Ch. 4 Tissues

Chapter 4
Part II: Connective Tissue

Connective Tissue
 Most abundant and widely distributed tissue
 Main classes:
1. Connective tissue proper (loose & dense)
2. Cartilage
3. Bone
4. Blood
 Functions:
1. Binding and support
2. Protection
3. Insulation
4. Transport substances
Classification
 Variations in blood supply
 Avascular (no blood) – cartilage
 Poorly vascular – tendons, ligaments
 Extracellular matrix
 Produced by cells, secreted to exterior
 Ground substance: “glue” - fills space between cells &
fibers
 water + adhesion proteins + polysaccharides
 Fibers: provide support
 Collagen - strength
 Elastic – stretch
 Reticular – fine network, “skeleton” of organs
Loose Connective Tissue
 Universal packing material
 Subclasses: areolar, adipose, reticular
 Structure: softer, fewer fibers, gel-like matrix
 Functions:
 Cushion & protect organs (areolar, fat)
 Store nutrients (fat)
 Internal framework (reticular)
 Fight infection (areolar)
 Cells: fibroblasts, adipocytes (fat cells)
 Locations: under skin, lymph nodes, hips, behind
eyeballs
Dense Connective Tissue
 Tendons & ligaments
 Subclasses: dense regular, dense irregular,
elastic
 Structure: mainly collagen fibers
 Functions:
 Elastic
 Resist tension
 Cells: fibroblasts
 Locations: tendons (muscle-bone), ligaments
(bone-bone), lower layers of skin
Cartilage
 Subclasses: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
 Structure: flexible, no nerves or blood
 Functions:
 Support
 Compression
 Cells: chondroblasts, chondrocytes
 Locations: larynx, joints, tip of nose, ear,
intervertebral discs, rib-breastbone, knee
joint
Bone
 Osseous tissue
 Subclasses: compact, spongy
 Structure: hard, calcified matrix; blood
vessels
 Functions:
 support & protect
 Store calcium
 Blood cell formation (marrow)
 Cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes
 Locations: bones
Blood
 Vascular tissue
 Subclasses: blood cells, plasma
 Structure: fluid within blood vessels, no fibers
 Functions:
 Transport vehicle (nutrients, wastes, gases,
hormones)
 Cells: white blood cells (leukocytes), red
blood cells (erythrocytes), platelets
 Locations: blood vessels
Chapter 4
 Tissue: group of cells that are similar in
structure and function
 Histology: study of tissues
Types of Tissues:
1. Epithelium (covering)
2. Connective (support)
3. Muscle (movement)
4. Nervous (control)
Preparing tissues for microscopy
 Specimen is fixed (preserved)

 Cut into thin sections (slices)
 Stained with colored dyes
Part I: Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
 “epithe” = laid on, covering
 Structure:
1. Covering and lining epithelium
2. Glandular epithelium
 Function:
 Protection
 Absorption
 Filtration
 Secretion
Special Properties
1. Polarity
 Apical surface = exposed free surface or edge
(some with microvilli, cilia)
 Basal surface = lower, attached surface
2. Specialized contacts
 Fits close together to form continuous sheets
Special Properties
3. Supported by connective tissue
 Rests on basement membrane
4. No blood supply (avascular)
 Rely on diffusion and underlying connective
tissue for food/O2
5. Regeneration – Replace lost cells
Classification
 Two names = (# cell layers) + (shape of cells)
 Cell Layers: simple or stratified
 Shapes: squamous, cuboidal, or columnar
Simple Epithelium
 Absorption, secretion, filtration

 Very thin
Simple Epithelium
Simple Epithelium
 Simple squamous
 Filtration, rapid diffusion
 Capillary walls, air sacs in lungs, kidney filtration
 Serous membranes: slick layer lining ventral body
cavity and its organs
Simple Epithelium
 Simple cuboidal
 Secretion & absorption
 Lines ducts of glands (salivary), kidney tubules,
ovary surface
Simple Epithelium
 Simple columnar
 Absorption and secretion
 Lines digestive tract
 Microvilli, cilia
 Mucous membranes:
lubricating mucus
Simple Epithelium
 Pseudostratified columnar
 Rests on basement membrane – false impression
(pseudo) of being multi-layered
 Secretes or absorbs
 Respiratory tract – cilia propels mucus from lungs
Stratified Epithelium
 2+ layers, more durable

 Main function = protect
 Stratified squamous
 Withstand abuse, friction
 Esophagus, mouth, outer portion of skin
 Stratified cuboidal
 Usually 2 layers
 Mainly in ducts of large glands (sweat, mammary,
salivary)
Sweat Gland Esophageal Gland

 Stratified columnar
 Thick, waterproof layer
 Pharynx, male urethra, lining ducts
Transitional Epithelium
 Able to change shape (cuboidal  squamous)
 Lining of hollow urinary organs (bladder,
ureter, urethra)
 Stretches when filled with urine
Glandular Epithelium
 Gland: make and secrete a particular product
 2 Types:
 Endocrine gland: produce hormones secreted
into tissue fluid or bloodstream
 Exocrine gland: secrete products into ducts 
onto body surfaces or body cavities
 Eg. mucous, sweat, oil, saliva, bile
Exocrine Glands
Unicellular Multicellular
 Mucus cells or goblet  Duct structure
cells
Part III: Muscle Tissue
 3 types:
 Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle
Skeletal Muscle
 Description:
 Long, cylindrical
 Multinucleate (2+ nuclei)
 Striated (banded appearance)
 Function:
 Muscles contract, pull on bones or skin  cause body
movements
 Location in the body:
 Attached to skeleton
 Other features:
 Voluntary control
Cardiac Muscle
 Description:
 Striated
 Uninucleate (1 nucleus)
 Branching cells – fit at junctions called intercalated discs
 Function:
 Propel blood through blood vessels to all parts of body
 Locations in the body:
 Walls of the heart
 Other features:
 Involuntary control
Smooth Muscle
 Description:
 No visible striations
 1 central nucleus
 Spindle-shaped (pointed ends)
 Function:
 Propel substances through hollow organs
 Locations in the body:
 Walls of organs (stomach, bladder, uterus, blood vessels)
 Other features:
 Involuntary control
 Contracts slowly
 Peristalsis: wavelike motion that moves food through SI
Part IV: Nervous Tissue
 Main component of nervous system
 Structure: neuron = dendrite + cell body + axon
 Function: regulates and controls body
functions
 Location in the body: brain, spinal cord, nerves
Part IV: Nervous Tissue
 2 Major Cell Types:
 Neurons
 Respond to stimuli
 Transmit electrical impulses
 Other cells
 Support, insulate, protect neurons
Tissue Repair
 Wound healing
 Two ways:
1. Regeneration: replace destroyed tissue by
same kind of cells
2. Fibrosis: form scar tissue (dense fibrous
connective tissue)
 Depends on:
 Type of tissue damaged
 Severity of injury
Steps to Tissue Repair:
1. Inflammation
 Capillaries become very permeable
 WBC’s and clotting proteins seep into injured area
 Clot prevents loss of blood (surface dries, forms a
scab)
2. Granulation tissue forms
 Delicate pink tissue with new capillaries
 Connective tissue produces collagen fibers
 Epithelial cells multiply over granulation tissue
3. Surface epithelium regenerates
 Surface epithelium thickens
 Fibrous tissue matures – forms scar tissue
Regenerative Capacity of
Different Tissues
Virtually None
Extremely
Moderate Weak (mostly scar
Well
tissue)
• Skin epidermis • Smooth • Skeletal • Cardiac muscle
• Mucous muscle muscle • Nervous tissue
membranes • Tendons, • Cartilage
• Fibrous ligaments
connective
• Blood
• Bones

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Chapter 4

Part II: Connective Tissue

 Specimen is fixed (preserved)

 Absorption, secretion, filtration

 2+ layers, more durable

Sweat Gland Esophageal Gland

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