQha Second Semester 2020-2021
Chapter (1): Introduction to Electrical Machines Lab EM Lab
Torque Meter
This meter allows to measure the motor’s torque during the test and to read the torque on the digital instrument display. For use with break generator, electromagnetic break or break generator, torque can be read in g.m or N.m.
The torque detection is made through the load cell placed under the brake that has the case oscillating on two ball bearings placed at the end of the shaft.
Eng. TareQ FoQha Second Semester 2020-2021
Chapter (1): Introduction to Electrical Machines Lab EM Lab
Tachometer
A tachometer refers to any device that produces a signal proportional to the speed of rotation of a joint. There are many different types of tachometers, some based on measuring the frequency, or the time between pulses generated by the rotating shaft. A tachometer that does not need any physical contact with the rotating shaft is called a non-contact digital tachometer. In this type, a laser or an optical disk is attached to the rotating shaft, and it can be read by an IR beam or laser, which is directed by the tachometer. These types of tachometers are efficient, durable, accurate, and compact, and also visible from long distance. Tachometer consists of an optical sensor which generates pulses proportional to the speed of rotation. It counts the number of pulses sensed by the sensor and number of pulses per second gives the rps and when multiplied by 60 gives rpm.
Eng. TareQ FoQha Second Semester 2020-2021
Chapter (1): Introduction to Electrical Machines Lab EM Lab
Machine Coupling
Coupling between two machines with base plate
Rubber coupling joint
Universal Terminal Insert the rubber joint and push the two Joint board bases one against the other
Universal base Insert the locking fixture Block the basis with apposite screws
Eng. TareQ FoQha Second Semester 2020-2021
Chapter (1): Introduction to Electrical Machines Lab EM Lab
Insulation Classes
One of the most critical parts of an ac machine design is the insulation of its windings. If the insulation of a motor or generator breaks down, the machine shorts out. To prevent the winding insulation from breaking down as a result of overheating, it is necessary to limit the temperature of the windings. This can be partially done by providing a cooling air circulation over them, but ultimately the maximum winding temperature limits the maximum power that can be supplied continuously by the machine.
Insulation rarely fails from immediate breakdown at some critical temperature. Instead, the increase in temperature produces a gradual degradation of the insulation, making it subject to failure from another cause such as shock, vibration, or electrical stress.
To standardize the temperature limits of machine insulation, the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) in the United States has defined a series of insulation system classes. Each insulation system class specifies the maximum temperature rise permissible for that class of insulation.
Eng. TareQ FoQha Second Semester 2020-2021
Chapter (1): Introduction to Electrical Machines Lab EM Lab
Insulation Classes
There are three common NEMA insulation classes for integral-horsepower ac motors: B, F, and H. Each class represents a higher permissible winding temperature than the one before it. For example, the armature winding temperature rise above ambient temperature in one type of continuously operating ac induction motor must be limited to 80°C for class B, 105°C for class F, and 125°C for class H insulation.
Eng. TareQ FoQha Second Semester 2020-2021
Chapter (1): Introduction to Electrical Machines Lab EM Lab
Insulation Classes
A typical curve is shown in the following Figure. This curve shows the mean life of a machine in thousands of hours versus the temperature of the windings, for several different insulation classes.
Eng. TareQ FoQha Second Semester 2020-2021
Chapter (1): Introduction to Electrical Machines Lab EM Lab
Ingress Protection
Ingress protection ratings, or IP ratings, are a two digit rating system to determine how resistant a device is to its environment. The rating is made up of two numbers with specific meaning. The first is about protection against solid objects and particulates and the second is resistance to liquids.
Having a certified IP Rating legitimizes the item and allows manufacturers to confidently make claims about the level of protection their product provides. It also gives users reassurance there is a level of protection and safety with the component, with less risk of injury to themselves or damage to their equipment. When contaminants enter an electronic enclosure they can cause a range of damage from shortened life to equipment failure.
The testing requirements for electrical equipment using ingress protection (IP) are specified in International Standard IEC 60529 and Australian Standard AS 60529.
Eng. TareQ FoQha Second Semester 2020-2021
Chapter (1): Introduction to Electrical Machines Lab EM Lab
Ingress Protection
Eng. TareQ FoQha Second Semester 2020-2021
Chapter (1): Introduction to Electrical Machines Lab EM Lab
Motor’s Duty Cycle
When selecting a motor, it is important to consider the required duty cycle to ensure the motor can meet the needs of the application. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines eight classifications for duty cycle which are grouped by continuous, short term, or periodic cycles. These cycles refer to the sequence and durations in time of all aspects of a typical operation, including starting, running with no load, running with full load, electric braking, and rest. These operations are viewed by how they affect the motor temperature in order to determine if the selected motor is correct for the application, if increased cooling such as a forced ventilation fan is required, or if a whole new motor should be used.
Eng. TareQ FoQha Second Semester 2020-2021
Chapter (1): Introduction to Electrical Machines Lab EM Lab
Continuous Duty (S1)
The first, and simplest, type of motor duty cycle is
continuous duty. This is also referred to by its abbreviated name, S1 duty (Figure 1). In this type of operation, the motor runs with a constant load for a long enough duration so that it reaches thermal equilibrium. This also assumes the starting of the motor can be considered to have a negligible effect on the motor temperature. An example of S1 duty would be a fan that is switched on and then let to run non-stop.
When purchasing a motor, it is important to consider the
required operation and declare the duty cycle. This ensures the proper motor is selected for the application.
