AriHant MATHEMATICS
AriHant MATHEMATICS
AriHant MATHEMATICS
System of
Chapter
Rectangular
1 Coordinates
Coordinate System
Cartesian Coordinates System
Let XOX' and YOY' be two perpendicular straight
lines drawn through any fix point O in the plane of the
paper. Then,
Y
X' O (0, 0) X
Y'
2 Objective Approach To Mathematics Vol.2
Axis of x The horizontal line XOX' is called axis of x. Relation between Polar and Cartesian
Axis of y The vertical line YOY' is called axis of y. Coordinates System
Coordinate axes x-axis and y-axis together are called
Let P is any point in a plane whose cartesian
axes of coordinate or axes of reference.
coordinates are P (x, y) and let same point when polar
Origin The point ‘O ’ is called the Origin of ordinates
system is used have coordinates (r, θ).
or the Origin.
OA = x = r cos θ ...(i)
Oblique axes If both the axes are not perpendicular,
OB = y = r sin θ ...(ii)
then they are called as Oblique axes as shown in the
figure Y
Y
B x P (x, y)
r
y
Q Q
X' X X' X
O (0, 0) O A
Y'
Cartesian coordinates The ordered pair of Y'
perpendicular distance from both axes of a point P lying On squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
in the plane is called
Cartesian coordinates of P. If the Cartesian OP = r = x 2 + y 2
coordinates of a point P are (x, y), then x is called the Again, on dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get
abscissa or X-coordinate of point P and y is called the
ordinate or Y-coordinate of point P. y
θ = tan−1
x
Y
y P (x, y)
Illustration 1 The polar coordinates of points x = 3 and
x
y = 1, are
X' X π π
O (0, 0) (a) 2, (b) 2,
3 6
π π
(c) −2, (d) −2,
Y' 3 6
Illustration 3 The polar coordinates of a point having Hence, the distance between P and Q will be given by
cartesian coordinates (– 1, –1) are
π 3π PQ = (diff. of abscissa)2 + (diff. of ordinate)2
(a) 2, (b) 2,
4 4
5π π ∴ d = ( x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2
(c) 2, (d) 2, −
4 4 (ii) When coordinate axes are inclined at an angle ω
Solution. The cartesian coordinates of P are (– 1, – 1). If the coordinate system is oblique means if the
So, x = – 1 = r cos θ coordinate axes are inclined at an angle ω. In this case
and y = – 1 = r sin θ the distance between two points P and Q will be given
⇒ r = 1+ 1 = 2 by
−1
θ = tan−1 = tan−1(1) P (x1, y1)
−1
Since, the point lie in the third quadrant. Y
5π 3π d
∴ θ= or −
4 4
5π
∴ The polar coordinate of P ( −1, − 1) are P 2, . (x2, y2)
4 180
W
Hence, (c) is the correct answer. W
Q
Y ∴ By cosine law
Q (x2, y2) 2 2
d 2 = r1 + r2 − 2 r1r2 cos ( θ1 − θ2 )
2 2
y2
y1 ⇒ | AB| = r1 + r2 − 2r1r2 co s ( θ1 − θ2 )
y 1)
( x 1,
P
x1
x2 M Illustration 5 The distance between points P (–3, –2)
X' X and Q (– 6, 7), the axis being inclined at 60°, is
(a) 3 7 (b) 7
Y'
(c) 2 7 (d) None of these
4 Objective Approach To Mathematics Vol.2
Illustration 7 The point whose abscissa is equal to (b) Slope formula If θ is the angle at which a straight
its ordinate and which is equidistant from A (5, 0) and line is inclined to the positive direction of the x-axis and
B (0, 3) is 0º ≤ θ < 180º, q ≠ 90º,then the slope of the line, denoted
(a) (1, 1) (b) (2, 2) by m and is defined by m = tan θ. If θ is 90°, m does not
(c) (3, 3) (d) (4, 4)
exist, but the line is parallel to the y-axis.
Solution. Let the point be P(h, h). Given that, PA = PB If θ = 0, then m = 0 and the line is parallel to the
⇒ (h − 5)2 + h2 = h2 + (h − 3)2 x-axis. If A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2), x1 ≠ x2, are points on a
⇒ 4h = 16 straight line, then the slope m of the line is given by
⇒ h=4 (y − y ) y2 − y1
m= 1 2 or
∴ Coordinates of P be (4, 4). ( x1 − x2 ) x2 − x1
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
(c) Types of triangles If A, B and C are vertices of
Illustration 8 The cartesian form of r2 = a2 cos 2θ is triangle, then it would be
(a) (x2 + y2 = a(x2 − y2) (i) equilateral triangle, when AB = BC = CA.
(b) (x2 + y2 = a2(x2 − y2)2 (ii) isosceles triangle, when any two sides are equal.
(c) (x2 + y2)2 = a2(x2 − y2)
(iii) right angle triangle, when sum of square of any
(d) None of the above two sides is equal to square of the third side.
(d) Position of four points Let A, B, C and D be
Solution. Since, x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ the four given point in a plane. By joining these points
∴ x2 + y 2 = r 2
following figure are formed.
Also, cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ
(i) Square, if AB = BC = CD = DA and AC = BD
x2 y2 (ii) Rhombus, if AB = BC = CD = DA and AC ≠ BD
= −
r2 r2 (iii) Parallelogram, if AB = DC, BC = AD, AC ≠ BD
x2 − y 2 (iv) Rectangle, if AB = CD, BC = DA, AC = BD
∴ cos 2θ =
r2
Quadrilateral Diagonals Angles between Diagonals
x2 − y 2
⇒ cos2θ = π
( x2 + y 2 ) (i) Parallelogram Not equal θ≠
2
⇒ r 2 = a2 cos 2θ π
(ii) Rectangle Equal θ≠
( x2 − y 2 ) 2
⇒ x 2 + y 2 = a2 .
( x2 + y 2 ) π
(iii) Rhombus Not equal θ=
⇒ 2 2 2
(x + y ) = a (x − y ) 2 2 2 2
Which is cartesian form of r2 = a2 cos 2θ. π
(iv) Square Equal θ=
Hence, (c) is the correct answer. 2
Chapter 1 : Cartesian System of Rectangular Coordinates 5
Aliter A B A C
( Ax1 + By1 + C ) (3 + 3 − 9) 3 (Anti-clockwise) (Clockwise)
Required ratio = − =− =
( Ax2 + By2 + C ) (6 + 7 − 9) 4
So, while finding the area of ∆ ABC, we take
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
modulus.
Chapter 1 : Cartesian System of Rectangular Coordinates 7
Important ! 2 1 1
1 1
• If area of triangle is zero. Then, the points will be collinear. 3 −2 1 = |4x − 4| = |2x − 2|
2 2
x1 y1 1 x x +3 1
⇒ Area of triangle = 0 or x 2 y2 1 = 0
Accordingly to the given condition 2x – 2 = ± 5
x3 y3 1
3 7
• In case of polygon with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2),....... ⇒ x=− ,
2 2
(xn, yn) in order, then area of polygon is given by
Thus, the coordinates of the third vertex can be
1
|(x1y2 – y1x2) + (x2y3 – y2x3) + ....+ (xn – 1 yn – yn – 1 xn) 3 3 7 13
2 − , or ,
2 2 2 2
+ (xn y1 – yn x1)| Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
Illustration 17 If the vertices of a triangle are (1, 2), Illustration 20 If the points (a, –1), (2, 1) and (4, 5) are
(4, – 6) and (3, 5), then its area is collinear. Then, the value of a is
23 25
(a) 1 (b) 2
(a) sq unit (b) sq unit (c) 3 (d) 4
2 2
(c) 12 sq unit (d) None of these Solution. The essential condition of collinearity is ∆ = 0
Solution. Area of triangle whose vertices are given a −1 1
1 ∴ 2 1 1 =0
∆ = [ x1(y2 − y3 ) + x2 (y3 − y1) + x3 (y1 − y2 )]
2 4 5 1
1 ⇒ a(1 − 5) + 1(2 − 4) + 1(10 − 4) = 0
∆ = [1( −6 − 5) + 4(5 − 2) + 3(2 + 6)]
2 ⇒ a=1
25 Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
∆= sq unit
2
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
Area of Quadrilateral
Illustration 18 If A (6, 3), B (–3, 5), C (4, – 2) and D ( x, 3x)
ar ( ∆ DBC )
If ( x1, y1), ( x2 , y2 ), ( x3 , y3 ) and (x4, y4) are vertices of
are four points, if = 1: 2, then x is equal to a quadrilateral, then its area will be given by
ar ( ∆ ABC )
8 y
11
(a) (b)
8 11
(c) 3 (d) None of these D C
ar ( ∆ DBC ) 1
Solution. Since, = B
ar ( ∆ ABC ) 2
A
⇒ 2 ar (∆ DBC) = ar (∆ ABC)
x 3x 1 6 3 1
11 x' x
⇒ 2 −3 5 1 = −3 5 1 ⇒ x= O L N R M
8
4 −2 1 4 −2 1
Hence, (a) is the correct answer. y'
Illustration 19 The area of a triangle is 5 sq unit. Two of Area of quadrilateral = Area of trapezium ALND
its vertices are (2, 1) and (3, – 2). The third vertex lying on + Area of trapezium DNRC + Area of trapezium CRMB
y = x + 3. The coordinates of the third vertex are given by – Area of trapezium ALBM
3 3 7 13 1 1 3 3 On substituting the value of area of trapezium
(a) , − , , (b) , , ,
4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 1
= (sum of parallel sides) × distance between them
2 2 7 3 3 3 7 13 2
(c) − , , , (d) − , , ,
3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 Area of quadrilateral
Solution. As the vertex lies on the line y = x + 3, its 1
= [( x1y2 − x2y1) + ( x2y3 − x3y2 ) + ( x3y 4 − x4y3 )
coordinates are of the form (x, x + 3). The area of the triangle 2
those vertices are (2, 1), (3, – 2) and (x, x + 3), is + ( x4y1 − x1y 4 )]
8 Objective Approach To Mathematics Vol.2
The coordinates of the circumcentre are also given on the opposite sides, H, I, J are the mid points of the
by sides BC, CA and AB respectively and K, L, M are the mid
x1 sin2A + x2 sin2B + x3 sin2C points of the line segments joining the orthocentre O' to
,
sin2A + sin2B + sin2C the angular points A, B, C. These nine points (D, E, F, H,
y1 sin2A + y2 sin2B + y3 sin2C I, J, K, L, M) are concyclic and the circle passing through
these nine points is called the nine point circle. Its centre
sin2A + sin2B + sin2C
is know as the nine point centre.
(iv) Orthocentre The orthocentre of a triangle is the The nine point centre of a triangle is collinear with
point of intersection of its altitudes. the circumcentre O and the orthocentre O' and bisects
In order to find the coordinates of the orthocentre of the segment joining them. The radius of nine point circle
a triangle, we first find the equations of its altitudes and of a triangle is half the radius of the circumcircle.
then we find the coordinates of the point of intersection
of any two of them. Important !
If A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2) and C (x3, y3) are the vertices of a The orthocentre, nine point centre, centroid and circumcentre
∆ ABC, then the coordinates of its orthocentre are are collinear.
x1 tan A + x2 tan B + x3 tan C y1 tan A + y2 tan B + y3 tan C
, Illustration 23 Centroid of the triangle whose vertices
tan A + tan B + tan C tan A + tan B + tan C
are (0, 0), (2, 5) and (7, 4), is
(a) (3, 3) (b) (2, 3)
Important ! (c) (3, 2) (d) (2, 2)
• The orthocentre of a right angled triangle is at the vertex Solution. The centroid of a triangle are
forming the right angle.
0 + 2+7 0 +5+ 4
• The orthocentre O′, circumcentre O and centroid G of a
, = (3, 3)
triangle are collinear and G, divides O′, O in the ratio 2 : 1 3 3
ie, O′G : OG = 2 : 1. Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
• The circumcentre of a right angled triangle is the mid point
of its hypotenuse. Illustration 24 Incentre of triangle whose vertices are
A (– 36, 7), B (20, 7), C (0, –8), is
(v) Excentre Coordinate of excentre opposite to ∠A is (a) (0, –1) (b) (0, 0)
(c) (–1, 0) (d) None of these
–ax1 + bx2 + cx3 –ay1 + by2 + cy3
given by I1 ≡ ,
–a + b + c –a + b + c Solution. a = BC = (20 − 0)2 + (7 + 8)2 = 25
and similarly for excentres (I2 and I3) opposite to
b = CA = ( − 36 − 0)2 + (7 + 8)2 = 39
∠B and ∠C are given by
ax – bx2 + cx3 ay1 – by2 + cy3 and c = AB = (36 + 20)2 + (7 − 7)2 = 56
I2 ≡ 1 ,
a–b+c a–b+c 25 ( −36) + 39(20) + 56(0) 25(7) + 39(7) + 56( −8)
I= ,
25 + 39 + 56 25 + 39 + 56
A
c I = ( −1, 0)
b Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
L
B C
Illustration 25 If (1, 4) is the centroid of a triangle and
two vertices are (4, –3) and (–9, 7), then third vertices is
(a) (8, 7) (b) (7, 8)
I1 (c) (8, 8) (d) (6, 8)
Solution. Let the third vertex of triangle be (x, y), then
x +4−9 y −3+7
1= ⇒ x = 8 and 4 = ⇒y=8
BL c 3 3
AI b+c
= , also 1 = – ( x, y ) = (8, 8)
LC b I1L a Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
ax + bx2 – cx3 ay1 + by2 – cy3 Illustration 26
I3 ≡ 1 , If (0, 1), (1, 0) and (1, 0) are middle points
a+b–c a+b–c of the sides of a triangle, then its incentre is
(vi) Nine point circle Let ABC be a triangle such that (a) (2 − 2, − 2 + 2) (b) (2 − 2, 2 − 2)
AD, BE and CF are its altitudes drawn from A, B and C (c) (2 + 2, − 2 − 2) (d) (2 + 2, 2 + 2)
10 Objective Approach To Mathematics Vol.2
Solution. Let A ( x1, y1), B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) vertices Solution. Let ABC be the triangle such that the equations
of a triangle, then a a
of its sides BC, CA and AB are y = m1x + , y = m2x +
x1 + x2 = 0, x2 + x3 = 2, x3 + x1 = 2 a m1 m2
and y = m3x + respectively.
y1 + y2 = 2, y2 + y3 = 2, y3 + y1 = 0 m3
Solving these equations, we get A
A (0, 0), B (0, 2) and C (2, 0)
Now, a = BC = 2 2, b = CA = 2, c = AB = 2
Thus, incentre of ∆ ABC is (2 − 2, 2 − 2). a
y m3 x a y m2 x
m2
Hence, (b) is the correct answer. m3
⇒ 9h2 + 5k 2 = 45 C (h, k)
∴ Locus of (h, k) is 9x 2 + 5y 2 = 45
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
)
,y
X'
(x
(a, b)O'
•P
F
O
X
O
X
O
0
X' c=
+
y
by
a
a
M x+
bx
O' a
Q
Q X' X
O
L N X
O
Y'
bx − ay + d ax + by + c
x′ = and y′ =
Thus, if the axes are rotated through an angle θ. b2 + a2 a2 + b2
Chapter 1 : Cartesian System of Rectangular Coordinates 13
eg, If the axes are shifted to the point (1, – 2) without rotation. Illustration 36 If (x, y) and (X, Y ) be the coordinate of the
What do the following equation becomes? same point referred to two sets of rectangular axes with the
(i) 2x 2 + y 2 − 4x + 4y = 0 (ii) y 2 − 4x + 4y + 8 = 0 same origin and if ux + vy, where u and v are independent of
Solution. (i) Substituting x = X + 1, y = Y + ( −2) = Y − 2 in x and y, becomes VX + UY, show that u2 + v 2 = U2 + V 2.
the equation 2x 2 + y 2 − 4x + 4y = 0, we get Solution. Let the axes rotate an angle θ, and if (x, y) be the
2( X + 1)2 + (Y − 2)2 − 4( X + 1) + 4(Y − 2) = 0 point with respect to old axes and (X, Y ) be the coordinates
⇒ 2X 2 + Y 2 = 6, where X , Y ∈ new coordinates with respect to new axes, then
x, y ∈ old coordinates. x = X cos θ – Y sin θ
(ii) Substituting x = X + 1, y = Y – 2 in the equation we get .
y = X sin θ + Y cos θ
y 2 − 4x + 4y + 8 = 0, we get Then,
(Y − 2)2 − 4( X + 1) + 4(Y − 2) + 8 = 0 ux + vy = u( X cos θ – Y sin θ) + v( X sin θ + Y cos θ )
⇒ Y 2 = 4X = (u cos θ + v sin θ) X + (–u sin θ + v cos θ) Y
But given new curve VX + UY
Illustration 33 If the axes are transformed from origin to Then, VX + UY = (u cos θ + v sin θ) X + (–u sin θ + v cos θ) Y
the point (– 2, 1), then new coordinates of (4, –5) are
On comparing the coefficients of X and Y, we get
(a) (2, 6) (b) (6, 4)
u cos θ + v sin θ = V …(i)
(c) (6, – 6) (d) (2, – 4)
and –u sin θ + v cos θ = U …(ii)
Solution. Required coordinates are
On squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
[4 – (–2), (–5–1)] = (6, – 6)
Hence, (c) is the correct answer. u2 + v 2 = U 2 + V 2
(ii) Whose length of perpendicular from one 7. Area of triangle formed by coordinate axes and
vertices to the opposite sides are P1 and P2 the line c2
and angle between sides is θ, is given by area ax + by + c is .
2ab
PP
of parallelogram ABCD = 1 2 . 8. Area of rhombus formed by|ax| + | by| + |c| = 0
sin θ
2c 2
is .
D C ab
P2 9. Three points ( x1, y1), ( x2 , y2 ), ( x3 , y3 ) are collinear,
y −y y −y
P1 if 2 1 = 3 2 .
x2 − x1 x3 − x2
Q
A B 10. To remove the term of xy in the equation
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0. The angle θ through which
6. A triangle having vertices ( at12 , 2at1), ( at22 , 2at2 ) the axis must be turned
and ( at32 , 2at3 ) , then area of triangle 1 2h
θ = tan−1 .
= a2 [(t1 − t2 ) (t2 − t3 ) (t3 − t1)] 2 a − b
Objective Exercise 1
1. If the line segment joining (2, 3) and (– 1, 2) is divided 5. The coordinates of three consecutive vertices of a
internally in the ratio 3 : 4 by the line x + 2y = k, then k is parallelogram are (1, 3), (–1, 2) and (2, 5). The coordinates
41 5 of the fourth vertex are
(a) (b)
7 7 (a) (6, 4) (b) (4, 6)
36 31 (c) (–2, 0) (d) None of these
(c) (d)
7 7 6. A point moves in the x-y plane such that the sum of
2. The polar coordinates of the vertices of a triangle are its distances from two mutually perpendicular lines is
π π always equal to 3. The area enclosed by the locus of the
(0, 0), 3, and 3, . Then, the triangle is
6 2 point is
(a) right angled 9
(a) 18 sq unit (b) sq unit
(b) isosceles 2
(c) equilateral (c) 7 sq unit (d) None of these
(d) None of the above
7. Let A = (1, 2), B = (3, 4) and let C = (x, y) be points such
3. The incentre of the triangle formed by the axes and the that (x – 1) (x – 3) + (y – 2) (y – 4) = 0. If ar (∆ ABC) = 1, then
x y
line + = 1 is maximum number of positions of C in the x-y plane is
a b
(a) 2 (b) 4
a b
(a) , (c) 8 (d) None of these
2 2
8. The points (α, β), (δ, γ), (α, δ) and (β, γ) taken in order,
ab ab
(b) , where α, β, γ, δ are different real numbers, are
a + b + ab a + b + ab
(a) collinear
a b (b) vertices of a square
(c) ,
3 3 (c) vertices of a rhombus
ab ab (d) concyclic
(d) ,
a + b + a + b a + b + a + b
2 2 2 2
9. The diagonals of a parallelogram PQRS are along the
lines x + 3y = 4 and 6x – 2y = 7. Then, PQRS must be a
4. In the ∆ ABC, the coordinates of B are (0, 0), AB = 2, (a) rectangle (b) square
π (c) cyclic quadrilateral (d) rhombus
∠ ABC = and the middle point of BC has the
3
10. The coordinates of the four vertices of a quadrilateral
coordinates (2, 0). The centroid of the triangle is
are (– 2, 4), (– 1, 2), (1, 2) and (2, 4) taken in order. The
5 1
(a) 1 , 3 (b) ,
equation of the line passing through the vertex (– 1, 2)
2 2 3 3 and dividing the quadrilateral in two equal areas, is
(a) x + 1= 0 (b) x + y = 1
(c) 4 + 3 , 1 (d) None of these (c) x – y + 3 = 0 (d) None of these
3 3
Chapter 1 : Cartesian System of Rectangular Coordinates 15
11. The graph of the function cos x . cos ( x + 2) − cos 2 ( x + 1) (a) (−5, 4) (b) (5, −4)
is a (c) (4, − 5) (d) None of these
(a) straight line passing through the point (0, − sin 2 1) 14. If a vertex of an equilateral triangle is the origin and the
with slope 2 side opposite to it has the equation x + y = 1, then the
(b) straight line passing through the origin orthocentre of the triangle is
(c) parabola with vertex (1, − sin 2 1) 1 1
(a) , (b) 2 , 2
π 3 3 3 3
(d) straight line passing through the point , − sin 2 1
2 2 2
1 (c) , (d) None of these
3 3
12. If the points (−2, 0), −1,
and (cos θ, sin θ) are
3
15. Three vertices of a quadrilateral in order are (6, 1)
collinear, then the number of values of θ ∈[0, 2 π] is (7, 2) and (–1, 0). If the area of the quadrilateral is
(a) 0 4 sq unit, then the locus of the fourth vertex has the
(b) 1 equation
(c) 2 (a) x − 7 y = 1
(d) infinite (b) x − 7 y + 15 = 0
13. The limiting position of the point of intersection of the (c) ( x − 7 y )2 + 14( x − 7 y ) − 15 = 0
lines 3 x + 4 y = 1 and (1 + c)x + 3c 2 y = 2 as c tends to 1, is (d) None of the above