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Physci Module 12

Humanities and Social Sciences (Balingasa High School)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

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Physical Science
Quarter 2 – Module 12
Radio Waves

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Physical Science 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 12: Radio Waves
First Edition 2020

Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that “no copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.”

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Christy D. Sandoval
Editors: Robert G. Yumul
Felipa A. Morada
Reviewer: Ramonito O. Elumbaring, Angelica J. Macaraeg, Felipa A. Morada
Illustrator: Alvin G. Alejandro
Layout Artist: Elsie R. Reyes
Pamela A. Lalusin
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Regional Director
Job S. Zape Jr., CLMD Chief
Elaine T. Balaogan, Regional ADM Coordinator
Homer N. Mendoza, Schools Division Superintendent
Catherine V. Maranan, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Lorna R. Medrano, CID Chief
Edita T. Olan, EPS In-charge of LRMS
Editha M. Malihan, EPS

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: [email protected]/[email protected]

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Physical Science
Quarter 2 – Module 12
Radio Waves

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Physical Science 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Radio Waves!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Physical Science 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Radio Waves!

The key purpose of radio pulses is to convey information from one place to another.
Through these pulses or waves, we can send and receive messages and other data
from the people that are beyond our physical reach. Hence, radio pulses or radio
waves signifies that as a learner, you can pass and receive pertinent information
and learnings needed to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills
at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

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What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Physical Science. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module focuses on radio waves.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe how Hertz produced radio pulses or radio waves; and
2. give the uses of radio waves in communications industry.

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Hertz (Hz) is an SI unit for which of the following measurement?

a. distance
b. frequency
c. mass
d. time

2. Which theory was confirmed by the discovery of Heinrich Hertz?

a. Galilean Relativity
b. Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory
c. Newtonian Mechanics
d. Special Relativity

3. Which of the following materials allows the flow of radio waves?

a. conductor
b. inductor
c. insulator
d. resistor

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4. Which of the following materials can detect radio waves?

a. magnetic inductor
b. semiconductor
c. spark gap transmitter
d. wire loop with a small gap

5. Which of the following apparatus did Hertz use to produce the radio waves?
a. Magnetic inductor
b. Semiconductor analyzers
c. Spark gap transmitter
d. Wire loop

6. Which of the following sparks can produce radio waves?

a. High voltage sparks
b. Low voltage sparks
c. Medium voltage sparks
d. Nominal voltage sparks

7. The following are known scientists. Who among them first predicted that
radio waves existed?
a. Galileo Galilee
b. Guglielmo Marconi
c. Isaac Newton
d. James Clerk Maxwell

8. Based on the electromagnetic spectrum, which of the following do radio

waves have?
a. High frequency and long wavelength
b. High frequency and short wavelength
c. Low frequency and long wavelength
d. Low frequency and short wavelength

9. Which of the following uses radio waves?

a. Mobile phones
b. Satellites
c. Televisions
d. All of the these

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10. In October 1886, what did Heinrich Hertz saw that started a train of thought
and end up changing the world?
a. A lightning
b. A storm
c. An electric spark
d. An explosion

11. Heinrich Hertz was a famous physicist widely known for his discovery of
what?
a. Electromagnetic radiation
b. Gravity
c. Magnetism
d. Photons

12. How are radio waves generated and detected?

a. by a battery and detected by a microscope
b. by a microphone and detected by Z104
c. by light but cannot be detected
d. by transmitters and detected by receivers using antennas

13. Which of the following best describes radio waves?

a. It is a sound wave used for short distance communication.
b. It is a sound wave with the highest frequency.
c. It is an electromagnetic wave with the longest wavelength used for
long distance communication.
d. It is an electromagnetic wave with the shortest wavelength used for
long distance communication.

14. Janus has to research and give a presentation to his class on among the
different types of electromagnetic waves. Which of the following would be
impossible for him to work on?
a. Infrared
b. Microwave
c. Radio wave
d. Ultrasound

15. It is an intense burst of radio-frequency energy lasting for a fraction of a

second.
a. Microwave
b. Radio pulse
c. Sound
d. Ultrasound

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Lesson
Radio Waves
1
This module will provide understanding of how Heinrich Hertz discovered and
produced radio pulses.

What’s In

Before we proceed with our main topic for this lesson, which is how Heinrich
Hertz produced radio waves or pulses, let us first give a quick glimpse to one of the
important discussions that will connect our main subject in this module: The
Theory of Electromagnetism by James Clerk Maxwell.

What is electromagnetism?

Dictionaries defined electromagnetism as a subdivision of physics that is

concerned with the study of the interacting relationship of electric currents or fields
and magnetic fields.

Who is Maxwell?

James Clerk Maxwell is a Scottish physicist who proposed the theory about
the relation of electric currents or fields and magnetic fields. In 1873, he developed
the unified theory of electromagnetism.

What is the theory of electromagnetism?

Before Maxwell pointed out the interrelationship of electric current, magnetic

field and light, it is thought that the two fields and the light were once separate
forces. When Maxwell studied these, he projected that the electric field, magnetic
field, and light are different appearances of the same phenomenon. He further
proposed four main interactions of electromagnetic forces. These are:

1. The force of attraction or repulsion between electric charges is inversely

proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2. Magnetic poles come in pairs that attract and repel each other, much as
electric charges do.
3. An electric current in a wire produces a magnetic field whose direction
depends on the direction of the current.
4. A moving electric field produces a magnetic field and vice versa.

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Notes to the Teacher

The teacher can show students colored illustrations of the
interaction of the magnetic field, electric field, and light. Colored
illustrations can also be used to show the visible region in the
electromagnetic spectrum of light.

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What’s New

FM Static
One fine day in March, a man named Fonzo, planned to have a trip of a
lifetime. Vacation has just started the previous day and the sun today is shining
bright. It was his dream since childhood to travel, however, their meager life cannot
afford such luxury.

So, he promised his little self that when he grows up, he will work hard and
save hard to make his dream come true. His promise came true and he was able to
make time for a short vacation. He invited his longtime friends, Martin and James.

They rode his car and start to drive towards north of Manila, Philippines.
Their target destination is Nueva Vizcaya. They were happily chatting when Martin
suggested to listen to music. When he and James agreed, Martin excitedly turned
the stereo on. The music was good and the view outside the window car is great.
They can see wide plains and mountains, birds, and other animals. Country life is
good.

When they reach, Nueva Ecija, they took a stop at a fast food restaurant to
take their fill and have a little rest from driving. After an hour, they resumed their
trip. When they reached the little town before entering Nueva Vizcaya, static
interference on the stereo started to be heard. The song that was playing started to
have gaps. Martin complained that it was unfortunate the song could not be played
completely because of the statics.
Fonzo assured his friend that it was just because they are passing by the
mountains and there are fewer station towers and satellites in the area. He said
that signals are blocked because of the mountains and the trees so station
satellites cannot send signals properly and the stereo cannot receive those signals.
Even their mobile phones do not have cell signals.

However, he assured them that when they reach their destination, there will
be station towers and satellites so they can listen to music again without hearing
any static interference.

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What is It

To further understand radio waves, what follows below is a discussion and

description of how Hertz produced the radio waves or pulses.

The Electromagnetic spectrum

It is the entire range of wavelengths or frequencies of electromagnetic

radiation extending from gamma rays to the longest radio waves and including
visible light.
Size
Name of wave Wavelength Comparison Frequency
1 km Buildings; 300 kHz
10 m Humans 30 MHz
Radio waves 10 cm 3 GHz
1 mm 300 GHz
Microwave; 10 μm Honey Bee;
Infrared Pinpoint 3 x 1013 Hz
Red, Orange, Yellow, Green,
Visible Region Protozoans
Blue, Indigo, Violet
Ultraviolet 0.1 μm Molecules 3 x 1015 Hz
1 nm 3 x 1017 Hz
X-rays Atoms
10-11 m 3 x 1019 Hz
Gamma ray 10-13 m Atomic nuclei 3 x 1021 Hz

What are Radio waves?

Radio waves, as defined by dictionaries, are electromagnetic waves. It is

measured to have the longest wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum. Its
frequency ranges from 300 GHz to as low as 300 kHz. Radio waves or radio pulses
are also considered to be one of the most important discoveries the human has ever
had because it made communication more efficient.

Radio waves are very significant. They are extensively utilized in modern
technology for cell phones, ICT communication, broadcasting, navigation schemes,
communications satellites, wireless fidelity or wi-fi routers, and numerous other
applications. They also transport signals for television and mobile phones. If not
absorbed, radio waves will bounce off items.

How was it produced?

Heinrich Hertz verified the existence of radio waves or pulses in the late
1880s. In 1879, the 22 – year old Hertz was seriously thinking to prove Maxwell’s
theory of electromagnetism as part of his studies in Berlin.

By 1886, while continuing his quest to verify the theory of Maxwell, he

witnessed an electrical spark in one of his devices. That spark directed him to deep
thoughts and questions.

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Hertz put up his spark – gap transmitter. As he was already experimenting

to prove Maxwell’s theory, he hoped that his electrical apparatus would transmit
electromagnetic waves.

At both ends of his spark-gap transmitter, Hertz put two hollow spheres of
30 cm diameter with 3m apart. These spheres acted as capacitors – a passive
electronic component with two terminals and stores electrical energy in an electric
field.

As he was using his transmitter in front of his students, he applied a high

voltage alternating current electricity across the central spark – gap, it produced
electrical sparks through a process called magnetic induction. The sparks flew
between spark gaps – small gaps in the circuit.

He started producing them using a piece of electrical equipment called

induction coil. The induction coil converted low voltage direct current electricity
from a battery into a high voltage alternating current electricity. The electricity
crossed a small air gap at consistent intervals as a spark.
Hertz observed that sparks caused an aggressive pulse of electric current
within the copper wires leading out to the spheres. These uncertain electric charges
produced electromagnetic waves or radio pulse or radio waves. The radio waves
spread out at the speed of light through the air around the wire.

Battery

Fig. 2. Conceptual design of Hertz spark – gap transmitter

He, then, further observed that the sparks that glided across the main spark
gap (transmitter) typically soared across the secondary gap (receiver). Further
experiments that Hertz did show that the flickering at the main gap produces
regular electrical waves that is moving back and forth.
He believed that the circuit was vibrating which is determined by electrical
properties called inductance and capacitance. He identified the phenomenon called
self – inductance was taking place in the cooper wires. This phenomenon allowed
him to deduce that the electric vibrations had an extraordinarily high frequency.

As Maxwell’s theory had indicated, the main circuit of the transmitter would
discharge electromagnetic waves with a wave ranging up to one meter or more.

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Hertz distinguished the pulses or waves with his receiver because the sparks
jumped from the transmitter to the receiver even though it has a distance of 1.5
meters.

The sparks were produced by the onset of the electromagnetic waves from
the transmitter creating fierce electrical vibrations in the receiver. Hertz, not only
proved Maxwell’s theory, but he also was able to generate radio waves.

What’s More

Activity: Understanding Radio Waves

There are many ways by which you can understand the concept of radio
waves better. One way is by giving definitions to the terms associated with the
subject matter. The way the word is used gives you a clue as to its meaning.
Another way is by looking at the parts of a diagram.

Learning the Skill: Definition of terms (A)

Directions: Using a piece of paper, write the definition of the terms given below.

Terms Definition

Capacitor

Electric field

Electrical Transmitter

Ultra-high frequency band

Electromagnetic spectrum

Electromagnetic wave

Hertz (Hz)

Magnetic field

Magnetic induction

Radio wave

Self – inductance

Spark-gap

Voltage

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Learning the skill: Arranging the steps (B)

Directions: Using numbers 1 – 8, chronologically arrange the steps below on how
Hertz produced the radio waves.

a. _____ A high voltage alternating current electricity was applied across the central
spark – gap.

b. _____ He started producing them using a piece of electrical equipment called

induction coil.
c. _____ Hertz put two hollow spheres of 30 cm diameter with 3m apart.
d. _____ Hertz put up his spark – gap transmitter.

e. _____ The induction coil converted low voltage direct current electricity from a
battery into a high voltage alternating current electricity.
f. _____ The spark gap produced electrical sparks through a process called
magnetic induction.

g. _____ The sparks flew between spark gaps.

h. _____ The sparks that glided across the main spark gap (transmitter) typically
soared across the secondary gap (receiver).

What I Have Learned

You are almost at the end of this module. But before we totally wrap up, fill in the
blanks with terms/concepts that define key points you have learned from the topic
discussed.

1. Radio waves, as defined by dictionaries, are _______________ waves.

2. The frequency range of radio waves are from _______________ to as low as 300
kHz.

3. Electromagnetism deals with the study of the _______________ of electric

currents or fields and magnetic fields.

4. Radio waves will _______________ items if not absorbed.

5. Heinrich Hertz proved the presence of _______________ in the late 1880s.

6. Wi-fi uses radio waves that are directed through a _______________.

7. Hertz identified a phenomenon called _______________ as taking place in the

copper wires of the spark-gap transmitter.

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8. The sparks created from the main spark-gap of the transmitter flew across
the receiver’s spark-gap at a distance of ______________.

9. The sparks generated by the transmitter were caused by the

________________.

10. Radio waves can be as tall as a human or a _______________.

What I Can Do

A. Analyze the given situation below then answer the guided questions
provided.

Nick is reading an article about satellite communications and learned that

ground-based communication signals are converted first into a microwave signal.
Upon knowing that radio waves are also used in telecommunications, he decided
to send a text message to his friend, Michael about this knowledge. After
composing the text message, he sent it to his friend’s number. After a minute, an
incoming message flashed across his cell phone’s screen. The message read: “your
text has not been delivered at the moment.”

Guided Questions:
1. Why do you think Nick’s text message was not delivered?

2. What other factors may have caused delays in delivering text messages?

3. What do you think is the role of telecommunications company in the delivery

of information?

4. Radio waves are widely used in communications industry. Aside from mobile
phones that use radio waves to carry signals, list down at least five other
uses of radio waves to communicate and deliver information.

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

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B. Using your own words, describe how Heinrich Hertz produced radio pulses
or waves.

_____________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is the frequency range of radio waves?

a. 300 kHz – 300 GHz
b. 300 GHz - 3 x 1013 Hz
c. 3 x 1013 Hz - 3 x 1015 Hz
d. 3 GHz - 3 x 1021 Hz

2. Which of the following is the SI unit for frequency?

a. Hertz
b. Ampere
c. Minute
d. Kilometer

3. Heinrich Hertz’s discovery confirmed which theory?

a. Galilean Relativity
b. Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory
c. Newtonian Mechanics
d. Special Relativity

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4. Which of the following materials can detect radio waves?

a. magnetic inductor
b. semiconductor
c. spark gap transmitter
d. wire loop with a small gap

5. Which of the following apparatus did Hertz use to produce the radio waves?
a. Magnetic inductor
b. Semiconductor analyzers
c. Spark gap transmitter
d. Wire loop

6. Which of the following materials allows the flow of radio waves?

a. conductor
b. inductor
c. insulator
d. resistor

7. Which of the following have the lowest and longest frequency?

a. Radio waves
b. Microwave
c. Infrared
d. Ultraviolet rays

8. Which of the following uses radio waves?

a. Mobile phones
b. Navigation systems
c. TV stations
d. All of the these

9. In what part of the transmitter did Hertz see electrical sparks?

a. Battery
b. Conductor
c. Spark-gap
d. Switch

10. Who discovered the electromagnetic radiation?

a. Aristotle
b. Heinrich Hertz
c. James Clerk Maxwell
d. John Dalton

11. In which of the following means is radio waves generated and detected?
a. A battery and a microscope
b. A light detector
c. A microphone and Z104 detector
d. A spark-gap transmitters and receivers

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12. Which is the best description for radio waves??

a. It is a sound wave used for short distance communication
b. It is a sound wave with the highest frequency
c. It is an electromagnetic wave with the longest wavelength used for
long distance communication
d. It is an electromagnetic wave with the shortest wavelength used for
long distance communication

13. Radio waves use ultra-high frequency band to deliver which of the following?
a. Email
b. Music
c. Signal
d. Text Message

14. It is an intense burst of radio-frequency energy lasting for a fraction of a

second.
a. Infrared
b. Radio wave or pulse
c. Ultrasound
d. Visible light

15. Which of the following sparks can produce radio waves?

a. High voltage sparks
b. Low voltage sparks
c. Medium voltage sparks
d. Nominal voltage sparks

14

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Additional Activities

Science Investigation: Wave Blockers

What do radio, TV, radio-controlled cars, and cell phones all have in
common? They all use invisible waves to transmit information. Find out which
materials block radio waves, and which materials allow radio waves to pass
through by doing this experiment.
Objective: Test different materials to see if they block radio waves
Materials and Equipment:

1. Any remote-controlled device and remote control with new batteries (TV,
Stereo, toy car, etc.)

2. Two mobile phones (can be a basic phone)

3. Different materials to test:

a. Aluminum foil
b. Plastic wrap
c. Paper
d. Cotton
e. Lab notebook

Experimental Procedure:
1. Wrap one of the mobile phones in the first material (e.g. plastic wrap) you
want to test using multiple layers so that it is completely and securely
covered.

2. Using the mobile phone that is not wrapped, attempt to send a message to
the wrapped mobile phone. Does it work?

3. Repeat this process for the other materials collecting data in a table below:

Does the Does the remote

Name of
mobile phone control/device My observations
Material
work? work? (Yes/No)
(Yes/NO)
Aluminum foil

Plastic Wrap

Paper

Cotton

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16
Additional Assessment What Have I What’s More (B)
Activity Learned?
1. A a. 3
Mobile Phone 2. A 1. Electromagnetic b. 6
Aluminum Foil – No 3. B 2. 300 GHz
4. D 3. Interaction
c. 2
Plastic Wrap – Yes
Paper – Yes 5. C 4. bounce off d. 1
Cotton – Yes 6. A 5. radio waves e. 7
7. A 6. internet router
8. D 7. self – induction
f. 4
Remote Control 9. C 8. 1.5 meters g. 5
10. C 9. Electromagnetic waves h. 8
Device
11. D 10. building
Aluminum Foil – No
12. C
Plastic Wrap – Yes 13. B
Paper – Yes 14. B
Cotton – Yes 15. A
What's More (A) cont. What's More (A)
What I Know
 Magnetic field - a region  Capacitor – a device that is
around a magnetic material or used to store energy 1. B
a moving electric charge  Electric field - a region around 2. B
within which the force of a charged particle or object 3. A
magnetism acts. within which a force would be 4. D
 Magnetic induction - is the exerted on other charged
particles or objects.
5. C
production of an electromotive
force across an electrical  Electrical Transmitter - an 6. A
conductor in a changing electronic device which 7. D
magnetic field produces radio waves with an 8. C
 Radio wave - an antenna. 9. D
electromagnetic wave of a  Ultra-high frequency band -
is the ITU designation for
10.C
frequency between about 104
and 1011 or 1012 Hz, as used radio frequencies in the range 11.A
for long-distance between 300 megahertz (MHz) 12.D
communication. and 3 gigahertz (GHz), 13.C
 Self – inductance - is defined  Electromagnetic spectrum - 14.D
as the induction of a voltage in the range of wavelengths or
a current-carrying wire when frequencies over which 15.B
the current in the wire itself is electromagnetic radiation
changing extends.
 Spark-gap -is a space between  Electromagnetic waves -
electrical terminals across waves that are created as a
which a transient discharge result of vibrations between an
pass. electric field and a magnetic
 Voltage - an electromotive field.
force or potential difference  Hertz (Hz) – SI unit for
expressed in volts frequency
Answer Key
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References

Caintic, Helen E. Physical Science. Quezon City, Philippines: C & E Publishing, Inc,
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