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    03 - Tissues

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    navkashsinghmann
    This document provides an overview of the four primary tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. It describes their classification based on cell shape, arrangement, and function. The three germ layers that give rise to tissues - endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm - are introduced. Examples of specific tissue types like squamous epithelial cells, areolar connective tissue, cardiac muscle, and neurons are outlined. The processes of tissue repair through regeneration and replacement are also summarized.

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    03 - Tissues

    Uploaded by

    navkashsinghmann
    26 views62 pages
    This document provides an overview of the four primary tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. It describes their classification based on cell shape, arrangement, and function. The three germ layers that give rise to tissues - endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm - are introduced. Examples of specific tissue types like squamous epithelial cells, areolar connective tissue, cardiac muscle, and neurons are outlined. The processes of tissue repair through regeneration and replacement are also summarized.

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    This document provides an overview of the four primary tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. It describes their classification based on cell shape, arrangement, and function. The three germ layers that give rise to tissues - endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm - are introduced. Examples of specific tissue types like squamous epithelial cells, areolar connective tissue, cardiac muscle, and neurons are outlined. The processes of tissue repair through regeneration and replacement are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views62 pages

    03 - Tissues

    Uploaded by

    navkashsinghmann
    This document provides an overview of the four primary tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. It describes their classification based on cell shape, arrangement, and function. The three germ layers that give rise to tissues - endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm - are introduced. Examples of specific tissue types like squamous epithelial cells, areolar connective tissue, cardiac muscle, and neurons are outlined. The processes of tissue repair through regeneration and replacement are also summarized.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 62

    TISSUES

    INTRODUCTION
     Tissue: groups of cells with similar function/structure
     Histology: study of tissues
     Biopsy vs Autopsy?
     Tissue types
     Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
    EMBRYONIC GERMS

     3 layers: Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm


     Endoderm →INNER layer, forms the lining of digestive tract and its derivative
     Mesoderm → MIDDLE layer, forms tissues such as muscle, bone, and blood
    vessels.
     Ectoderm → OUTER layer, forms the skin; a portion of the ectoderm called
    neuroectoderm
     These are called germ layers because the beginning of all adult structures
    can be traced back to one of them and they give rise to all the tissues of
    the body
    EPITHELIAL TISSUE
    EPITHELIAL TISSUE/EPITHELIUM

    1. Protects underlying tissues


    2. Absorbs nutrients
    3. Secretes hormones, mucus, enzymes
    4. Excretes waste
    EPITHELIAL TISSUE
     Basement membrane - specialized type of
    extracellular material secreted by epithelial and
    connective tissue cells.
    - Acts like an adhesive tile which anchor cells
     Named according to shape, arrangement, function
     Cells are closely packed
    CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SHAPE

    • Squamous: flat and slightly irregular (protection)


    • Cuboidal: cube shaped (protection and secretion)
    • Columnar: tall and rectangular (secretion and absorption)
    SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS

    Squamous epithelial cells


    CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL CELLS

    Cuboidal epithelial cells


    COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELLS

    Columnar epithelial cells


    CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ARRANGEMENT

    • Simple: one cell layer thick


    • Stratified: several layers thick
    • Pseudostratified: appears to be several layers but is not
    • Transitional: several layers of easily stretched cells
    STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
    STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL
    STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
    PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED,
    COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
    TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

    (Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source)


    CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIUM (SUMMARY)
    CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION

     Mucous membrane: mucus production


     Exocrine glands: simple and compound
     Endocrine: ductless; hormone secretion
     Endothelium: lines vessels
     Endocardium

     Mesothelium (serous): lines great cavities; no openings outside


    TYPES OF EXOCRINE GLANDS (SIMPLE)
    TYPES OF EXOCRINE GLANDS (COMPOUND)
    EXOCRINE GLANDS BY TYPE OF SECRETION
    CONNECTIVE TISSUE
    CONNECTIVE TISSUE
     Cells with large amount extracellular matrix
     3 major components of the matrix
    1. Protein fibers (Collagen, Reticular, Elastin)
    2. Ground substance
    3. Fluid
     The name of the cell identifies the cell functions by means of one of the following
    suffixes: -blast, -cyte, or -clast.
     Blasts create the matrix, cytes maintain it, and clasts break it down for
    remodeling.
     Subgroups: loose, dense, specialized
    I. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
     Fills spaces between and penetrates organs
     Areolar - “loose packing” material of most organs and other
     tissues; it attaches the skin to underlying tissues
     injury repair, phagocytosis, inflammatory response
     Fibroblasts, histiocytes, mast cells
     Adipose: contains adipocytes; fat storage
     Reticular: network of reticular fibers and cells; framework
    AREOLAR (LOOSE) CONNECTIVE TISSUE
    ADIPOSE TISSUE
    RETICULAR TISSUE
    II. DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
     relatively large number of protein fibers, which form thick
    bundles and fill nearly all of the extracellular space.
     Regular arrangement (oriented in one direction)
     Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
     Irregular arrangement (oriented irregularly)
     Muscle sheaths, joint capsules, fascia
    DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
    DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
    DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
    DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
    III. SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE
    CARTILAGE
     is composed of cartilage cells (chondrocytes) within an
    CARTILAGE

    extensive and relatively rigid matrix; chondrocytes located


    in lacunae
     Perichondrium – surrounds nearly all the cartilage; cartilage cells
    arise from the perichondrium and secrete cartilage matrix
     Types
     Hyaline: ribs & costal cartilages, nose, trachea
     Fibrocartilage: intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis
     Elastic: ears, auditory tubes, epiglottis
    HYALINE CARTILAGE
    CARTILAGE
    FIBROCARTILAGE
    CARTILAGE
    ELASTIC CARTILAGE
    CARTILAGE
    SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE (CONT’D.)

    BONE
     Bone cells, or osteocytes are located within holes in the matrix,
    which are called lacunae
     Compact (outer) Cancellous/Spongy (inner)
     Mineral salts: especially calcium and phosphorus → HARD
    BONE

    TEETH
     Dentin – related to bone in structure but is harder and denser. Light
    brown
     Enamel – outer covering of the crown with white appearance
    BONE (CANCELLOUS)
    BONE
    BONE (COMPACT)
    BONE
    SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE (CONT’D.)

    BLOOD
     fluid portion + formed elements
     Formed elements
     Erythrocytes (RBC)
    BLOOD

     Leukocytes (WBC)
     Thrombocytes (Platelets)
     Hemopoietic tissue forms blood cells. In adults, hemopoietic
    tissue is found in bone marrow (yellow and red)
    BLOOD
    BLOOD
    OTHER SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE

     LYMPHOID: antibody production (B lymphocytes) and disease


    protection
     RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM: phagocytosis
     System of monocyte and macrophages
     Kupffer cells
     Histiocytes
     Neuroglia (Microglia)
     Alveolar macrophage
     Osteoclast
     SYNOVIAL: lines joints, forms bursae, prevents friction
    CONNECTIVE TISSUE FUNCTIONS

    1. Support
     Bones, cartilage
    2. Nourishment
     Blood
    3. Transportation
     Blood
    4. Connection
     Tendons, ligaments
    CONNECTIVE TISSUE FUNCTIONS (CONT’D.)

    5. Movement
     Bones, tendons
    6. Protection and insulation
     Bones, blood, fat
    7. Storage
     Bone, fat
    8. Attachment and separation
     Attaches skin to muscle
    MUSCLE TISSUE
    MUSCLE TISSUE

     Ability to shorten and thicken → CONTRACT


     Muscle length > width = Muscle Fibers
     3 types of Muscle
    1. Smooth Muscle
    2. Skeletal Muscle
    3. Cardiac Muscle
    STRIATED (SKELETAL)

     “Muscle”, “meat” - 40% of a person’s body weight


     Movement by pulling on bones
     Long thin cells
    MUSCLE

     Voluntary control
     Multinucleated and striated
     Actin and myosin
    STRIATED (SKELETAL)
    MUSCLE

    Skeletal (striated voluntary) muscle

    (Photo © Eric V. Grave/Science Source)


    CARDIAC

     Muscle of the heart


     Uninucleated and striated
     Involuntary control (ANS)
    MUSCLE

     Cylindrical shape
     Connected to other cardiac muscle cells by
    intercalated disks with gap junctions
     Contraction for beating of heart
    CARDIAC
    MUSCLE

    Cardiac muscle

    (Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source)


    SMOOTH MUSCLE

    Spindle-shaped, single nucleus


    Not striated
    Involuntary (ANS)
    MUSCLE

    Walls of hollow organs (digestive tract, arteries and veins,


    ureters); skin and eyes
    Ex. Peristalsis by contraction of outer and inner layer,
    emptying of the bladder, etc.
    SMOOTH MUSCLE
    MUSCLE
    COMPARISON OF MUSCLE TYPES
    NERVOUS TISSUE
    NERVOUS TISSUE (CONT’D.)
    Neurons
     Conducting cells by action potential
     Very long: called nerve fibers
    NERVOUS

     Parts
     Cell body: contains nucleus
     Dendrites: root-like extensions that receive stimuli
     Axons: long thin extensions that transmit impulse
     Neuroglia: supporting cells
    NERVOUS TISSUE (CONT’D.)

     Nervous tissue
     Makes up brain, spinal cord, and nerves
     Is most highly organized tissue of the body
     Controls and coordinates body activities
     Allows perception
     Controls emotion and reasoning
     Stores memories
    MOTOR NEURON

    (Photo © Biophoto Associates/Science Source)


    TISSUE REPAIR
    Tissue repair is the substitution of viable cells for dead ones.
    Tissue repair occurs by regeneration or replacement.
     Labile cells divide throughout life and can undergo regeneration.
     Stable cells do not ordinarily divide after growth is complete but can
    regenerate if necessary.
     Permanent cells cannot replicate. If killed, permanent tissue is
    repaired by replacement.
    TISSUE REPAIR

     Tissue repair by primary union occurs when the


    edges of the wound are close together.
     Secondary union occurs when the edges are far
    apart
    SUMMARY

     Introduced the concept of tissues and how to classify


    tissues
     Classified epithelial tissue based on shape and arrangement
     Described the three major types of connective tissue
     Described the three types of muscle tissue
     Discussed nervous tissue and its functions
    END OF TOPIC

    Thank You!

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