Matrices and Vectors
Matrices and Vectors
Matrices and Vectors
Lecture 5
Matrices and Vectors:
Geometric Insight
Marco Chiarandini
Department of Mathematics & Computer Science
University of Southern Denmark
Geometric Insight
Outline
1. Geometric Insight
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Geometric Insight
Outline
1. Geometric Insight
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Geometric Insight
Geometric Insight
• Set R can be represented by real-number line. Set R2 of real number pairs (a1 , a2 ) can be
represented by the Cartesian plane.
(a1 , a2 )
a2
a
x
(0, 0) a1
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Geometric Insight
• Two displacement vectors of same length and direction are considered to be equal even if they
do not both start from the origin
y y
q2 Q
p2 P v
p
q
x
x (0, 0) p1 q1
(0, 0)
• the length (or norm) of a vector a = (a1 , a2 )T is denoted by ||a|| and from Pythagoras
q p
||a|| = a12 + a22 = ha, ai
Two vectors a and b are orthogonal (or normal or perpendicular) if and only if ha, bi = 0.
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Vectors in R3
Geometric Insight
z
(a1 , a2 , a3 )
a1 q
b a y a = a2 kak = a12 + a22 + a32
a3
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Lines in R2
Geometric Insight
• To derive the Cartesian equation: locate one particular point on the line, eg, the y intercept.
Then the position vector of any point on the line is a sum of two displacements, first going to
the point and then along the direction of the line. Try with P = (−1, 1) and Q = (3, 2)
• In general, any line in R2 is given by a vector equation with one parameter of the form
x = p + tv
where x is the position vector, p is any particular point and v is the direction of the line
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Lines in R3
Geometric Insight
z
x = p+tv
y
1 1
x = 3 + t 2
4 −1
x
3
−3
x = 7 + s −6 , s, t ∈ R
2 3
• parallel • parallel
• intersecting in a unique point • intersecting in a unique point
• skew (lay on two parallel planes)
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Planes in R3
Geometric Insight
x = p + sv + tw, s, t ∈ R
• How is the plane through the origin? What if v and w are parallel?
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Geometric Insight
4 z
2
x
x 2
4 2
y
4
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Geometric Insight
Alternative Description of Planes
Cartesian equation:
• Let n be a given vector in R3 . All positions represented by postion vectors x that are
orthogonal to n describe a plane through the origin.
(n is called a normal vector to the plane)
hn, xi = 0,
ax + by + cz = 0
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Geometric Insight
4 z
2
x
x 2
4 2
y
4
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Geometric Insight
• For a point P on the plane with position vector p and a position vector x of any other point
on the plane, the displacement vector x − p lies on the plane and n ⊥ x − p
hn, x − pi = 0
ax + by + cz = d
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Geometric Insight
x 1 2
y = s 2 + t 1 = sv + tw, s, t ∈ R
z −1 7
3 x
3x − y + z = 0, n = −1 , x = y
1 z
What will change if the plane does not pass through the origin?
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Geometric Insight
x + 2y − 3x = 0 and − 2x − 4y + 6z = 4
and these?
x + 2y − 3x = 0 and x − 2y + 5z = 4
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Lines and Hyperplanes in Rn
Geometric Insight
• Point in Rn : a = (a1 , a2 , . . . , an )T
• Length of a vector x = (x, x2 , . . . , xn )T
q p
kxk = x12 + x22 + · · · + xn2 = hx, xi.
hv, wi = 0.
• Line:
a1 x1 + a2 x2 + · · · + an xn = d
is called hyperplane. (hn, x − pi = 0.) What is the vector equation?
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