1

1 Sodium burns in air to form sodium oxide, Na2O.

(a) State the colour of the flame seen when sodium burns.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction which takes place when sodium burns in air to form
sodium oxide.

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 3]

2 When aqueous silver nitrate, AgNO3(aq), is added to aqueous potassium chloride, a precipitate is
formed.

(a) State the colour of the precipitate formed.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Name the precipitate formed.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Write the ionic equation for the reaction. Include state symbols.

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 5]

3 + +
Aqueous potassium hydrogensulfate, KHSO4(aq), contains the ions K (aq), H (aq) and SO4 (aq).

(a) Describe the observations in the following tests.

(i) A flame test is carried out on aqueous potassium hydrogensulfate.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Solid copper(II) carbonate is added to aqueous potassium hydrogensulfate.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]
2+
(iii) An acidic solution containing aqueous barium ions, Ba (aq), is added to aqueous
potassium hydrogensulfate.

................................................................................................................................ [1]
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(b) Write the ionic equation for the reaction in (a)(iii).

Include state symbols.

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 7]

4 Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, is slightly soluble in water.

Limewater is a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2(aq).

(a) Name the gas limewater is used to test for.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Suggest what is meant by the term saturated solution.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Describe how you would make a sample of limewater starting with solid calcium hydroxide.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) Describe how you would test for the presence of calcium ions in a sample of limewater.

test ....................................................................................................................................

observations .....................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]

5 Give two ways in which the properties of transition elements differ from the properties of Group I
metals.

1 ..............................................................................................................................................

2 .............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

6 Across a period, the elements change from metallic to non-metallic.

(a) Describe how the type of oxide changes across this period.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Describe how the type of bonding in the chlorides formed by these elements changes across
this period.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]

7 Chromium is a transition element. Potassium is an element in Group I of the Periodic Table.

Give two other ways in which the physical properties of chromium differ from the physical properties
of potassium.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]

8 The Group I metals react with cold water.

Transition elements do not react with cold water.

(a) Describe two other differences in the chemical properties between Group I metals and
transition elements.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) Describe the observations when potassium is added to cold water.

observations .....................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

equation ............................................................................................................................ [5]

[Total: 7]
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9 Iron does not rust when it is completely coated with zinc. When the zinc is scratched, the iron still
does not rust.

(a) Explain why the iron does not rust when it is completely coated with zinc.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Explain why the iron still does not rust when the zinc is scratched.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 4]

10 Aluminium can be extracted by electrolysis using the apparatus shown.

+ power –
supply
anodes wires

cathode
+ +
aluminium oxide
and cryolite

molten aluminium

(a) Name the type of particle responsible for the transfer of charge in

the wires, ..........................................................................................................................

the electrolyte. .................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Give two reasons why cryolite is used.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) Write the ionic half-equation for the formation of aluminium during the electrolysis.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(d) Explain how carbon dioxide gas is formed at the anodes.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]

11 Iron is extracted from the ore hematite in the Blast Furnace.

waste gases

raw materials:
coke, C
firebrick lining iron ore, Fe2O3
limestone, CaCO3

CO forms

CO2 forms
air
slag
molten iron

The coke reacts with the oxygen in the air to form carbon dioxide.

C + O2 → CO2

(a) Explain why carbon monoxide is formed higher in the Blast Furnace.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Write an equation for the reduction of hematite, Fe2O3, by carbon monoxide.

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 4]

12 The energy level diagram shows the energy profile for the reaction between zinc and
dilute sulfuric acid.
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energy Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq)

progress of reaction

(a) Complete the diagram by adding the formulae of the products. Include state symbols. [3]

(b) Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the activation energy. [1]

(c) Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? Explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

13 Aluminium is obtained by the reduction of aluminium ions to aluminium atoms.

In the modern method of extraction, aluminium is obtained by the electrolysis of aluminium oxide
(alumina) dissolved in molten cryolite, Na3AlF6.

waste gases,
O2, CO2, CO, F2

carbon anode (+)

mixture of aluminium
carbon cathode (–) oxide and cryolite

molten aluminium

(a) The major ore of aluminium is impure aluminium oxide.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(b) This ore is a mixture of aluminium oxide, which is amphoteric, and iron(III) oxide which is
basic.

Explain how these two oxides can be separated by the addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Give two reasons why the electrolyte contains cryolite.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]

14 Ammonia and hydrazine are weak bases.

The chemical equation for the reaction between one molecule of ammonia and one molecule of
water is shown.
+ −
NH3 + H2O ⇌ NH4 + OH

(a) State the meaning of the term base.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between one molecule of hydrazine, N2H4, and one
molecule of water.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

15 Acids are important laboratory chemicals.

Some acids completely dissociate in water to form ions.

(a) State the term applied to acids that completely dissociate in water.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Complete the equation to show the complete dissociation of sulfuric acid in water.

H2SO4→ .......................................................................................................... [2]

(c) State the colour of methyl orange in sulfuric acid.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]