Science 9 Module 3

9 SCIENCE
QUARTER 1– MODULE 3
Biodiversity and Evolution
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life in an area.

 This includes all living things and their unique characteristics.
 An ecosystem with different kinds of species can be described as with greater biodiversity.
 Organisms need a habitat that is considered balanced for them to survive.
 Different factors in the environment may bring changes in the population size.
Populations can be the same in sizes but different in densities. When we talk about population density we consider
the number of individuals per unit area.
Factors that may be attributed to difference in population density.
1. Mobility – Increase in population when the organisms move in to the ecosystem and there will be a decrease in
population if the organisms move out of the ecosystem.
2. Birth rate - the number of live births per year
3. Death rate- It refers to the number of deaths in proportion to the population of a certain area.
 There are certain environmental conditions that may limit the size of populations, these are called limiting
factors. These factors help control the increase in population and keep the ecosystem balanced. Examples of
limiting factors are water, food, living condition, soil nutrients, temperature and amount of light. These are
called limiting factors because the help in determining the kind of organisms that may live and survive in a
particular ecosystem. Carrying capacity refers to the maximum population size that and environment can
support. If the population sizes of frogs will exceed the carrying capacity of the rice field, frogs may die due to
lack of food and all other needs of the frogs.
Population density can be calculated using this formula:
Population Density = number of individuals

Size of the area
In an ecosystem, one organism depends on another living organism. Animals need green plants to survive The living
conditions in the ecosystem are important for the survival of organisms. But what happens if these living conditions
are no longer favourable for the survival of the organisms?
 Look at the pictures below. Are you familiar with them? What are common among these organisms? The (a)
tamaraw in Mindoro (b) Monkey –eating eagle (c) Dugong in Batangas, Negros and Leyte are in danger of
extinction. They belong to the endangered species. Species are considered Endangered when their
population becomes so low and has a possibility to become extinct because only a few remain.
a b c
Threatened species are those species that population declines too fast which has the chance to become endangered.
Examples are giant panda, tiger and polar bear. If the environment will continue to be unfavourable for these species,
and there will be continuous changes in the habitats of some animals, there animals may have a tendency to be
extinct. Extinctions refers to the permanent disappearance of the specie when the last member dies.
What Causes Animal Extinction?

1. Deforestation -this is usually caused by illegal logging, kaingin, conversion of agricultural lands to subdivisions,
forest fires and typhoons. The decrease in number of trees may result to soil erosion, floods, decrease in wildlife
resources that will lead to extinction
2. Pollution - it can be in a form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the
components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.
3. Acid Precipitation - occurs due to excessive amount of air pollutants like carbon dioxide, sulphur, nitrogen oxides
from vehicles and factories may bring acid rain. Acid rain can be harmful to organisms.
Various human activities and overpopulation have been identified as causes of environmental problems. Due to these
problems other terrestrial and marine organisms are affected and facing the problem of being endangered and
eventually extinct when not prevented. Several laws have been passed by the government not only in the Philippines
but also in the whole world to help conserve and preserve the environment to make it an ideal place to live for other
forms of animals.
Population density can be calculated using this formula:
Population Density = number of individuals
size of the area
Species are considered endangered when their population becomes so low and has a possibility to become extinct
because only a few remain. Threatened species are those species that population declines too fast which has the
chance to become endangered. Extinctions refers to the permanent disappearance of the specie when the last
member dies.
SELF LEARNING MODULE IN SCIENCE 9 FOR WEEK 6 (QUARTER 1)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Photosynthesis is the process in which light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of sugars. In a
process driven by light energy, glucose molecules (or other sugars) are constructed from water and carbon dioxide,
and oxygen is released as a by product. The glucose molecules provide organisms with two crucial resources: energy
and fixed—organic—carbon.
.
 Photosynthetic organisms such as plants, algae, and some bacteria introduce chemicals into the ecosystem
by fixing carbon and turn it into glucose using light energy.
 Since that they can make it their own food using their own carbon and sunlight, they’re called
photoautotroph.
 And since that humans and lower forms of animals can’t make their own food. We, humans together with
other animals depend on them as our primary source of energy. With that we are called as heterotrophs. We
cannot live without photosynthesis and the producers, because the energy we consumed from them helped us
to do our functions or niche in the ecosystem.
LEAVES AS PRIMARY SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 All green plant tissues can photosynthesize, but the majority of photosynthesis usually takes place
in the leaves.
 The cells in a middle layer of leaf tissue called the mesophyll are the primary site of
photosynthesis. Small pores called stomata—singular, stoma—are found on the surface of leaves in
most plants, and they let carbon dioxide diffuse into the mesophyll layer and oxygen diffuse out.
 Each mesophyll cell contains organelles called chloroplasts, which are specialized to carry out the
reactions of photosynthesis.
The Light-independent Reaction

In plants, carbon dioxide enters the interior of a leaf via pores called stomata and diffuses into the stroma of the
chloroplast, the site of the Calvin cycle reactions, where sugar is synthesized. These reactions are also called the
light-independent reactions because they are not directly driven by light.
In the Calvin cycle, carbon atoms are fixed (incorporated into organic molecules) and used to build three-carbon
sugars. This process is fueled by, and dependent on, ATP and NADPH from the light reactions. Unlike the light
reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membrane, the reactions of the Calvin cycle take place in the stroma (the
inner space of chloroplasts).
This illustration shows that ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions are used in the Calvin cycle to make sugar.
Reactions of the Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle reactions can be divided into three main stages: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of
the starting molecule.
Carbon fixation. A 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶2, molecule combines with a five-carbon acceptor molecule, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
(RuBP). This step makes a six-carbon compound that splits into two molecules of a three-carbon compound,
3phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA). This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase, or rubisco.
1. Mobility
2. Birth rate
3. Death rate
4.DEFORESTATION
5. POLLUTION
6. ACID PRECIPITATION

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9 SCIENCE

Department of Education • Republic of the Philippines

Biodiversity refers to the variety of life in an area.

Population Density = number of individuals

What Causes Animal Extinction?

The Light-independent Reaction

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