Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

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Nano Communication Networks

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nanocomnet

CSRR loaded multiband THz MIMO antenna for nano-communications and

bio-sensing applications
Gaurav Saxena a, Maksud Alam b, Manidipa Roy c, Abdulwasa Bakr Barnawi d,
T.M. Yunus Khan e, Ram Lal Yadava f, Sanjay Chintakindi g, Reena Jain h, Himanshu Singh i,
Yogendra Kumar Awasthi j, *
a
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201015, India
b
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
c
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201009, India
d
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box.960, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
e
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box.960, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
f
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
g
Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
h
Department of Chemistry, Hindu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
i
Department of Physics, Hindu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
j
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, Haryana 121004 India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In this paper, a multiband THz Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) antenna is designed with dimensions of
Multiband- MB 80×100×10.8μm3. The antenna is made-up on a gold-plated Arlon AD410 substrate with a relative permittivity
Substrate integrated waveguide- SIW of 4.1.It operates at three resonant frequencies, namely 1.45THz, 2.25THz, and 3.25THz, achieved through the
Figure of merit- FOM
integration of Complementary Split-Ring Resonator (CSRR) and Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) tech­
Internet of thing- IoT
Terahertz-THz
nologies. The two-element MIMO configuration of the antenna ensures exceptional performance, offering high
Refractive index unit- RIU throughput with data rates of 25.23Gbps for the Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) scheme and 56.68Gbps
for the 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) scheme. It also exhibits remarkable channel capacity,
approximately 8.2bps/Hz at Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) = 20dB, surpassing the capabilities of single-element
antennas. Moreover, it demonstrates excellent diversity performance for judging the MIMO antenna perfor­
mance. This is evident through the following key metrics: Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) < 0.02,
indicating that less than 1 % of power is transferred from the excited antenna to the second 50Ω terminated
antenna when antenna-1 is excited; Directive Gain (DG) >9.95dB; Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) <
-10dB, ensuring that a minimum of 90 % of the power is delivered to the patch port; and Channel Capacity Loss
(CCL) < 0.35 bits/sec/Hz, guaranteeing reliable wireless communication. The antenna boasts peak gains of
3.83dBi, 4.06dBi, and 6.82dBi at 1.45THz, 2.25THz, and 3.25THz, respectively, along with a radiation efficiency
of approximately 37, 58, and 51 % at the corresponding frequencies. Notably, the first two bands (1.34-1.51THz
and 2.20-2.28THz) exhibit narrow bandwidths with quality factors above 80, making them particularly suitable
for sensing applications in biomedical. Band-1 offers an average sensitivity of 3222.22 GHz/RIU and an FOM of
17.89, while Band-2 provides an average sensitivity of 2578.68 GHz/RIU and an FOM of 14.38. These charac­
teristics make it well-suited for near-field Nano-communications and sensing applications.

1. Introduction generation (5G) communications worldwide, as illustrated in Fig. 1.

However, the need for higher data rates, increased system capacity,
In the last few decades, there has been a growing demand for wireless enhanced security, low latency, and ultra-high-speed communication
connectivity, leading to the development and deployment of fifth- has sparked interest in the upcoming sixth generation (6G) wireless

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Y.K. Awasthi).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nancom.2023.100481
Received 20 May 2023; Received in revised form 19 October 2023; Accepted 30 October 2023
Available online 2 November 2023
1878-7789/© 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
G. Saxena et al. Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

Fig. 1. Frequency spectrum with state-of-art THz applications.

communication system. Emerging technology may utilize the terahertz antennas with metal/dielectric compositions, the second category con­
(THz) frequency band, which ranges from 0.1 THz to 10 THz, equivalent sists of antennas using 2D materials such as vanadium oxide (VO2),
to wavelengths ranging from 3 mm to 0.03 mm. It is recommended to Graphene, chromium oxide (CrO2), and others. The third category in­
explore various applications within the THz band, such as Nano- volves antennas that utilize a combination of metal, dielectric, and
Communications for health and environmental pollution monitoring Graphene materials. These antennas open up new possibilities for THz
systems, the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT), ultra-high-speed on-chip band applications [5].
communication, as well as applications in military and satellite com­ Dielectric material can be used as a radiator to develop antennas
munications [1]. 6G is expected to provide significantly higher data with high gain more than 10dBi and radiation efficiency more than 90
rates, lower latency, and improved connectivity compared to 5G. This %. Dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) are popular in the higher range
will require innovations in antenna design and technology to make it a of THz frequencies in the optical regime [6]. However, enhancing the
reality. Researchers will likely explore a variety of antenna types and gain and other characteristics of DRAs often requires the use of meta­
configurations, such as phased array antennas, metamaterial-based an­ materials and defected ground structures, which can be challenging to
tennas, and other cutting-edge designs to meet the requirements of 6G implement. In one study [7], CMOS technology was employed to ach­
networks. A MIMO antenna with eight resonating bands is designed that ieve gain enhancement in a 2×2 THz-DRA antenna array. By using
exhibit high gain, efficiency, and data rates [2]. The antenna is suitable high-resistivity silicon material, a higher-order mode DRA was designed,
for applications in the medical, automotive, and food processing in­ resulting in reduced assembly costs and high gain. Another study [8]
dustries. It provides excellent matching in all eight resonating bands, implemented a high gain compact linear DRA array with higher effi­
ensuring at least 90 % power transmission from ports to patch. The ciency by employing a new feeding approach based on exciting standing
antenna also features high radiation resistance and low loss resistance, waves with discrete metallic patches. For high-speed communications
resulting in superior efficiency more than 90 % compared to typical and THz sensing, a simple and efficient THz rectangular DRA utilizing
antennas might have an efficiency of around 70–80 %. silicon as the radiator was presented [9]. A dual-band conical THz-DRA
A multiband MIMO antenna with six resonating bands is described. with mathematical explanation was reported, targeting optical sensors,
This antenna achieves a high gain of 13.92 dBi and a radiation efficiency high data speed, and free space wireless communications [10]. To
of 85.77 % [3]. The introduction of defected ground structures (DGS) improve isolation properties and mitigate mutual coupling between
enables effective coupling of the electric field with the patch, allowing MIMO antennas are used. A microstrip-fed elliptical-shaped
resonance at different frequencies. A metasurface-based MIMO antenna, super-wideband (fractional bandwidth more than 158 % @ centre fre­
operating from multiband to wideband (80.76 %) with a center fre­ quency 0.71THz) MIMO antenna with two elements was proposed for
quency of 1.2 THz, is presented, suitable for communication applica­ various applications including vehicular, imaging, 3D printing, ter­
tions. This antenna also has a gain of more than 10dBi, isolation better ahertz, healthcare, and astronomical radiometry [11]. Graphene-based
than 20dB, and diversity parameters such as ECC < 0.1, directive gain antenna arrays are known to reduce mutual coupling due to the slow
(DG) >9.95dB, TARC < -20dB, and CCL < 0.35 bps/Hz [4]. To achieve propagation speed of Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPP) wave, whereas,
high isolation, a proper decoupling structure is implemented to prevent surface plasmon polaritons are a fascinating optical phenomenon that
current migration from the excited antenna to other antenna elements arises at the interface of metals and dielectrics, and they have a wide
terminated with 50 Ω impedance. Antennas operating in the THz band range of applications in optics, sensing, and nanophononics. Their
can be classified into three categories. The first category includes THz ability to concentrate electromagnetic fields at the nano-scale makes

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G. Saxena et al. Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

them a valuable tool for studying and manipulating light-matter in­ collectively contribute to improved antenna performance and reliability,
teractions [12]. Several studies focused on tunable operation and cir­ making it a suitable choice for a variety of planar antenna applications.
cular polarization of DRAs. For example, a loaded a high-gain annular It consists of a rectangular patch with dimensions of 100 µm length and
DRA with a Graphene disk for tunable operation in the THz frequency 80µm width. To improve gain, isolation, and impedance bandwidth, the
range. A tunable aperture-coupled THz circularly polarized (CP) sin­ patch is loaded with SIW and CSRR. The gold film coating on the
gle/multiport rectangular DRA utilizing a Graphene layer and the backside of the antenna enhances its performance by reducing the
material-perturbation technique is designed [13]. Similarly, a dual-band loaded Q and increasing bandwidth for several reasons.
rectangular THz-DRA based on Graphene, achieving frequency Gold is an excellent conductor with a high conductivity of 4.3×107
tunability by varying the chemical potential of Graphene is proposed S/m, which means it effectively dissipates energy as heat. When applied
[14,15]. Other research works include the development of electrically to the antenna, this conductivity allows for the efficient dissipation of
thick Gallium-Arsenide-based DRAs with excellent radiation efficiency stored energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, which reduces the
[16], multiband circularly polarized DRAs [17], and Graphene-based CP antenna’s quality factor (Q) [4]. A lower Q value indicates that the
rectangular DRAs [18]. Frequency tunable and quad-band MIMO antenna can operate over a wider range of frequencies, resulting in
CP-DRA were also investigated [19,20]. enhanced bandwidth. This broader bandwidth makes the antenna more
Mathematical modeling and simulations were employed in various versatile, allowing it to transmit and receive signals across a wider fre­
studies to analyze the characteristics and optimize the performance of quency spectrum, which is particularly valuable in applications where
DRAs. For example, a mathematical formulation using MATLAB and a signal versatility is essential, such as in communication systems and
high frequency structure simulator to study multi-stacked DRAs is pre­ radio frequency devices [22]. Additionally, a CSRR is loaded on the
sented. Additionally, a reconfigurable Graphene Nano Ribbon (GNR)- ground to further enhance the bandwidth and avoid interference with
based elliptical-shaped DRA was investigated for THz band applications nearby devices, as shown in Fig. 2. Antenna-1 features a microstrip
[21]. In the optical regime, mathematical modeling was proposed for patch design with a gold-plated, fully laminated ground. However, it has
optical DRAs used in sensors and broadband antennas for high-speed poor S11, meaning most power is reflected at that time patch-2 is
communication systems. Furthermore, a super directive spherical terminated with 50 Ω match port.
THz-DRA was analyzed for LiDAR and retinal photoreceptor applica­ To achieve multiband characteristics, a CSRR is loaded near the
tions. Titanate elements were used in the dielectric resonator (DR) to feeding line on the ground, creating three resonating bands as shown in
design DRAs for the optical region, which is useful for wireless sensing Fig. 4(a) (depicted in pink). Antenna-2 has insufficient bandwidth and
and communication applications. Lastly, a broadband DRA fed with return loss for practical purposes. Antenna-3 proposes a monopole an­
substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) was investigated for D-band ap­ tenna with CSRR, offering a wide bandwidth of 2.6–4.0 THz (@ 3.3THz).
plications. The design aimed to achieve a broadband response by However, the S11 only grazes the 10dB point, as depicted by the blue line
merging all higher-order modes generated by a rectangular DR slab [22, in Fig. 4(a). To achieve triple band characteristics, a SIW is proposed for
23]. proper return loss (S11) in three different bands resonating at 1.45, 2.25,
In this article, an infinity-shaped SIW and CSRR based MIMO an­ and 3.25 THz (shown in red in Fig. 4(a)). The impedance bandwidths for
tenna is designed. Antenna is simulated using CST-Microwave Studio the three frequency bands are as follows: 1.34–1.51THz, 2.20–2.28THz,
and Advance Design System (ADS). Section 2 explains the design pro­ and 3.06–4.01THz. The diversity performance of the antenna meets the
cedure and the parameters of the individual antennas, such as return required standards across all three resonating bands. The MIMO an­
loss, isolation, gain, and circuit modeling. Section 3 examines the MIMO tenna, depicted in Fig. 3, consists of variable dimensions on the top and
antenna’s S-parameters, gain, co-cross radiation patterns, E & H-fields bottom, as specified in Table 1 (all dimensions in µm). This antenna
distribution, and current density distributions. Section 4 discusses the enables multiband operation for sensing and Nano-communication
diversity performance of the MIMO antenna. Finally, section 5 provides regime.
the conclusion of the article. The antenna analysis focuses on three key parameters: microstrip
feeding line width, CSRR dimensions, and SIW dimensions and spacing.
2. Design Procedure and result discussion of the MIMO antenna These parameters ensure proper multiband operation. The microstrip
feeding line width produces unique characteristic impedance that res­
The proposed multiband MIMO antenna is designed on a gold-plated onates at a specific frequency. By incorporating monopole characteris­
ground conductor with Arlon AD410 dielectric substrate having loss tics and etching the ground plane to reduce plate capacitance, a low Q is
tangent of 0.0003 and relative permittivity 4.1 is depicted in Fig. 2 with achieved for wideband operation. Adding CSRR on the ground plane
mustard colour. The selection of Arlon AD410 as a substrate material for creates another narrow resonating band, acting as a band pass filter. To
the proposed antenna is rationalized by its low dielectric constant, low maintain good isolation between antenna elements, the SIW technique is
loss tangent, dimensional stability, thermal performance, ease of fabri­ utilized, providing more than 15dB isolation and preserving MIMO an­
cation, and resistance to moisture and chemicals. These properties tenna performance.

Fig. 2. A planar MIMO antenna design procedure with different ground structures for multiband operation in THz application.

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G. Saxena et al. Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

Fig. 3. Proposed SIW and CSRR based MIMO antenna with dimension parameters.

Table 1 ∫r
1 σ (r)|E(r)|2
Dimensions of Proposed SIW and CSRR based THz MIMO Antenna shown in Specific Absorption Rate(SAR) = dr (1)
Fig. 3 in µm.
V ρ(r)
0

a b c d e f g i
Where E(r) is rms electric field associated with input signal in V/m
6 5 2.5 80 40 100 36 25 which is outward in the direction of radius (r), ρ(r) is density in kg/m3 of
R1 R2 R3 R4 S1 S2 S3 bio tissue sample, thermal conductivity of human voxel model in S/m is
10 7 7 5.5 1.5 1.5 1
denoted by σ(r), and bio-tissue sample volume (V) in m3. SAR is directly
dependent upon input power used imposed by mobile phone to human
The S-parameters of the proposed MIMO antenna, specifically S11 head skeleton and 1W power is used for SAR calculation. Fig. 4(e)
and S21, are depicted in Fig. 4(b). The figure illustrates three resonating demonstrates the proposed antenna’s radiation efficiency exceeding 50
bands at frequencies of 1.45 THz, 2.25 THz, and 3.25 THz. These reso­ %. Moreover, Fig. 4(f) presents the MIMO antenna results without the
nating bands exhibit good isolation among the closely coupled antenna inclusion of CSRR and SIW. From Fig. 4(f), it is apparent that the absence
elements, with an isolation level greater than 15 dB. The input imped­ of CSRR results in tuning the S-parameter within two resonating bands.
ance amplitude and phase of the antenna are shown in Fig. 4(c), where The first band is a narrowband resonance at 1.5 THz, while the second
at the three resonating frequencies, the amplitude is approximately 50Ω, band is a wideband ranging from 3.1 to 4.0 THz, exhibiting two reso­
and the phase ranges from -90o to +90o. Fig. 4(d) displays the setup for nating peaks. Conversely, the omission of SIW leads to an abrupt S-
Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) estimation of a head voxel model for a parameter, which grazes the S11 graph at -10 dB between 2.5 and 4.0
proposed antenna. THz.
Here, numerical simulation software, like finite-difference time-
domain (FDTD) or finite-element method (FEM), to solve Maxwell’s 3. Equivalent network analysis of CSRR and SIW based MIMO
equations and calculate the electromagnetic fields within the head antenna
model due to the antenna’s radiation. From these fields, compute the
local SAR distribution within the head tissues, ensuring compliance with The MIMO antenna utilizes an LC equivalent modeling approach
relevant safety guidelines and standards, such as IEEE or ICNIRP. Adjust based on two conductor-dielectric slab interfaces. This analysis employs
the antenna position, power, or other parameters as needed to achieve a transmission line analogy for ease of understanding. The equivalent
desired SAR levels or antenna performance while adhering to safety network analysis of the antenna is shown in Fig.5, which corresponds to
limits. Repeat simulations and optimizations as necessary for accurate the antenna presented in Fig. 3. In this analysis, the first interface be­
SAR estimation and antenna placement. tween the patch conductor and the dielectric substrate forms a parallel
SAR analysis at 3.25 THz for IoT applications is discussed, high­ LC equivalent network because the electric field lines terminate at the
lighting its utility in mobile communication for scanning near-field ap­ conductive patch, creating a parallel capacitance (C) due to the voltage
plications. Table 2 provides the specifications for typical bio-tissues such difference between the conductor and the ground plane, while the
as skin, bone, and brain. It includes parameters like density, thermal induced currents on the patch create an inductance (L) in parallel. This
conductivity, heat capacity, blood flow, and metabolism rate. SAR configuration allows for resonance tuning. On the other hand, the sec­
serves as a vital criterion for assessing the suitability of antennas used in ond interface between the dielectric substrate and the ground conductor
IoT for near-field mobile devices, as it determines their impact on the forms a series LC equivalent network because the electric field lines
human body’s absorption of electromagnetic energy. The SAR value travel through the dielectric, resulting in a series capacitance (C) and
recommended for 1g and 10g of bio tissue for satisfactory (certified inductance (L) along the path. This series configuration impacts the
emission) application are less than 1.6W/kg and 2.0 W/kg respectively. antenna impedance and affects its overall performance characteristics.
For the MIMO antenna, the SAR values for 1g and 10 g of bio-tissue in all These two interface configurations play key roles in the operation and
three resonating band are 0.081W/kg and 0.072W/kg, 0.068 W/kg and design of planar antenna. These networks operate under the assumption
0.054 W/kg and 0.057W/kg and 0.046 W/kg at 1.45THz, 2.25THz and of no loss, and their inductance and capacitance values are provided in
3.25THz respectively without any plastic jacket or mobile cover. The Table 3. The resonance frequencies at 1.45THz, 2.25THz, and 3.25THz
SAR of electromagnetic energy is calculated by Eq. (1) [17] are represented by Π-shaped LC equivalent networks, which correspond
to the individual resonance structures. The gap capacitances (C1, C2, C3,
C11, C12, and C13) are associated with the conductor patch shown in
Fig. 3(a), while the inductances (L1, L2, L3, L11, L12, L13) are related to

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G. Saxena et al. Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

Fig. 4. Simulated results of the antenna (a) S-parameter as per antennas given in Fig. 2 (b) S-parameter final design (c) Input impedance (d) Setup for SAR estimation
of head voxel model (e) Radiation efficiency, and (f) S-parameter without CSRR and SIW for antenna-1and antenna-3.

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G. Saxena et al. Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

Table 2
Different Parameters of the human head for calculating SAR analysis used for near field mobile devices by the MIMO antenna at constant permeability (µr).
Type Density (ρ) kg/m3 Thermal Conductivity Heat capacity Blood flow Metabolism
(σ) S/m kJ/K/kg W/K/m3 rate
W/m3

Bio-tissue skin 1100 0.293 3.5 9100 1620

Bio-tissue Bone 1850 0.41 1.3 3400 610
Bio-tissue Brain 1030 1.13 3.675 40000 7100

Fig. 5. Equivalent network of the proposed multiband MIMO antenna at 1.45, 2.25 and 3.25THz using ADS.

the proposed ground structure depicted in Fig. 3(b). The value of gap (EBG) also resonate in the higher frequency range, resulting in a
capacitance is to be calculated by Eq. (2) maximum current of 3000 A/m being confined in the SIW and CSRR on
the ground. The vectored current density of the proposed MIMO antenna
εo × εr × wpatch × lpatch
Cgap = (2) is shown in Fig. 6(c), with a high current density of approximately 2500
spatch
A/m2 accumulated on the feeding line, SIW, antenna-1, and CSRR on the
ground plane.
where εo and εr are the absolute and relative permittivity, wpatch, lpatch,
The SIW and CSRR structures also accumulate high current density,
and spatch denotes the width, length and separation of transmission line.
aiding in the mitigation of isolation between the two antenna elements.
So, the total capacitance associated them is 42.47fF at resonate fre­
In terms of 3D far-field results, Fig. 6(d) shows that at 1.45THz, the
quency 1.45 THz, 2.25 THz and 3.25 THz for multiband MIMO antenna.
maximum gain achieved is 4.06dBi, while at 2.25THz and 3.25THz, the
Loop inductance parallel LC (Patch-Dielectric) interface and Series LC
gains achieved are 3.64dBi and 6.28dBi, respectively. While 2D patterns
(Dielectric-Ground) interface associated with transmission line can be
typically depict the radiation characteristics in only two planes, such as
calculated by Eq. (3)
azimuth (H-plane) and elevation (E-plane), 3D patterns offer a more
L = 2 × 10− 7 × loge
h
(3) complete view by adding the dimension of antenna polarization. This
R1 × e− 0.25
additional dimension allows engineers to assess how the antenna radi­
ates energy not only in different horizontal and vertical directions but
where, h is the thickness of the transmission line and R1 denotes the also in varying polarization states, providing a more accurate repre­
radius associated with transmission line. So that total inductance pro­ sentation of its performance and suitability for specific communication
duced by MIMO antenna is 52.93pH. or radar applications. Consequently, 3D radiation patterns are decisive
for designing antennas that can optimize signal coverage, minimize
4. Electric / magnetic field intensity distributions interference, and meet the requirements of complex wireless systems.
The co-cross radiation patterns of the MIMO antenna at 1.45, 2.25
Fig. 6(a)–(d) depict the results for the E-field intensity, H-field in­ and 3.25THz is depicted in Fig. 6(a) and (b). At ɸ = 90◦ far-field E-field
tensity, vectored current density, and far-field radiation. In Fig. 6(a), the with different theta (0o < θ < 360o) at 1.45THz frequency depicted in
electric field distribution is shown at 1.45, 2.25, and 3.25 THz. The Fig. 7(a). In cross polarization level at 1.45THz frequency side lobe level
maximum E-field is confined to antenna-1 and SIW. At 1.45 THz, the -1.3dB, half power (3dB) angular width is 102o and main lobe magni­
maximum E-field of 9×105 V/m is confined to the antenna-1 feeding tude approximate -70dB as well as in co-polarization side lobe level
transmission line, indicating the maximum power delivered from the 50 -3.01dB, half power (-3dB) angular width is 38.7o and main lobe di­
Ω excitation port to patch antenna-1. The patch also exhibits an rection at 144o and main lobe magnitude approximate 0.5dB which is
approximate E-field of 9×105 V/m and experiences changes in the x- well separated between co-cross patterns at 1.45THz.
direction equivalent to half a wavelength and changes in the y-direction At 2.25THz Co-Cross far-field results are depicted and having side
equivalent to two half-wavelengths, which supports the TE12 mode. lobe level in -3.5dB, 3dB angular width 48.4o and main lobe direction
Fig. 6(b) shows the magnetic field intensity in A/m at 1.45, 2.25, and -62o and main lobe magnitude 0.158mV/m in cross-polarization and co-
3.25 GHz. The H-field is mainly confined at higher frequencies on the polarization its value side lobe level -1.1dB, 3dB angular width 63.4o,
SIW and antenna feeding line. The SIW and Electromagnetic band gap main lobe direction 58o and main lobe magnitude 7.21V/m. At 3.25 THz

Table 3
Capacitances and Inductances values of the electrical Parallel and Series LC resonance equivalent network of the antenna-4 given in Fig. 2, where port-2 impedance is
matched with 50 Ω.
Frequency (THz) Parallel LC (Patch-dielectric) Series LC (Dielectric-ground)

1.45 LPLC1= 656.1fH and CPLC1 = 18.36fF L11 = 22.95pH and C11 = 0.5249fF
2.25 LPLC2 = 272.5fH and CPLC2 = 18.36fF L22 = 22.95pH and C22 = 0.218fF
3.25 LPLC3 = 522.4fH and CPLC3 = 4.591fF L33 = 5.739pH and C33 = 0.4179fF

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G. Saxena et al. Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

Fig. 6. Simulated results at 1.45THz, 2.25THz and 3.25THz of the proposed MIMO antenna (a) Electric field (b) Magnetic field (c) Vectored current density (d) Far-
field 3D radiation pattern.

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G. Saxena et al. Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

Fig. 7. Simulated 2D far-field radiation patterns at 1.45THz, 2.25THz, and 3.25THz (a) YZ (Co) and (b) XZ (Cross) polarization.

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G. Saxena et al. Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

Fig. 8. Simulated diversity parameters of the antenna (a) Envelope correlation coefficient and diversity gain (b) Total active reflection coefficient and channel
capacity loss.

Table 4
Expressions for calculating diversity performance.
A parameter with its Expression Calculation by using [21]
∫∫
| [Ei (θ, ϕ) × Ej (θ, ϕ)]dΩ|2 3D radiated fields
4π
ECC = ∫ ∫ ∫∫
|Ei (θ, ϕ)|2 dΩ × |Ej (θ, ϕ)|2 dΩ
4π 4π

|S∗ ii Sij + S∗ ji Sjj |2 S-parameters

ECC(ρij ) =
(1 − |Sii |2 − |Sji |2 )(1 − |Sjj |2 − |Sij |2 )
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
S-parameters or E field
DG = 10 1 − (ECC)2
∑N
|bi |2 S- parameters
TARC = ∑Nn=1 2
n=1 i |
|a
CCL = − log2 (ψ c ) S- parameters
[ ]
ρ ρ12 3D radiated fields
were, ψ c = 11
ρ21 ρ22
∑ ∑
ρii = 1 − ( Nn=1 |S∗in Sni |) ρij = − ( Nn=1 |S∗in Snj |)
]
Prec ∮ [ XPR × Pθ1 Gθ1 (Ω) + Gϕ2 (Ω) × Pϕ2 (Ω)
MEG1 = =
Pinc 1 + XPR

main lobe magnitude approximate -60dB as well as in Co-polarization antennas. For uncorrelated environment ECC should be zero then DG
side lobe level -3.01dB, half power (-3dB) angular width is 36.8o and will be 10 ideally. When the number of antenna elements in a MIMO
main lobe direction at 136o and main lobe magnitude approximate system increases, the channel capacity increases linearly, but the cor­
1.2dB Co-cross far-field polarized pattern is well separated between relation between them also rises, making it necessary to include channel
them. capacity loss (CCL) before determining the actual data rate of an oper­
ational wireless communication system. Average CCL for two elements
5. Diversity parameters of MIMO antenna MIMO system should be less than 0.35bps/Hz, means the less correlation
and less CCL and to be calculated in terms of s-parameter matrix given in
To evaluate the practical use of MIMO antenna, diversity perfor­ Table 4 as shown in Fig. 8(b).
mance is required. Calculation of the MIMO antenna’s diversity per­ To calculate the CCL, first calculate ρ11 and ρ22 by using the formula
formance in terms of Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC), Diversity depicted in Table 4, ρ11 = 1-S11 and ρ22 = 1-S22 where S11 and S22 are
Gain (DG), Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) and Channel return loss for antenna-1 and antenna-2, then calculate ρ12 = 1-S12S21,
Capacity Loss (CCL) shown in Fig. 8(a) and (b) as per the equation given ρ21 = 1-S21S12 (For symmetric structure S11 = S22 and S21 = S12) then
[ ]
in Table 4. Average ECC of the MIMO antenna is less than 0.02 in all the ρ11 ρ12
calculate correlation matrix ψ c = then calculate channel
three resonating band 1.38–1.56THz, 2.16–2.32THz and 3.0–4.0THz ρ21 ρ22
that means a very small amount of current will be migrated from capacity lossCCL = − log2 (ψ c ) at different frequencies.
antenna-1(middle) to antenna-2 (opposite) which is terminated by 50 Ω
shown in Fig. 3(c). 6. Proposed MIMO antenna as a bio-sensor (hemoglobin and
No current is migrating from antenna-1 to antenna-2 then diversity urine)
gain of the MIMO antenna should be 10dB as shown in Fig. 8(a). TARC is
also an important parameter to judge how much power return when all The proposed antenna operates in triple bands, with first two of them
the antenna elements in MIMO system will be energized simultaneously being narrow-band, and the third band being wideband. Narrow-band
and it is calculated by the ratio of reflected power to the total incident antennas are more suitable for sensing applications due to their high
power. For any practical MIMO system, the value of TARC ≤ -10 dB, signal resolution and accuracy within specific frequency bands. A
means at least 90 % input power to be transmitted from all ports to narrowband antenna can provide better selectivity and filtering to

9
G. Saxena et al. Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

Fig. 9. Verification of two-element THz planar MIMO antenna with different concentration of hemoglobin (a) Front view (b) S-parameters.

isolate signals of interest. Therefore, these two bands, which have a high minimizes interference from other substances and noise, enhancing the
quality factor of more than 80, are suitable for sensing. accuracy and reliability of sensing these biomaterials, making it suitable
Now, a question comes to mind: why for hemoglobin and urine for medical diagnostics and analysis.
concentration? A narrow band is sufficient for sensing high-quality The correlation between hemoglobin concentration (g/l) and
factor materials like hemoglobin and urine due to their distinctive refractive index (n) ranging from 1.34 to 1.43 is shown in Fig. 9. Table 5
spectral characteristics. The high-quality factor (Q-factor) implies that provides details on the MIMO dual-reflector antenna used as a hemo­
these substances have narrow resonance peaks and exhibit minimal globin sensor, including the refractive index, resonant frequency,
frequency spread in their absorption or emission spectra. Consequently, sensitivity, and figure of merit (FOM). An average sensitivity of 3222.22
a narrow band sensor can focus on a specific wavelength range where GHz/RIU, where the RIU is a unit of measurement used to quantify the
the absorption or emission peaks of hemoglobin and urine are concen­ change in refractive index within a substance or medium. The sensing
trated, ensuring precise and sensitive measurements. This selectivity proficiency of a sensor is measured by the FOM, which is defined as the

10
G. Saxena et al. Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

Fig. 10. Verification of two-element THz planar MIMO antenna with different urine concentration (a) Front view (b) S-parameters.

11
G. Saxena et al. Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

Table 5
The proposed antenna application as a hemoglobin sensor with refractive index, resonate frequency and sensitivity.
S. No. Concentration Hemoglobin Resonate Frequency Sensitivity FOM
(g/l) Refractive Index in Band-1 (1.38-1.56THz) (GHz/RIU)

1. 10 1.34 1.46 2000GHz/RIU 11.11

2. 20 1.36 1.42 666.66GHz/RIU 3.70
3. 30 1.39 1.40 7000GHz/RIU 38.88
4. 40 1.43 1.12 AVG.=3222.22GHz/RIU AVG.=17.89

Table 6
Proposed MS as a urine sensor with refractive index, resonate frequency and sensitivity.
S. No. Concentration Urine Refractive Resonate Frequency Sensitivity FOM
(g/l) Index in Band-1(1.38-1.56THz) (GHz/RIU)

1. 10 1.3346 1.35 300000GHz/RIU 10

2. 20 1.3349 1.26 100000GHz/RIU 5
3. 30 1.3353 1.22 23333.33GHz/RIU 16.66
4. 40 1.3356 1.15 AVG.=141111.11GHz/RIU AVG.=10.55

Table 7
Comparison of the two-element MIMO antenna performance with existing literature.
Frequency Efficiency Max. Gain (dBi) Size Substrate References
(THz) (µm2)

3.0,4.85,7.02, 0.7 13.92 90×90 polyimide [3]

8.87,9.43,10.85
0.52-1.47 0.7 10.3 480×480 Quartz [4]
2.3,3.2,4.5 0.6 5 40×50 polyimide [5]
0.22-0.32 - 9.03 400×500 polyimide [7]
0.33-10 0.7 19 1000×1400 Roger-5880 [9]
1.45,2.25,3.25 0.5 6.28 80£100 Arlon AD410 [P]

Table 8
Comparison of the two-element MIMO antenna diversity performance with existing literature.
Frequency ECC Isolation DG TARC CCL(Bits/sec/Hz)
(THz) (dB) (dB) (dB) /References

3.0,4.85,7.02, 0.010 ≥ 15 ≥9.95 - - [3]

8.87,9.43,10.85
2.3,3.2,4.5 0.2 ≥ 18 ≥ 9.95 - - [5]
1.57,2.05,3.46,4.47, 0.500 ≥ 20 ≥ 8.50 - 0.25 [6]
6.82,8.3,8.9,9.6
0.33-10 0.0015 ≥ 25 ≥ 9.99 < -10 0.25 [9]
1.45,2.25,3.25 0.02 ≥ 15 ≥ 9.90 < -13 0.23 [P]

[P] Proposed Antenna

ratio of Sensitivity (S) to the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM). An In Table 6 proposed MIMO DRA as a urine sensor with refractive
average FOM of 17.89 has been achieved in Band-1 (1.39–1.52 THz). index, resonate frequency, sensitivity and FOM has been discussed and
Another important parameter for evaluating sensor quality in sensing Avg. sensitivity achieved 141111.11GHz/RIU and avg. FOM-17.89.
operations is the quality factor, which is determined by sensitivity. It is
desirable to have a high value for this parameter. The quality factor is 7. Conclusion
calculated as ’fr/FWHM,’ where ’fr’ represents the resonant frequency.
However, sensitivity in band-2 and band-3 is reduced due to either a A microstrip feed multiband THz MIMO antenna has been designed
low Q-factor or a wide bandwidth @2.24THz and @3.25THz centre to exhibit stable omnidirectional radiation patterns at 1.45THz,
frequency respectively. The fractional bandwidth in band-1 is 1 %, 2.25THz, and 3.25THz. The antenna’s configuration has ensured high
indicating a Q-factor greater than 95, which is suitable for hemoglobin throughput, data speed, and diversity performance, as indicated in Ta­
sensing application, as shown in Fig. 9(b). bles 7 and 8. Additionally, all three antenna bands have been tested for
The correlation between urine concentration (g/l) and refractive hemoglobin and urine concentration measurements, with the first two
index (n) ranging from 1.34 to 1.43 is shown in Fig. 10. Table 6 provides bands proving more suitable for bio-sensing due to their high Q. The
details on the MIMO dual-reflector antenna used as a hemoglobin third band, being wideband, is deemed appropriate for Nano commu­
sensor, including the refractive index, resonant frequency, sensitivity, nications. Therefore, the proposed design will make an excellent
and figure of merit (FOM). An average sensitivity of 141111.11 GHz/ contribution to Nano communications and bio sensing applications.
RIU, where the RIU is a unit of measurement used to quantify the change
in refractive index within a substance or medium. The sensing profi­ Author agreement
ciency of a sensor is measured by the FOM, which is defined as the ratio
of Sensitivity (S) to the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM). An Submission of work requires that the piece to be reviewed has not
average FOM of 10.55 has been achieved in Band-1 (1.38–1.56 THz). been previously published. Upon acceptance, the Author assigns to the

12
G. Saxena et al. Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

“Nano Communication Networks” the right to publish and distribute the [12] P. Upender, A. Kumar, Quad-band circularly polarized tunable graphene based
dielectric resonator antenna for terahertz applications, Silicon 14 (10) (2022)
manuscript in part or in its entirety. The Author’s name will always be
5513–5526.
included with the publication of the manuscript. The Author has the [13] S. Gotra, V.S. Pandey, R.S. Yaduvanshi, A wideband graphene coated dielectric
following nonexclusive rights: (1) to use the manuscript in the Author’s resonator antenna with circular polarization generation technique for THz
teaching activities; (2) to publish the manuscript, or permit its publi­ applications, Superlattices Microstruct. 150 (2021), 106754.
[14] B.C. Sahana, G. Varshney, Tunable terahertz dual-band circularly polarized
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manuscript in the Author’s own personal or departmental (but not [15] P. Upender, A. Kumar, HEM11δ and HEM12δ-based quad band quad sense
institutional) database or on-line site; and (4) to license reprints of the circularly polarized tunable graphene-based MIMO dielectric resonator antenna,
Frequenz 76 (5-6) (2022) 273–285.
manuscript to third persons for educational photocopying. The Author [16] R. Krishna, A. Lucky Imoize, R. Singh Yaduvanshi, H. Singh, A. Kumar Rana, S.
also agrees to properly credit the Nano Communication Networks as the K. Pani, Analysis of multi-stacked dielectric resonator antenna with its equivalent
original place of publication. The Author hereby grants the Results in RLC circuit modeling for wireless communication systems, Math. Comput. Appl. 28
(1) (2023) 4.
Optics and exclusive rights to the manuscript, all revisions, and the full [17] R.K. Kushwaha, Reconfigurable GNR based elliptical dielectric resonator antenna
copyright. The Nano Communication Networks rights include but are for THz band applications, Results Opt. (2023), 100354.
not limited to the following: (1) to reproduce, publish, sell, and [18] Ramkrishna, R.S. Yaduvanshi, Optical DRA and its equivalent circuit analysis,
J. Discrete Math. Sci. Cryptogr. 24 (5) (2021) 1215–1228.
distribute copies of the manuscript, selections of the manuscript, and [19] R.S. Yaduvanshi, R.K. Yadav, S. Katiyar, S. Kumar, H. Parthasarathy, Optical
translations and other derivative works based upon the manuscript, in spherical dielectric resonator antenna for sensing and wireless communication,
print, audio-visual, electronic, or by any and all media now or hereafter Frequenz 75 (1-2) (2021) 49–59.
[20] E.K. Chemweno, P. Kumar, T.J.O. Afullo, Design of high-gain wideband substrate
known or devised; (2) to license reprints of the manuscript to third
integrated waveguide dielectric resonator antenna for D-band applications, Optik
persons for educational photocopying; (3) to license others to create 272 (2023), 170261.
abstracts of the manuscript and to index the manuscript; (4) to license [21] K.A. Abdalmalak, A.A. Althuwayb, C.S. Lee, G.S. Botello, E. Falcón-Gómez, L.
secondary publishers to reproduce the manuscript in print, microform, E. García-Castillo, L.E. García-Muñoz, Standing-wave feeding for high-gain linear
dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) array, Sensors 22 (8) (2022) 3089.
or any computer readable form, including electronic on-line databases; [22] G. Saxena, Y.K. Awasthi, P. Jain, High isolation and high gain super-wideband
and (5) to license the manuscript for document delivery. These exclusive (0.33-10 THz) MIMO antenna for THz applications, Optik 223 (2020), 165335.
rights run the full term of the copyright, and all renewals and extensions [23] M. Bhattacharjee, F. Nikbakhtnasrabadi, R. Dahiya, Printed chipless antenna as
flexible temperature sensor, IEEE Internet Things J. 8 (6) (2021) 5101–5110.
thereof. I hereby accept the terms of the above Author Agreement.

Gaurav Saxena received the B.Tech. degree in electronics and

Declaration of Competing Interest communication engineering from Uttar Pradesh Technical
University Lucknow, Lucknow, India, in 2007, the M.Tech.
I have no conflicts of interest to disclose degree in microwave electronics from the University of Delhi,
New Delhi, India, in 2012, and the Ph.D. degree from Delhi
Technological University, New Delhi, in 2020. From December
Data availability 2011 to May 2012, he was worked as an Internship Trainee at
CSIR, NPL Delhi, New Delhi, where he established traceability
No data was used for the research described in the article. of the VNA and received an appreciation certificate from
Scientist-F. Currently, he is working as an Associate Professor
at the Department of Electronics and Communication Engi­
neering, Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College, Ghaziabad,
Uttar Pradesh, India. He has published two patent and
Acknowledgments numerous research articles in peer-reviewed International Journals and Conferences. His
recent research interests include modeling of passive microwave components like filters
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific power divider/combiner, microwave antenna for 5G/6G and wireless applications, met­
amaterial absorber/metasurface antenna, MIMO antenna receiver/transmitter, DRA,
Research at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia for funding this work
graphene-based THz MIMO antenna, metasurface absorbers, sensors, and LNA. Dr. Saxena
through the Research Group Program under Grant No: RGP 2/309/44. received the Commendable Research Award in 2021,2022 and 2023 by Delhi Techno­
logical university Delhi. He also received a meritorious scholarship from July 2010 to July
2012 given by the University of Delhi.
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G. Saxena et al. Nano Communication Networks 38 (2023) 100481

Manidipa Roy is Ph.D. and M.Tech. in RF and Microwave Himanshu Singh received the B.Sc (Electronics) degree from
Engineering. Currently she is working as Associate Professor in Dr. BRA University, Agra, India in 2000, the M.Sc. (Electronics
ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad, and Uttar Pradesh. She & Computational Physics) degree from Institute of Basic Sci­
had been a Research fellow at Ambedkar Institute of Advanced ence, Dr. BRA University, Agra, India in 2002, and Ph. D. (RF &
Communication technologies and Research, Delhi (currently Microwave Electronics) from Delhi University, Delhi, in 2010.
NSUT, Delhi (East Campus). She was co-operative faculty at the University of Delhi, New
She had guided many under graduate and post graduate Delhi and India in 2006-2012. She is currently working as an
students in their projects. She has several publications in In­ Assistant Professor with the Department of Physics, Hindu
ternational and National Journals and Conferences. She has College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India. She has pub­
been awarded Gold Medal in M.Tech. RF and Microwave lished more than 50 articles in peer-reviewed journals and
Engineering. conferences and he has also filed 01 patent and published one
book. Her recent research interest includes Modeling of high-
frequency passive microwave components, Microwave an­
tennas for LTE & 5G applications, Meta-material absorber, Sensor & Cloaking, Study of
transient.

Dr. Reena Jain is a Professor in the Department of Chemistry

Hindu College, University of Delhi. Currently she is the Vice
Principal as well as the PIO (Public Information Officer) of the Yogendra Kumar Awasthi received the B.Sc. (Electronics)
College. In her capacity as Vice Principal, she is assisting the degree from Dr. BRA University, Agra, India in 1999, the M.Sc.
Principal in all the administrative matters and day to day (Electronics & Computational Physics) degree from Institute of
running of the College. She has been given the responsibility of Basic Science, Dr. BRA University, Agra, India in 2001, and Ph.
working as officiating Principal from time to time in the D. (RF & Microwave Electronics) from Delhi University, Delhi,
absence of the principal. She is currently also the Coordinator in 2012. He was co-operative faculty at the University of Delhi,
of DBT Star College Project in her College. She has also worked New Delhi and he was also guest faculty at Central Electronics
as the BURSAR of the College. She did graduation and post- Engineering Research Institute, Pilani, and Rajasthan, India in
graduation from the same college and PhD from Chemistry 2006–2012. He is currently working as a Professor with the
Department, Delhi University. She has been conferred with Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Prof K N Johri Memorial Gold Medal by the University of Delhi. Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies
She has been teaching Inorganic Chemistry and Environment Chemistry for over 25 University, Faridabad, India. He has published more than 90
years. She has also taught Environmental Chemistry to the students pursuing their master’s articles in peer-reviewed journals and conferences and he has
degree from Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi for almost 10 years. also 15 patents and published one book’s chapter. His recent research interest includes
Her research interest is primarily focused on organometallic chemistry, green chemistry, Modelling of high-frequency passive microwave components, Microwave antenna for LTE
Nano chemistry and environmental chemistry. She has more than a dozen of papers to her & 5G/6G applications, Metamaterial absorber, Sensor & Cloaking, Study of transient, RF
credit in renowned national and international journals. She is currently supervising 2 Power Transfer & Energy Harvesting, MIMO receiver system, Electrical Power System, etc.
research scholars for their PhD work and has guided a number of MSc dissertations. She He is an Editor-in-Chief in the renowned ‘‘MR International Journal of Engineering
has been the author of 5 books in Chemistry for the senior secondary students. She has and Technology’’ and working as a reviewer of several refereed journals such as IEEE
recently edited two books-“Advanced Inorganic Chemistry” by Wiley Publication, for In­ Antennas and Propagation Magazine, IET Microwaves, Antennas, Propagation, IET Elec­
dian adaptation and “Myconanotechnology: Green Chemistry for Sustainable Develop­ tronic Letter, IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Antennas & Propagation, AEUE Inter­
ment” by Bentham Science. She has written several book chapters, the latest being in national Journal of Electronics and Communication, Elsevier, Journal of Electromagnetic
“Green Chemistry for Beginners” by Jenny Stanford Publishing House, and for IGNOU. She Waves and Applications (JEMWA), Taylor & Francis, International Journal of Electronics,
has also developed a lot of e-material. She has contributed in several reputed projects Taylor & Francis and Applied Computational Electromagnetic Society, ACES.
initiated by the Government of India, such as National Science Digital Library – a project of
NISCAIR, CSIR, SAKSHAT, i-CBSE and UDAAN, to name a few. She has been invited for
talks in her field of Inorganic chemistry and environment chemistry for more than 30
workshops, conferences and faculty development programs. She has presented papers in
several National and International conferences. She herself has organized more than 20
workshops / conferences in the capacity of member organizing committee/ organizing
secretary and Convenor.

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