ACADEMIC POLISH MODEL

UNITED NATIONS 2023

STUDY GUIDE
UNITED NATIONS
ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
Discussing the promotion, expansion
and improvement of green energy facilities
and resource distribution in the Global South
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LETTER FROM THE CHAIRS 3

INTRODUCTION TO THE COMMITTEE 5

INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC 6

CASE STUDIES 8

BIBLIOGRAPHY 15
LETTER FROM THE CHAIRS

W e ’ r e i m m e a s u r a b l y g l a d t h a t y o u ’ v e c h o s e n o u r c o m m it t e e -
t h e U N E P . W e ’ r e a l r e a d y p e r f e c t l y a w a r e t h a t y o u are all
i n c r e d i b l e p e o p l e , w i t h w h o m w e c a n ’ t w a i t t o w o r k du rin g t h e
P O L M U N 2 0 2 3 c o n f e r e n c e . W e p r o m i s e a n u n fo rg e t t able
e x p e r i e n c e w o r t h y o f y o u r t a l e n t s , u n l i m i t e d M o de l U n it e d
Nations potential and knowledge. The topic of our committee
w a s h a n d c r a f t e d w i t h t h e i d e a o f i t b e i n g a s u n iv e rs al an d
e n g a g i n g a s t h e c o n f i n e s o f o u r U N b r a n c h a l l o w e d u s t o be . I t
w i l l e x p a n d y o u r w o r l d v i e w , a l l o w i n g y o u t o n o t ic e all t h e
i n j u s t i c e s o f c e r t a i n p o l i c i e s , a s w e l l a s t h e k i n d n e s s w it h in m an y
p e o p l e s ’ h e a r t s . I n M U N s , t h e r e a r e n o l e s s a n d m o r e im po rt an t
c o u n t r i e s , s o k e e p t h a t i n m i n d a s w e a p p r o a c h t h e c o m m it t e e
s e s s i o n s t h e m s e l v e s . N o b o d y s t a r t s o f f i n a l o s i n g p o s it io n , s o t h e
o n l y f a c t o r l i m i t i n g y o u i s y o u r o w n p r e p a r a t i o n t o w ards t h is
conference.

W e a r e a w a r e t h a t f o r m o s t o f y o u , P O L M U N 2 0 2 3 w ill be y o u r
f i r s t - e v e r M U N . F e a r n o t , a s o n e o f t h e m a i n r e s p o n s ibilit ie s o f a
c h a i r i s g u i d i n g d e l e g a t e s i n t o t h e t o p i c , e n s u r i n g t h e c o m m it t e e
i s f i r s t a n d f o r e m o s t n o t b o r i n g , a s t h a t w o u l d n o t m ak e an
enjoyable experience for either of you. This document, the UNEP
s t u d y g u i d e w a s c r e a t e d w i t h y o u , t h e d e l e g a t e s in m in d. I t s
m a i n p u r p o s e s a r e t o i n t r o d u c e t h e t o p i c - b o t h i n t h e pas t an d
p r e s e n t , a s w e l l a s g i v i n g y o u t h e f o u n d a t i o n u p o n w h ic h y o u are
t o b u i l d y o u r s t r a t e g y a n d p o l i c y f o r c o m m i t t e e s e s s io n s an d t h e
m o s t i m p o r t a n t p a r t - w r i t i n g t h e r e s o l u t i o n . O r i f y o u ’ re le s s
a m b i t i o u s , t h e S t u d y G u i d e s e r v e s a s y o u r o n l y r e f e re n c e as t o
w h a t y o u ’ r e a c t u a l l y d o i n g a n d a s a f e o p t i o n t o r e a d qu ic k ly o n e
n i g h t b e f o r e t h e c o n f e r e n c e . T h i s i s b e h a v i o r w e do n ’ t
recommend.
R e m e m b e r , t h a t d u r i n g t h e c o m m i t t e e s e s s i o n s , a l l o f y o u are
e d u c a t e d a n d h i g h l y r e g a r d e d d e l e g a t e s r e p r e s e n t i n g ac t u al
c o u n t r i e s i n a s i m u l a t e d M U N s e t t i n g . T h e r e f o r e , y o u r pe rs o n al
i n f o r m a t i o n d o e s n ’ t a p p l y h e r e . Y o u a r e t o a d d r e s s y o u rs e lv e s
a n d o t h e r s a s d e l e g a t e s o f t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e c o u n t r i e s , t e rrit o rie s
o r o r g a n i s a t i o n s . A s s u c h , t h e S t u d y G u i d e i s n o t t o b e m e n t io n e d
a s a n a c t u a l s o u r c e w h e n a s k e d f o r i t . T h a t w o u l d b e c o n s ide re d
b r e a k i n g “ t h e f o u r t h w a l l ” , a n d d u e t o t h a t , y o u ’ v e g ot t o dig
s l i g h t l y d e e p e r , t h o u g h f o r c u r i o u s s m a r t p e o p l e l i k e y o u rs e lv e s ,
t h a t s h o u l d n o t b e a p r o b l e m . W e w i l l o f c o u r s e l i n k o u r s o u rc e s
f o r t h i s p i e c e o f w r i t t e n i n f o r m a t i o n . D e s p i t e t h a t , t h e c h airs are
s t i l l p e o p l e p r o n e t o i m p e r f e c t i o n s , j u s t l i k e y o u . I f y o u h av e an y
q u e s t i o n s , e v e n a b o u t t h e s t u d y g u i d e i t s e l f , f e e l f r e e t o priv at e ly
m e s s a g e a n y o f u s . W e r e w a r d i n s i g h t , t r u s t u s , a n d as w e are
sure you all know, it is better to be safe than sorry.

W e a r e h o n o u r e d t o b e a r t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f h e l p i n g y o u lo v e
MUNs

See you soon

Wiktor Chojnicki and Caonex De Jesus Melo Romano

 INTRODUCTION TO THE COMMITTEE

T h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s E n v i r o n m e n t P r o g r a m m e (U N E P ) w a s
e s t a b l i s h e d o n t h e 5 t h o f J u n e 1 9 7 2 w i t h t h e m a in g o a l o f
m o n i t o r i n g t h e s t a t e o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t , b a c k i n g n e w po lic ie s
w i t h s c i e n c e a n d r e s p o n d i n g t o m a j o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l c h a lle n g e s
a r o u n d t h e w o r l d . U N E P w o r k s c l o s e l y w i t h t h e i r 1 93 m e m be r
states in order to ensure that their goals are pursued and to
e n s u r e t h a t t h e i r s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t g o a l s a re a c h ie v e d.
U N E P i s h e a d e d b y t h e E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r o f t h e U n it e d N a t io n s
E n v i r o n m e n t P r o g r a m m e , w h o i s a p p o i n t e d b y t h e G e n e ra l
A s s e m b l y a f t e r b e i n g n o m i n a t e d b y t h e S e c r e t a r y G e n e ra l o f t h e
U N . T h e e x e c u t i v e d i r e c t o r i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a l l a c t i v it ie s o f t h e
UNEP secretariat as well as its administration.
 INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC

T I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o n o t e a s t o w h y g r e e n e n e r g y i s t h a t im po rt a n t
i n t o d a y ’ s w o r l d . F i r s t o f a l l , m o s t c o u n t r i e s i n t h e w o rld do n o t
h a v e t h e c a p a b i l i t y f o r e n e r g e t i c a l i n d e p e n d e n c e b a s e d o n m o re
conventional sources, such as oil or natural gas.

On the other hand, Africa, South America, the Caribbean and Southern Asia
(the regions we will henceforth address as “the Global South”) are the regions
with the highest intensity of sunlight, naturally making them the most optimal
spots for solar energy infrastructure. Despite that, it only accounts for 15% of
renewable energy, making it the third largest contributor. Some of the reasons
for that are the lack of investment into the region in question, corruption
surrounding the already made investments, predatory loans and lack of proper
education about renewable energy sources, however, that is not within the
competencies of the UNEP.
A n i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f f u n d i n g r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s o u rc e s in t h e
G l o b a l S o u t h i s E m i s s i o n s t r a d i n g c r e d i t s , a n e c o n o m ic in c e n t iv e
f o r p o o r e r c o u n t r i e s t o r e d u c e t h e i r c a r b o n e m i s s io n s . I n t h is
s y s t e m , g o v e r n m e n t s s e t a c a p o f p e r m i t s a l l o w in g fo r t h e
e m i s s i o n f o r a s p e c i f i c a m o u n t o f c h e m i c a l c o m p o u n d. Th e o n ly
w a y s b e s i d e s g a i n i n g t h e c r e d i t s f r o m t h e g o v e rn m e n t a re
t r a d i n g w i t h o t h e r c o u n t r i e s o r b e i n g r e w a r d e d f o r n ot s u rpa s s in g
t h e a g r e e d - u p o n e m i s s i o n l i m i t s a s p e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l t re a t ie s . Th is
s y s t e m , a l s o c a l l e d t h e C A T ( C a p a n d T r a d e ) o r E T C ( E m is s io n
T r a d i n g S c h e m e ) a l l o w s t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l f o o t p rin t t o w o rk
a c c o r d i n g t o a s u p p l y / d e m a n d m e c h a n i s m d u e t o t h e lim it e d
a m o u n t o f c r e d i t s , c a u s i n g t h e d i s c o u r a g e m e n t of s u rpa s s in g
emission limits. There are, however, many c o n t ro v e rs ie s
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e c a r b o n c r e d i t s y s t e m , m o s t n o t a bly t h e
A u s t r a l i a n C a r b o n C r e d i t U n i t s . I f y o u t a l k a b o u t t h i s c a s e du rin g
the committee sessions, we will be very happy :3.

A n o t h e r i n t e g r a l t o p i c w i t h i n o u r d i s c u s s i o n i s t h e Ru ra l E n e rg y
E n t e r p r i s e D e v e l o p m e n t ( R E E D ) i n i t i a t i v e : a U N E P pro g ra m
f o c u s e d o n f u r t h e r i n g e n v i r o n m e n t - f r i e n d l y e n t r e p r e n e u rs h ip in
West and Southern Africa.

I n t h i s s t u d y g u i d e , w e , t h e c h a i r s , w a n t t o f o c u s m o re o n a c a s e
s t u d y a p p r o a c h . T h e s p e c i f i c i t y o f U N E P i s t h a t i t i s t h e t o pic w it h
t h e m o s t b r o a d l y a v a i l a b l e k n o w l e d g e , s o t h e re s e a rc h
possibilities are endless.
 CASE STUDIES
THE UNITED STATES

Renewable energy contributes approximately 20% of total U.S.

e l e c t r i c i t y p r o d u c t i o n , w i t h a b r e a k d o w n s h o w i n g w in d a t 9. 2% ,
hydropower at 6.3%, solar at 2.8%, biomass at 1.3%, and
g e o t h e r m a l a t 0 . 4 % i n 2 0 2 1 . P r o j e c t i o n s f o r 2 0 2 2 i n dic a t e t h a t
s o l a r a n d w i n d e n e r g y w i l l c o l l e c t i v e l y a d d o v e r 6 0 % o f u t ilit y -
s c a l e g e n e r a t i n g c a p a c i t y t o t h e U . S . p o w e r g r i d, w it h s o la r
a c c o u n t i n g f o r 4 6 % a n d w i n d f o r 1 7 % . T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , ric h in
r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s , p o s s e s s e s a n a m o u n t 1 0 0 t im e s
g r e a t e r t h a n i t s a n n u a l e l e c t r i c i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s , a n d in it ia t iv e s
s u c h a s f u n d i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s f r o m t h e E E R E a n d re s e a rc h
c o n d u c t e d b y t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f E n e r g y ' s n a t i o n a l la bo ra t o rie s
contribute to advancing clean energy technologies.

THE UNITED KINGDOM

T h e U K ' s D e p a r t m e n t f o r B u s i n e s s , E n e r g y & I n d u s t ria l S t ra t e g y

( B E I S ) r e l e a s e d r e p o r t s o n e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n , re v e a lin g a
c o n s i s t e n t g r o w t h i n r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s i n c e 2 0 0 9. B y 20 1 6,
e l e c t r i c i t y g e n e r a t i o n f r o m r e n e w a b l e s h a d i n c r e a s e d by 23 0 % ,
r e a c h i n g 8 3 , 2 5 5 G W h . I n 2 0 2 2 , l o w - c a r b o n s o u r c e s , in c lu din g
r e n e w a b l e s a n d n u c l e a r , a c c o u n t e d f o r 5 6 . 2 % of t h e U K ' s
e l e c t r i c i t y g e n e r a t i o n , w i t h t h e g o v e r n m e n t a i m in g fo r a ll
e l e c t r i c i t y t o c o m e f r o m " c l e a n " s o u r c e s b y 2 0 3 5 t o m e e t n e t - z e ro
targets.

FRANCE

France's energy sector is marked by strong competition among 30

s u p p l i e r s , w i t h E D F d o m i n a t i n g e l e c t r i c i t y , E n g i e i n n a t u ra l g a s ,
a n d T o t a l E n e r g i e s i n m i x e d f u e l . T h e c o u n t r y h e a v ily re lie s o n
nuclear power, aiming to reduce its share from over 70% to 50%
b y 2 0 3 5 , w i t h p l a n s f o r n e w r e a c t o r s a n d i n v e s t m e n t s in s m a ll
m o d u l a r r e a c t o r s . W h i l e r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y t a r g e t s a r e s e t a t 25 . 3 %
o f g r o s s f i n a l e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n f o r 2 0 2 2 , t h e s m a r t g rid m a rk e t
i s e x p e c t e d t o b o o m , a n d F r a n c e i s m a k i n g s ig n ific a n t
i n v e s t m e n t s i n h y d r o g e n , w i n d p o w e r , a n d o f f s h o r e w in d pro j e c t s
to diversify its energy mix.
 RUSSIA

I n 2 0 0 9 , D m i t r y M e d v e d e v a i m e d t o d e c r e a s e R u s s ia ' s e n e rg y
c o n s u m p t i o n b y 4 0 % b y 2 0 2 0 , b u t o b s t a c l e s l i k e in s u ffic ie n t
i n v e s t m e n t s , e c o n o m i c i n s t a b i l i t y , a n d l o w p u b lic de m a n d
h i n d e r e d p r o g r e s s . R u s s i a r a n k e d f i f t h g l o b a l l y i n h y dro e le c t ric
p o w e r p r o d u c t i o n i n 2 0 1 5 , w i t h r e n e w a b l e s ( e x c l u din g la rg e
h y d r o p o w e r ) c o n t r i b u t i n g o n l y 0 . 0 5 % t o e l e c t r i c i t y g e n e ra t io n .
D e s p i t e s i g n i f i c a n t r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y p o t e n t i a l , R u s s ia fa c e d
challenges like regulatory uncertainties, high project costs, and
g o v e r n m e n t n e g l e c t , l e a d i n g t o a m e r e 0 . 1 % s h a r e o f re n e w a ble s
in primary energy consumption in 2020.

CHINA

C h i n a a n d t h e U . S . h a v e j o i n t l y c o m m i t t e d t o s u p p o rt in g g lo ba l
target of tripling renewable energy capacity by 2030, just ahead
o f t h e C O P 2 8 c l i m a t e c o n f e r e n c e . D e s p i t e C h i n a b e i n g t h e w o rld
leader in renewable power production, with plans to have 1,000
G W o f s o l a r p o w e r a l o n e b y 2 0 2 6 , t h e c o u n t r y s t ill g e n e ra t e s
a r o u n d 7 0 % o f i t s e l e c t r i c i t y f r o m f o s s i l f u e l s , p rim a rily c o a l.
C h i n a ' s d o m i n a n c e i n r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y t e c h n o l o g i e s , s u pply in g
o v e r 8 0 % o f t h e w o r l d ' s s o l a r m a n u f a c t u r i n g c a p a c i t y , m a y le a d t o
a p r i c e w a r a n d i n d u s t r y c o n s o l i d a t i o n , b u t a n a l y s t s a n t ic ipa t e a
c o n t i n u e d r e n e w a b l e m o m e n t u m , w i t h C h i n a ' s g re e n h o u s e
e m i s s i o n s e x p e c t e d t o s t a r t d e c l i n i n g a s e a r l y a s n e x t y e a r.

INDIA

I n d i a i s t h e w o r l d ' s t h i r d - l a r g e s t e n e r g y c o n s u m e r a n d ra n k s
f o u r t h g l o b a l l y i n r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y i n s t a l l e d c a p a c it y , in c lu din g
w i n d a n d s o l a r p o w e r . A t C O P 2 6 , I n d i a p l e d g e d t o a c h ie v e 5 0 0 G W
o f n o n - f o s s i l f u e l - b a s e d e n e r g y b y 2 0 3 0 , m a r k i n g t h e w o rld' s
l a r g e s t e x p a n s i o n p l a n i n r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y , a k e y c o m m it m e n t
u n d e r t h e P a n c h a m r i t i n i t i a t i v e . A s o f J u l y 2 0 2 3 , I n dia h a s
a c h i e v e d s i g n i f i c a n t g r o w t h , w i t h n o n - f o s s i l f u e l c a pa c it y
i n c r e a s i n g b y 3 9 6 % i n t h e l a s t 8 . 5 y e a r s , r e a c h i n g o v e r 1 7 9. 3 22 G W ,
constituting 43% of the country's total capacity.
 BRAZIL

B r a z i l ' s E n e r g y E x p a n s i o n P l a n ( P D E ) f o r 2 0 2 1 - 2 0 3 1 h ig h lig h t s t h e
c o u n t r y ' s c o m m i t m e n t t o r e n e w a b l e s o u r c e s , a i m i n g fo r t h e m t o
c o n s t i t u t e a b o u t 5 0 % o f i t s e n e r g y m a t r i x . I n 2 0 2 0 , re n e w a ble s
s u p p l i e d 8 5 % o f e l e c t r i c i t y d e m a n d , e x p e c t e d t o r i s e t o 8 8 % by
2 0 3 0 . T h e o i l a n d g a s s e c t o r , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e p r e - s a l t fie lds , pla y s
a c r u c i a l r o l e i n B r a z i l ' s e n e r g y s u p p l y , w i t h e s t im a t e d
i n v e s t m e n t s o f $ 5 1 3 b i l l i o n b y 2 0 3 1 . T h e n u c l e a r e n e rg y s e c t o r is
a l s o g r o w i n g , w i t h p l a n s f o r u p t o e i g h t a d d i t i o n a l n u c le a r po w e r
p l a n t s , i n c l u d i n g S m a l l M o d u l a r R e a c t o r s . B r a z i l i s t h e la rg e s t
e l e c t r i c i t y m a r k e t i n L a t i n A m e r i c a , a n d i t s e l e c t r i c it y m a t rix is
o n e o f t h e c l e a n e s t g l o b a l l y , w i t h o n g o i n g i n v e s t m e n t s e x pe c t e d
i n w i n d , s o l a r , a n d h y d r o p o w e r c a p a c i t y . T h e c o u n t r y ' s e le c t ric it y
s e c t o r i s p r o j e c t e d t o r e c e i v e $ 9 4 b i l l i o n i n i n v e s t m e n t s by 20 29,
w i t h s i g n i f i c a n t g r o w t h i n w i n d a n d s o l a r p o w e r . Tra n s m is s io n
a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n i n f r a s t r u c t u r e i s e x p a n d i n g , w i t h $ 1 8 billio n
p r o j e c t e d f o r p o w e r t r a n s m i s s i o n a n d $ 2 . 2 b i l l i o n a n n u a lly fo r
p o w e r d i s t r i b u t i o n . B r a z i l ' s f o c u s o n r e n e w a b l e e n e rg y pro j e c t s ,
a u c t i o n - b a s e d p r o c u r e m e n t , a n d t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r offs h o re w in d
a n d s o l a r d e v e l o p m e n t s i n d i c a t e a c o n t i n u e d c o m m it m e n t t o
sustainable energy practices.

AUSTRALIA

I n 2 0 2 2 , A u s t r a l i a a c h i e v e d a r e c o r d - h i g h o f 3 2 % r e n e w a ble e n e rg y
i n i t s t o t a l e l e c t r i c i t y g e n e r a t i o n , d r i v e n p r i m a r i l y b y s o la r ( 1 4 % ) ,
w i n d ( 1 1 % ) , a n d h y d r o ( 6 % ) . T h i s m a r k s a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c re a s e fro m
t h e p r e v i o u s f i n a n c i a l y e a r a n d s u r p a s s e s t h e h i s t o r ic a l pe a k o f
2 6 % i n t h e m i d - 1 9 6 0 s . T h e s u b s t a n t i a l g r o w t h i n re n e w a ble
g e n e r a t i o n o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e h a s b e e n l e d b y s o l a r a n d w in d,
w i t h s m a l l - s c a l e s o l a r e x p a n d i n g b y 1 8 % i n 2 0 2 2 a n d la rg e - s c a le
s o l a r e x p e r i e n c i n g r a p i d g r o w t h , r e a c h i n g 5 % o f a ll A u s t ra lia n
e l e c t r i c i t y g e n e r a t i o n i n t h e s a m e y e a r , r e f l e c t i n g a re m a rk a ble
five-year growth rate of 1,573%.
 GERMANY

G e r m a n y l e d g l o b a l e f f o r t s i n r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y , w i t h 4 6% o f it s
e l e c t r i c i t y g e n e r a t e d f r o m w i n d , s o l a r , b i o m a s s , a n d h y dro
s o u r c e s i n 2 0 1 9 , a 5 . 6 % i n c r e a s e f r o m 2 0 1 8 . T h e m a j orit y o f c le a n
p o w e r c a m e f r o m o n s h o r e a n d o f f s h o r e w i n d , f o l l o w e d by s o la r
a n d b i o m a s s . D e s p i t e p l a n s t o r e a c h a 6 5 % r e n e w a ble e n e rg y
s h a r e b y 2 0 3 0 , G e r m a n y r e m a i n s d e p e n d e n t o n fo s s il fu e ls ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y l i g n i t e c o a l , a n d m a y f a l l s h o r t o f i t s 20 20 c a rbo n
emissions reduction target of 40%, now aiming for 32%.

JAPAN

A s t u d y b y t h e L a w r e n c e B e r k e l e y N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o ry , s u ppo rt e d
b y t h e U . S . E n e r g y D e p a r t m e n t , r e v e a l s t h a t J a p a n c o u ld a c h ie v e
9 0 % o f i t s p o w e r f r o m c l e a n e l e c t r i c i t y b y 2 0 3 5 d u e t o de c re a s in g
costs of solar, wind, and battery storage. The study suggests that
Japan's power grid can maintain reliability without coal or new
g a s - f i r e d p o w e r p l a n t s t h r o u g h e n h a n c e d b a t t e r y s t o ra g e a n d
inter-regional transmission lines. While c o m m it t in g to
d e c a r b o n i s e i t s p o w e r s e c t o r b y 2 0 3 5 , J a p a n n e e d s c le a r po lic ie s ,
i n c l u d i n g m e d i u m - t e r m t a r g e t s b e y o n d 2 0 3 0 , t o f u l l y re a liz e t h e
e c o n o m i c , e n v i r o n m e n t a l , a n d e n e r g y s e c u r i t y be n e fit s o f
increasing the share of clean electricity to 90%.

CANADA

I n t h e E v o l v i n g P o l i c i e s S c e n a r i o f o r C a n a d a ' s e n e rg y fu t u re ,
t h e r e ' s a p r o j e c t e d 2 1 % r e d u c t i o n i n p r i m a r y e n e r g y u s e by 20 5 0
d u e t o e n h a n c e d e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y a n d a n i n c r e a s e i n lo w - c a rbo n
s o u r c e s l i k e r e n e w a b l e s , n u c l e a r , a n d f o s s i l f u e l s w it h c a rbo n -
c a p t u r e t e c h n o l o g y . D e s p i t e p r o g r e s s , m e e t i n g t h e n e t - z e ro
e m i s s i o n s g o a l b y 2 0 5 0 w i l l r e q u i r e f u r t h e r s u b s t a n t ia l c h a n g e s .
E l e c t r i c i t y d e m a n d i s s e t t o i n c r e a s e b y 4 7 % b y 20 5 0 , la rg e ly
d r i v e n b y i n c r e a s e d e l e c t r i f i c a t i o n i n v a r i o u s s e c t o rs , w it h w in d
a n d s o l a r p o w e r d o m i n a t i n g t h e e l e c t r i c i t y g e n e r a t i o n m ix , w h ile
f l e x i b l e r e s o u r c e s l i k e b a t t e r y s t o r a g e a n d C C S - e q u i p pe d n a t u ra l
g a s p l a y v i t a l r o l e s i n b a l a n c i n g t h e g r i d . C a n a d i a n c ru de o il
p r o d u c t i o n i s e x p e c t e d t o p e a k i n t h e e a r l y 2 0 3 0 s b e f ore de c lin in g
s t e a d i l y b y 2 0 5 0 , i n f l u e n c e d b y v a r i o u s f a c t o r s i n c l u din g pric in g ,
domestic climate policies, and global demand shifts.
 ETIOPHIA

E t h i o p i a p o s s e s s e s v a s t r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y p o t e n t i a l , e s t im a t e d a t
o v e r 6 0 , 0 0 0 M W f r o m h y d r o e l e c t r i c , w i n d , s o l a r , a n d g e o t h e rm a l
s o u r c e s . D e s p i t e t h i s p o t e n t i a l , t h e c o u n t r y f a c e s e n e rg y
s h o r t a g e s a n d l o a d s h e d d i n g d u e t o i n c r e a s i n g d e m a n d driv e n by
rapid GDP growth. With an installed capacity of around 4,500 MW,
E t h i o p i a p l a n s t o e x p a n d i t s p o w e r g e n e r a t i o n t o 1 7 , 0 0 0 M W in
t h e n e x t d e c a d e , f o c u s i n g o n d i v e r s i f y i n g s o u r c e s t h r o u g h P u blic
P r i v a t e P a r t n e r s h i p s a n d I n d e p e n d e n t P o w e r P r odu c e rs . Th e
g o v e r n m e n t a i m s t o a d d r e s s c h a l l e n g e s s u c h a s d r o u g h t im pa c t
o n h y d r o p o w e r b y i n c o r p o r a t i n g s o l a r , w i n d , a n d g e o t h e rm a l
e n e r g y i n t o t h e m i x , w i t h t h e G r a n d E t h i o p i a R e n a is s a n c e D a m
( G E R D ) b e i n g a k e y p r o j e c t a t 8 4 % c o m p l e t i o n a s o f F e bru a ry
2022.

SAUDI ARABIA

A C W A P o w e r , a S a u d i A r a b i a n e n e r g y c o m p a n y , i s u n de rg o in g a
s i g n i f i c a n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n f r o m a l o c a l f o s s i l f u e l - d riv e n u t ilit y
p r o v i d e r t o a g l o b a l l e a d e r i n r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y s olu t io n s , w it h
p r o j e c t s i n t e n c o u n t r i e s a n d a n a n t i c i p a t e d i n i t i a l p u blic o ffe rin g
t o r a i s e o v e r $ 1 b i l l i o n . P o s i t i o n e d a s a k e y p l a y e r i n S a u di A ra bia ' s
V i s i o n 2 0 3 0 i n i t i a t i v e , A C W A P o w e r i s t a s k e d w i t h a c h ie v in g t h e
g o a l o f p r o v i d i n g 7 0 % o f t h e K i n g d o m ' s p o w e r n e e ds fro m
r e n e w a b l e s o u r c e s . T h e c o m p a n y ' s f l a g s h i p p r o j e c t is a 1 , 5 0 0 -
m e g a w a t t s o l a r p l a n t i n S u d a i r , a l i g n i n g w i t h S a u d i A ra bia ' s a im
to generate 50% of its electricity from renewables and the other
h a l f f r o m g a s b y 2 0 3 0 . A d d i t i o n a l l y , A C W A P o w e r i s c o lla bo ra t in g
w i t h N E O M t o d e v e l o p a g r e e n h y d r o g e n f a c i l i t y , a n t ic ipa t e d t o
p r o d u c e 6 6 0 t o n s p e r d a y a n d c o n t r i b u t e t o g l o ba l h y dro g e n
p r o d u c t i o n , w i t h t h e h y d r o g e n b e i n g c o n v e r t e d t o liqu id
ammonium for export to Asia.
 EGYPT

E g y p t , w i t h i t s a b u n d a n t l a n d , s u n l i g h t , a n d w i n d , h a s s ig n ific a n t
p o t e n t i a l f o r r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y , a i m i n g t o g e n e r a t e 4 2% o f
e l e c t r i c i t y f r o m r e n e w a b l e s o u r c e s b y 2 0 3 5 . T h e c o u n t ry h a s m a de
s t r i d e s i n w i n d a n d s o l a r e n e r g y , w i t h w i n d c a p a c i t y e x pe c t e d t o
r e a c h 7 G W b y 2 0 2 2 . T h e g o v e r n m e n t i s w o rk in g o n
i n t e r c o n n e c t o r s w i t h n e i g h b o u r i n g c o u n t r i e s , in v e s t in g in
transmission grids, upgrading distribution n e t w o rk s , and
p r o m o t i n g e l e c t r i c v e h i c l e s a n d w a t e r d e s a l i n a t i o n pro j e c t s a s
part of its integrated sustainable energy strategy.

POLAND

P o l a n d p l a n s t o i n c r e a s e i t s r e n e w a b l e p o w e r c a p a c it y by 65 %
b e t w e e n 2 0 2 0 a n d 2 0 2 4 , f o c u s i n g o n o f f s h o r e w i n d fa rm s a n d
p a r t n e r i n g w i t h m a j o r r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y c o m p a n i e s . D e s pit e n o t
m e e t i n g t h e E U ' s 2 0 2 0 g o a l o f a 1 5 % s h a r e o f r e n e w a ble e n e rg y ,
P o l a n d a i m s t o b o o s t i t s r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y c a p a c i t y f ro m 1 7 . 6% in
2 0 2 5 t o 2 1 % i n 2 0 3 0 . T h e c o u n t r y e m p h a s i z e s t h e g ro w t h o f
p h o t o v o l t a i c s , w i n d e n e r g y ( o n s h o r e a n d o f f s h o r e ) , a n d bio g a s t o
d i v e r s i f y i t s e n e r g y m i x a n d m e e t b o t h d o m e s t i c a n d E U t a rg e t s .

FINLAND

F i n l a n d , d e s p i t e b e i n g a n i n d u s t r i a l i z e d n a t i o n w i t h h ig h e n e rg y
c o n s u m p t i o n , l a c k s f o s s i l f u e l s b u t r e l i e s o n w o o d - b a s e d fu e ls a n d
p e a t . T h e g o v e r n m e n t a i m s f o r c a r b o n n e u t r a l i t y b y 20 3 5 a n d h a s
u p d a t e d t h e C l i m a t e C h a n g e A c t t o i n c l u d e e m i s s i o n re du c t io n
t a r g e t s . F i n l a n d i s a l e a d e r i n r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y , w i t h bio e n e rg y
r e p r e s e n t i n g a s i g n i f i c a n t p o r t i o n , a n d i t p l a n s t o e n h a n c e it s
c l e a n e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n , i n c l u d i n g s m a l l m o d u la r re a c t o rs
( S M R s ) . T h e c o u n t r y ' s f o c u s o n s m a r t g r i d t e c h n o l o g y a n d e ffo rt s
t o d i v e r s i f y e n e r g y s o u r c e s s h o w c a s e i t s c o m m it m e n t t o
sustainability.
 PAKISTAN

P a k i s t a n f a c e s c h a l l e n g e s i n i t s e n e r g y s e c t o r, h in de rin g
e c o n o m i c g r o w t h d u e t o e x p e n s i v e f u e l s o u r c e s , re lia n c e o n
i m p o r t s , g a s s h o r t a g e s , d e b t , a n d o u t d a t e d i n f r a s t r u c t u re . W it h
6 3 % o f e n e r g y c o m i n g f r o m t h e r m a l s o u r c e s , t h e g o v e rn m e n t
a i m s t o s h i f t t o w a r d s r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y , t a r g e t i n g 60 % by 20 3 0 ,
w i t h a f o c u s o n w i n d , s m a l l h y d r o p o w e r , a n d s o l a r. I n it ia t iv e s ,
i n c l u d i n g t h e W o r l d B a n k ' s $ 1 0 0 m i l l i o n f i n a n c i n g , a i m t o s u ppo rt
r e n e w a b l e p r o j e c t s a n d a l l e v i a t e e n e r g y - r e l a t e d i s s u e s , pro v idin g
o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r g r o w t h a n d s u s t a i n a b i l i t y i n P a k i s t a n ' s e n e rg y
landscape.
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