History Form One Notes Senkolink 0652372705

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COM HISTORY FORM ONE FULL NOTES 12/23/2022
HISTORY FORM ONE TOPIC 1:
SOURCES AND IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY
Meaning of history
History is the study of man and his activities in different times. These activities
enable man to obtain his needs. Man’s basic needs are food, cloths, and shelter
In general, history can also refer to an academic discipline, which uses a narrative
to examine and analyze the sequences of past events, and objectively determine the
patterns of cause and effect that determine them. It is the record of human
activities, which enable man to survival and attain essential needs from the
environment.
IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING HISTORY.

1. Understand how African societies were formed, how they developed and the
factors that influenced this development.
2. It also allows us to develop an understanding of the events, conditions and

factors that shaped the past and those, which have shaped the present conditions
of the world in order to predict the future.
3. Historical knowledge makes the present comprehensive, which is why

journalists and writers of sensational stories spend some time explaining the
history of a particular incident; it is only when one knows the past of a person
or an incident that the present can became meaningful.
4. Develop an understanding and appreciation of the cultural, political, economic

and technological advancements made by African societies before and after
colonial rulers.
5. Develop the basic skills of critical thinking, reasoning, judgment, empathy and
effective participation in human developmental activities.
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SENKOLINK.COM HISTORY FORM ONE FULL NOTES 12/23/2022
6. Studying history also helps us to understand and appreciate the efforts made
and strategies used by African people to regain their independence and resist
neo-colonialism
7. Develop, understand and appreciation the need for African unity, cooperation
and interdependence, conflict resolution and effective participation in social,
economic and political development of Africa.
8. It also helps us to develop an understanding of the relationships between

African’s development problems and foreign intrusion, colonial domination,
cultural subjugation and economic exploitation at various stages in history.
9. -Acquire knowledge for its own sake as you enjoy a novel with fiction, a film
with an interesting plot. It is not clear why people are interested in these
ventures and in the same way, people do enjoy to know the history of particular
topics.
10.Develop our patriotism, history students know their heroes and heroes and
traitors. This makes history a sensitive subject in places where political leaders
are not sure of their legitimacy.
11. Enlightens people about the advantages of certain economic practices for
example, the way the development in the world today is measured by the
industrial revolution that took place in Europe in 1750.
12.Understand the level of development at different stages of human development.

Without history, it is very difficult to determine or to tell what humans were
doing in the past.
13.Helps us learn about technological transformations, for example primitive

livelihood to advanced livelihood (using of stones and wood tools to iron tools)
14.Understand how humans adapted to their environment and how the struggled to
earn a living from the environment. This therefore looks at the long struggle of
man by exercises of his reason -to understand the environment and to act up on
it.

15.Understand the relationship that existed between humans, and between humans
and the environment.
16.Acquire skills in historical issues and becoming professionals in history, some

people such as archaeologists and historians study history for career purposes.
SOURCES OF HISTORY
Refers to the avenues that can be used to get historical information. It requires
inter-disciplinary Sources of history approach in order to get the actual historical
information.
Therefore, the following are sources of history/historical knowledge:

a) Oral tradition
b) Historical sites
c) Written records/documents
d) Archives
e) Museums
f) Archeology
g) Audio- visual record, e.g. Cassets, Cd’s, and TV programs etc.
h) Anthropology
i) Linguistics
1. ORAL TRADITION:
This involves the passing information by word of mouth through talking and
listening. Oral tradition passes historical information into two ways
a) Through culture practices like art, music, religion, riddles, songs, proverbs,
superstition, poems and stories.
b) Narration of past events.
FUNCTION OF ORAL TRADITION

• It preserves historical information of society
• I t collects and pass historical information between generations in the society.
• It helps researchers in data collection.

ADVANTAGES OF ORAL TRADITION

• It preserve and reveal historical information which are not recorded
• Both illiterate and literate people can obtain historical information.
• Within oral tradition, there are warning and teachings.
• Is the easiest and cheapest method of obtaining information?
• It is live source, since it involves physical interaction.
DISADVANTAGES OF ORAL TRADITION

1. It needs much attention and power of memory
2. False information can be given by storyteller.
3. Narration of historical events are centered to those people of status i.e. Kings,
Queens, Chief. White talking little about common society.
4. There is a language problem when narrator uses vernacular language.
5. It is difficult to distinguish what is real and what is imaginary information.
6. Translation is very difficult because some languages are no longer in existence.
3. HISTORICAL SITES: Are special places where by the past human remains can
be found and shown to the public. It is a place where the remains of once lived
human in the past can be found.
1. They comprise man’s physical development, tools that were made and used from
time to time.
2. In these areas we find /see past human products and animal bones.
Examples of historical sites in Tanzania include Isimila, Olduvai George, Kondoa

Irangi, Bagamoyo, Zanzibar, Kilwa, Mafia, Engaruka, Kagera etc
In Uganda Nsongezi, Biggo, Ntubi, Rusinga Island, Magosi and Ishago.
In Kenya. Lake Rudolf (Turkana), Lake Naivasha, Njoro, Olongesailie, Lake

Magadi, Lamu, Mombasa and mt. Kenya
FUNCTIONS OF HISTORICAL SITES

(a) Preserves historical information for the coming generations.

(b) They are useful sources of information and to reconstruct history.

(c) They are the symbols of social cultural heritage to the society concern past
human tools, rock, paints etc
DISADVANTAGES OF HISTORICAL SITES
1. They help for practical historical learning e.g. through observation of past human
tools, rock, paints.
2. Used to reveal past settlement patterns, levels of technology, economic
development of political organization reached by the past societies.
3. Acts as centers of tourism.
4. They helps in transforming theoretical teaching of history to practical historical
learning.
5. It acts as the resource centers to researchers.
6. It provides employment opportunities e.g.: guiders
DISADVANTAGES OF HISTORICAL SITES

(i) It brings confusion to interpret the remains found in historical sites
(ii) Many of historical sites are found on remote areas hence difficult for many
people to visit them.
3. ARCHAEOLOGY: This refers to the scientific study of past human remain.

It is the study of material remains of man’s past through scientific methods. The
one specializes in archeology is called ARCHAEOLOGIST. Archaeology involves
excavations (digging) of the remains of man’s past historical sites and
interpretation.
The famous archaeologist in East Africa was Dr. Louis Leaky with his wife Mary
Leakey
Archaeology involves the use of carbon 14 dating to determine plants and animal
remains.
FUNCTIONS OF ARCHAEOLOGY
(a) Gives important information about man through different stages.
(b) It is a useful method of revealing soil covered historical remains.
(c) It arouse curiosity of searching past man historical information.

ADVANTAGES OF ARCHAEOLOGY
(a) It helps people to know when and how people lived in a certain place.
(b) Past objects tell us about the life and culture of past people.
(c) It helps us to know and reveal the technology, pastoral, agricultural and
commercial activities of the past man.
(d) Through excavation, we get knowledge of artifacts e.g. Pottery, building etc.
(e) It reveals religious beliefs of the past man
(f) We can compliment other sources of information through archaeology e.g.
History
(g) We can know the past relationship between different people such as trading
activities, migration, marriage, birth, death and political relation.
DISADVANTAGES OF ARCHAEOLOGY
· It consumes time because of excavation.
· It cannot reveal the past people’s language.
· It cannot give out the out reasons for historical events such as wars.
· It needs full experts and advanced technology.
· Poorly interpreted remains can bring false information
- It cannot tell anything about the past social organization
4. ARCHIVES: These are places where collection of public and private

documents and old record are preserved. These documents includes personal
letters, early travelers and missionary records, traders writings, personal and
government files, political parties documents, etc.
FUNCTIONS OF ARCHIVES
• Archives preserve public and private records that have enduring value to the
society.
• The public makes the records in archives available for use.
• However not all records can be viewed by everyone.
• Archives collect records of enduring value from various places. For example, the
nation archives have records from different regions of the country.
• The archives staff maintains registers of the record in the archives.

• Archives have facilities for restoring damaged documents of enduring value.

• Archives have facilities for restoring damaged documents of enduring value.
• The historical information in the archives ensures continuity. For example,
company policies from previous years can still guide the employee today.
ADVANTAGES OF ARCHIVES
• Easy to identify ideas and literacy level of the past man.
• It is easy to identify the exact date of historical event.
• It used to store historical information.
• Easy to get historical information from different places and different people.
DISADVANTAGES OF ARCHIVES
• It may lead false information, if author is biased.
• Illiterate people cannot get historical information.
• It is not easy to get information of society whose information is not
documented.
• It is difficult to get remote information from archives.
• It is non renewable once disrupted either by wind or o
5. MUSEUMS: These are places or buildings where information and objects are
preserved it involves all terms, which shows culture, political economic and
technological development from the past to the present. Objects can be early
coins, clothes, and mineral cowries, religious and ceremonial symbols. Museum
can be national, Regional, District and village. e.g. National Museums in Dar es
Salaam, Bagamoyo, Butiama, Kalenga Iringa.
FUNCTIONS OF MUSEUMS
• Preserve historical documents and objects.
• Shows concrete remains of objects.
• It is the place for tourist and study tour.
• It is the center for cultural and national identity.
ADVANTAGES OF MUSEUMS

• It preserves objects, which are used as the teaching aids.

• Museum preserves culture and national identity.
• It used by researcher (source of information)
• It acts as tourist center.
• People learn about technological development.
• Enable learners to arouse creativity.
DISADVANTAGES OF MUSEUMS.
• It needs knowledgeable people.
• It is possible to distort information through biases by the museum attendant.
• Poor preservation of the past items e.g. coins, pieces of cloth, slaves chain can
distort information.
• It needs extensive care to maintain its beauty or origin.
6. WRITTEN RECORDS: Are the documents, which comprise written historical

information. This includes books, letters, maps, magazines, journal, newspaper,
minutes of meetings and conferences. Written records can be found in libraries,
schools, colleges, universities, internet cafes, offices etc.
FUNCTIONS OF WRITTEN RECORDS

• Written records provide pictures of society.
• These records reflect public opinion at the time of writing. For example, the letter
to the editor in newspaper expresses the readers’ feelings on current issues.
• Written records serve as stores of a large variety of information, including
discoveries, government policies, statements, religious beliefs, fashion, speeches
and agreement.
• In-depth reports of daily events are kept as written records. For example in a diary,
newspaper or biography.
ADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN RECORDS.

· It is easy to get information.
· Easy to make references
· It is helpful in doing researches.

· They can be kept for long time.
DISADVANTAGES OF WITTEN RECORDS

❖ It can give false information if they are biased by the author
❖ It is difficult to read everything from written records
❖ They are subject to be badly written.
❖ Illiterate people cannot get information.
7. LINGUISTICS: Is scientific study and analysis of language. It includes study of

sound, structure, information and relationship between various language groups.
ADVANTAGES OF LINGUISTICS
❖ It helps to get information from various sources.
❖ Enables to discover links between different people.
❖ It helps to determine dates f historical event e.g. “Aluta continua” (Period of
struggle for independence in Mozambique)
LIMITATIONS OF LINGUISTICS
❖ It consumes time and finance learning a particular language
❖ Through translation, one can commit some important work.
❖ The present language may be corrupted.
8. ANTHROPOLOGY: Is the study of the society’s cultural systems, beliefs, ideas

etc. The study can give important information about movements, settlements and
production activities of the past.
DATING HISTORICAL EVENTS

Historians usually divide time into several categories, namely
· Day – is a duration of twenty four hours (24hrs)
· A week – is a duration of seven days (7days)
· Month – is the duration of four weeks (4 weeks)
· A year – is a duration of twelve months (12 moths)
· A decade – is a duration of ten years (10 yrs)
- A century – is the duration of one hundred years (100 yrs)

· A millennium – is the duration of thousand years (1000 yrs)

· A generation – is the average differences on ages between a child and his/her
parent.
· Age – is the period based on ma’s economic activities and type of tools used
e.g. stone age, iron age, industrial age, science and technology age, etc.
· A period – is determined by one continuous event lasting for number of years
E.g. Period of slave trade in East Africa
Period of long distance trade
Period of colonial rule in Africa
Some points has chosen in order to divide time
· Year ZERO – present the year when Jesus Christ was born
It is known as Anno Domino (A.D) meaning the year of the Lord
· All years before zero are called (B.C) meaning (Before Christ)
HOW TO DETERMINE DATES

Dates are instrument in a science of history; these historians divided dates into four
ways;
1. Recalling events: - here important events are recalled/remembered e.g. drought,
farming, floods, birth, eruption of diseases etc.
2. by studying languages: - Some names helps people to remember dates of some
events. E.g., Word “Karafuu” started when Cloves were introduced in Zanzibar.
3. Carbon 14 is a scientific method of determining dates. It used in the finding
dates for remains of animals or plants, which died beyond 5000 years ago. Carbon
14 is a gas found in carbon dioxide, which exists in the atmosphere. It absorbed by
plant and other living organisms. When died carbon 14 that starts to decay at a
fixed rate from the time of death.
4. Orders of events: ways showing order of events, period and ages, among them
are-
· Time graph
· Time chart
· Time line
· Family tree
S/N
PERIOD A.D EVENTS

1 1884-1885 The Britain Conference

2 1914-1918 The first World war period
3 1939-1945 The second world war period
4 1961 Tanganyika become independent
5 1962 Tanganyika became republic
6 1992 Introduction of multipart’s in
Tanzania.
FORM ONE TOPIC 2:
EVOLUTION OF MAN, TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Evolution of Man Is the gradual changes development of plants and animals from
a simple form to a -more complex form. This change leads to existence of plants
and animals that are different from the -original plants and animals.
THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION OF MAN.

The theory of evolution tries to explain the origin of man by describing the
changes that our ancestors underwent until they were like modern man. There are
two theories, which attempt to explain the origin of man.
1st THEORY OF CREATION. This theory explains that there is super natural
power that creates everything. This super natural power is God. Refer from the
Holy Bible and Qur'an e.g. from Biblical knowledge (Genesis chapter 1:26) it says
that: - God created man by using soil; at first, they created a man and then later a
woman. These two creatures established their relationship and this marked the
beginning of human family.
2nd THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION OF MAN: an English man known as

Charles Darwin (1809 –1882) proposed the theory of evolution of man.
The theory says that: - man’s species has been changing gradually from lower
stage to better stage due to environment. Changing goes hand in hand with
improvement of methods of obtaining food, cloth and shelter.
The gradual change of man is called evolution. The first man belongs to the family
of primates that included Ape, Gorilla, Monkey and Chimpanzee. These animals
lived in the forest walking on four limbs and their bodies covered with hair.
Because of environmental changes and diminishing of forests, they started to live
in open grassland. Environment forced them to adopt new way of walking. The
forelimbs instead of walking become special for tool making and using. Forelimbs
become free from walking. The walking is known as Bi –pedalism
STAGES OF MAN’S EVOLUTION

1. PRIMATES (Ape, Gorilla, Monkey, Chimpanzee)
Characteristics
- Their bodies were covered wit-h lots of hair.
- They walked on four limbs
- They lived in dense forest.
- They had poorly mental abilities.
- They totally depended on nature e.g. ate raw food

2. AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICAN FAMILY. This stage started about

12million years ago (B.C) when primates changed to near man. This stage is
divided into two; Zinjanthropus and Homo habilis
Zinjanthropus
In this stage:
1. Fore limbs were free from walking.
2. Hind limbs were used for standing and body balance.
3. Man started to design, make and use tools.
4. Man becomes skillful.
Homo habilis
- It lived between 1,500,000 and 750,000 BC.
- Homohabilis become more skillful man, because was systematic tools maker.
- Homohabilis believed to be the direct ancestor of modern man.
- He had bigger brain and he was more systematic toolmaker.
- The skull of those creatures was discovered at Olduvai Gorge and in Eastern and
Rudolf in Kenya.
3. HOMO ERECTUS. During this stage, man was fully moving upright. He
becomes more skillful tools maker than Homo habilis. Its fossils have been dug up
in Olorgesaille and near Lake Turkana in the Kenya, Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania.
4. HOMO SAPIENS
its characteristics
• He is a true man of today

• Has a large brain in size
• Has less thick jaws
• He was highly skillful man
• He made tools by using stones and bones.
NB: Archaeologist Dr. Leakey in Olduvai Gorge has supported the theory of
evolution in 1959
Basic characteristics of human evolution.

(i) Development of man’s ability to design make and use tools.

(ii) Ability of man to walk on two limbs. (Bi-pedalism)
(iii) Ability of man to think.
(iv) Ability of man to domesticate plants and animals.
5. HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS. Homo sapiens is a modern man. Homo sapiens

are believed to have evolved into Homo sapiens sapiens about 50,000 years ago.
This man has a large brain and great intelligence.
DEVELOPMENT OF STONE AGE.
Stone Age: This is historical period in which man made and used stone tools. Is a
period based on man's economic activities and type of the tools used. e.g., Stone
Age, Iron Age, Science technology age etc.
Stone Age is divided into three ages;
(a) Early or Old Stone Age.

(b) Middle Stone Age
(c) (c) Late or new Stone Age
THEEARLY OR OLD STONE AGE: This is the first period of Stone Age. It
existed between 1,750,000 B.C and 750,000 B.C.
Zinjanthropus was the only man existed in this period. The early stone tools were
pebbles and chopping. Man used these tools for killing and skinning animal flesh,
digging up roots, cutting tree branches, and for defense. Man obtained his food by
hunting and gathering. In this period, man had low ability to control his
environment.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EARLY OR OLD STONE AGE

In East Africa Stone Age sites are found at Olorgasaille, Nsongezi and Olduvai.
1. Man lived primitive life depending on nature.
2. Man made and used crude (poor) tools.
3. Man lived by hunting and gathering.
4. Man ate raw food i.e. meat
5. Man walked up right.
6. Man lived in caves.

7. Man did not wear clothes.
THE MIDDLE STONE AGE. This stage covered the period between 750,000BC
to 50,000 BC. This period man improved his stone tools. Tools were -smaller,
sharper and easier to handle. Tools used during this period were spear, Arrows,
Needles, Stone picks, Knives etc. These tools were used for; digging up roots,
killing and skinning animals, cuttings & chopping.
THE DISCOVERY OF FIRE. Man who was scratching pieces of wood using his
hands discovered fire. The more he continued scratching, the pieces of wood got
heat the smoke come out, the scratch caused friction of scratched wood and led to
emission of fire.
IMPORTANCE/EFFECTS OF FIRE TO MAN DURING THE MIDDLE

STONE AGE
The following were the effects resulted after the discovery of fire during the
Middle Stone Age
• Man started to eat roasted food i.e. meat

• Man started to live in cold areas.
• Man used fire to clean bushes
• Man used fire to provide light at night.
• Fire used to kill small animals e.g. rabbit
• With fireman increased working hours.
• Man use fire to attract prey.
• Man used fire for defense from dangerous animals like lion.
THE LATE STONE AGE (NEW STONE AGE). In East Africa, late Stone
Age started from around 50,000 BC to the first millennium AD. In this stage,
man used better tools compared to the previous stone ages. Tools become
sharper and smaller.

Tools were stone exes, blades, spears, arrows, etc. Man started permanent
settlement. The tools were still largely made of stone but they were far better
than those of earlier periods were.
This period marked the beginning of settled communities. In areas such as
Kondoa Irangi, paintings and drawings in the carves proved this fact. The
paintings and drawings show the shape of tools used and animal hunted.
Characteristics of the late stone age.

1. Man used better tools compare to the previous ages.
2. Man started to domesticated plant and animal.
3. Man became food producer.
4. Increase of population.
5. It was beginning of settled communities and villages.
6. This period marked to be primarily on division of labor.
Example: women become child bearers and cares while man for protecting the
families and hunting
Informal education started in this period.
THE IRON AGE. Iron Age is believed to have started during the 1st
millennium A.D. This was the period when manmade and used Iron tools. The
discovery and use of iron improved man’s standard of living. Iron tools were
discovered about 3000 years ago.
The first people to make and use iron tools in Africa were the people of
Ethiopia and Egypt. Iron skills and knowledge were not uniform or the same in
Africa.
Famous iron Sites

The first important towns for iron smelting were Meroe in Sudan, Axum in
Ethiopia, and Nok area in West Africa. In East Africa, it is believed that man
started to use iron from the first millennium A.D e.g. Iron discovered earlier in
Engaruka, Uvinza, Karagwe, Ugweno and Western shores of Lake Victoria.
Iron tools included iron spears, arrows, Axes, Hoes etc also, Iron technology
helped early African societies to produce and use iron tools as well as to

produce better weapons for defense.
THE RESULT/EFFECTS/ IMPACTS OF USING IRON TOOLS

The discovery of iron tools in East Africa led to the following effects;
❖ It led to increase in food production. Man could now clear his areas for cultivation.
❖ Increase in population due to more food.
❖ There was emergence of specialization i.e. Iron workers (black smiths) and food
producers.
❖ It led to the emergence of complex villages / development of political organization
as kingdom and states.
❖ Tools were highly improved and more efficient,
❖ It led to the improvement of security due to better weapons like arrows, spears and
pangas
❖ It resulted to the development of trading activities due to surplus production

TOPIC THREE
DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND THEIR IMPACT
HANDCRAFT INDUSTRIES AND MINING IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA.

Handcraft industries: Man used hands and skills to produce tools and weapons of
these industries.
Industries-Is the place where raw materials are processed into finished goods e.g.
cotton-cloth
Specialized handcraft industries in Africa.

Salt making industries; iron working; copper mining; gold mining; pottery making;
spinning and weaving industries; bark –cloth industries; canoe making industries
1. Salt making industries: These are industries, which engaged in production of

soil in pre-colonial Africa.
Methods of obtaining salt
• Obtaining salt from different reeds: Reeds were collected, dried and burned,
the ashes would be filtered while the ashes remain liquid would be evaporated
and residue would be used as salt.
Places: - Near Lake Victoria, Kyoga, and Albert, among Buganda and Bahaya
tribes and among Mang’anja people near shores of Lake Nyasa.
• Obtaining salt by boiling and evaporating method. Sea or ocean water put
into pans and left to evaporate, the salt crystals would be collected and used as
salt.
Places: around coastal areas.
• Obtaining salt by mining under neath rocks. Places: At Taghaza, Bilma

around Lake Chad in western Sudan. Near lake Bangwela and river Luapala in
central Africa.
• Obtaining salt using water by fire. Spring water containing salt was boiled
and finally salt was obtained. Places with salt; in uvinza salt spring along river
malagarasi in central Africa.

TRADE IN THE PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA: Trade is the process of buying

and selling of goods and services between people. There was need to trade in order
to get all things needed by the communities. Trade tends to develop in any society
where there is surplus production.
LOCAL TRADE. Refers to the kind of trade, which is conducted within the same
geographical area. In local trade, goods are exchanged between people living in the
same geographical area, such as a town or village. Local trade was not for profit
making but just to obtain essential goods. i.e. pastoral communities like the Maasai
needed vegetables and grains from cultivators like the Nyakyusa and the Chaga.
Impacts of local trade.
1. Local trade united people within the same area.
2. Communities obtained goods such as tools, weapons, foodstuffs and medical
herbs.
3. Transport routes were improved.
4. Some important market centers emerged along the market routes.
5. Local trade encouraged communities to expand production.
REGIONAL TRADE. Regional trade refers to trade conducted from one region
to another (Trade conducted between two different geographical regions). Regional
trade involved a wider variety of goods compared to local trade. It was not for
profit making. For example, regional trade was Trans Sahara trade, Long distance
trade of East Africa and Central Africa. Regional trade in the pre-colonial Africa
took place in 19th century.
THE KAMBA. The Kamba were leading the long distance trade through northern
route in the 19th century. They Kamba caravan brought ivory, guns, hides and
beeswax from the interior. From the Coast they obtained cloth, salt, copper,
cowrie’s shells and jewellery.
THE YAO. The Yao traders got beads and cloth from Kilwa. They also captured
and sold slaves from neighboring communities, Yao chiefs such as Mpanda,
Mataka, Machemba and Mtalika dominated the Southern route during the long
distance trade.

THE NYAMWEZI. The Nyamwezi dominated the central route conducted trade
between the interior of Tanganyika and the coast. The Nyamwezi sold slaves and
ivory, hide rhinoceros horn..
Impacts/ effects of regional trade.
Positive consequences/impacts.
▪ Some traders became very rich. e.g. Mirambo and Isike.

▪ The communities were able to obtain new commodities e.g. guns, clothes,
beads, ivory, etc.
▪ The rise of trade centers such as Saadans, Pangani, Bagamoyo, Tabora,
Ujiji, Voi, and Taveta.
▪ The rise of trade routes.
▪ The rise of powerful Empires/Kingdoms such as Nyamwezi.
▪ New food crops such as maize, rice and cassava were introduced.
▪ Spread of Islam by the Arabs to the interior Tabora and Ujiji.
Negative impacts.
▪ The rise of inter-tribal wars in Oder to get slaves.
▪ Many elephants were killed, as there was high demand of Ivory.
▪ It led to depopulation and under development in some areas.
▪ Slave raids caused insecurity and loss of innocent lives.
▪ Foreigners used trade routes to reach to the interior.
▪ Exploitation of African wealth by Europeans and Asians.
▪ Decline of local industries in Africa.
LONG DISTANCE TRADE. Long distance trade was the trade carried out long
distance as people/traders had to move for long distance going on exchanging
goods with other societies and the major aim was to get profit for example a salt
traders was exchanged salt foe hoes not because he wanted to use hoes but he
wanted re sell them at a profit later.
TRANS SAHARAN TRADE: Trans Sahara trade was the trade conducted across
the Sahara desert. It involved the people of Northern Africa and the people of
Western Sudan. This trade started long time ago between 3000BC to 2000BC. It
became important in the 1st century AD after the people of West Africa to discover

the use of camel and led to formation of many trade routes. The Trans Saharan
trade was known as dumb trade because there was no common language, which
was used. People who involved in the trade; West Africa; North Africa and
Savannah Region.
MOVEMENT OF TRADERS.
People (traders) organized themselves in groups known as CARAVANS
Goods involved in the trade
Kola nuts, gold, salt, foodstuffs, Ivory, clothes, gold, bee-wax, slaves and ostrich
feathers goods from West. In addition, from North Africa salt and animal skin.
Goods from Europe and Asia were cotton and silk cloth, swords, guns, metal pans,
horses and Arabic books.
Trade routes:
(a) Western route- From Sijilmasa, Fez in Morocco passed through Taghaza,
Taodeni, Walata, Audaghost, and Kumbi Saleh to Timbuktu.
(b) Central route- This passed Tunis, Ghat, Ghamese, Kano, GAO and Hausa land.
(c) Eastern route- This began in Tripoli, Marzul and Bilma.
FACTORS THAT LED TO THE GROWTH OF THE TRANS-SAHARAN

TRADE
The following are some of the factors that contributed to the growth of the Trans
Saharan trade:
▪ Stability of the communities: Both North African and Western Sudan zone were
politically stable. For example, leaders like Sundiata Keita and Mansa Musa
collected taxes and established guides on trade routes. This enabled the people
to conduct trade without fear. Up to the end of the 15th century AD, many
traders were motivated to come to Western Sudan for trade.
▪ Western Sudan provided goods needed by traders from Europe. These goods
included gold, ivory and slaves. Through trading Western Sudan exchanged her
own commodities with goods from Western Europe and Asia. In turn, she got
clothes, guns and other commodities. The surplus production in Western Sudan
was adequate to sustain demand for products such as kolanuts and gold, hides,
ivory slaves, whereas Taghaza produced enough salt to meet the needs in

Western Sudan. The high production capacity in the region enhanced the
growth of the Trans Saharan trade.
▪ Honesty: The Berbers of North Africa and the African traders of Western
Africa trusted each other. Traders brought in commodities without fear of theft
and robbery, enabling the trade to flourish.
▪ The use of camels for transport suited the desert conditions and facilitated the
development of the Trans-Saharan trade. These animals could not only carry
more commodities than horses and human porters, but also endured desert
conditions. Camels can survive without water for a longtime. This convenient
means of transport strengthened the development of the Trans-Saharan trade.
▪ Geographical location of the region: The location and climate favored the
production of kola nuts and other foodstuffs that were needed in the
community, especially the forest region to the south. The region of Western
Sudan had no impassable forests because many areas were covered by short
grassland. This enabled traders to cross the desert without fear or any difficulty.
▪ The invention of a medium of exchange contributed to the growth of the Trans
Saharan trade. At the beginning, only the silent barter system of trade was
practiced. Later on, cowrie shells were introduced as a convenient medium of
exchange. This in turn facilitated the development of the Trans-Saharan trade.
▪ From the northern part, the Berbers provided capital to many traders who used
to cross the Sahara desert.
▪ Removal of language barrier: This was attained after Arabic language became
the trader’s medium of communication. This in turn facilitated the trade by
making communication between the traders easy.
▪ Absence of competition for trading activities in the region: There were no
regular ships that visited the coast of West Africa. As a result, what was
produced from the forest zone was peacefully transported to North Africa
through the Saharan desert.
▪ Scarcity of commodities like gold and salt.
▪ Introduction of horses, which were used in conquest and expansion.
EFFECTS OF THE TRANS SAHARAN TRADE IN AFRICA.

1. It led to the growth of empires like Ghana, Mali etc
2. It increased development of Agriculture.

3. It led to the introduction of Arabic Islamic religion cultures.

4. Formation of mixed races example half cast
5. Growth of town and cities e.g. Jenne, Timbuktu, GAO and Walata.
THE DECLINE OF THE TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE

By the second half of the nineteenth century, the volume of Trans-Saharan trade
started to decline. A number of obstacles or problems have been identified to
explain the decline. These are:-
❖ Strong desert winds: The traders could not withstand the hazards of sand
storms. Many abandoned the trade as a result.
❖ Traders faced the danger of getting lost in the desert because the routes were
not clear. Once traders got lost, they would wander in the desert for a long time
and eventually die of thirst and starvation.
❖ Desert robbers who made their living by stealing from trade caravans subjected
traders to attacks. In the process, traders lost their lives and goods. This
discouraged traders from participating effectively in the trade.
❖ The extreme climatic conditions were unfavorable to traders. The heat and high
temperatures during the day and every low temperature at night due to the
absence of cloud cover discouraged traders.
❖ Traders faced the danger of highly poisonous desert creatures whose bites could
result in death. These included snakes and scorpions.
❖ Traders faced language difficulties. This hampered communication during
trade. As such, “silent trade” had to be used initially.
❖ The development of the Trans-Atlantic rout across the Atlantic Ocean to
Europe: commodities like ivory and slaves were transported quickly to the coast
of West Africa from where they were transported to Europe. Thus, the trade
routes shifted from the Saharan desert to the Atlantic. Instead of the direct route
to the North, they went via the coast of West Africa.
❖ Commodities obtained from Western Sudan such as salt and gold faced
competition from similar goods from other America cheaply. As result, the
volume of Trans-Saharan trade decreased because Western Sudan could no
longer claim a monopoly in production of certain commodities like salt and
gold. In addition, gold from Zimbabwe via Sofala port by the Portuguese ended
up in Europe.

❖ The abolition of slave trade contributed to the decline of the Trans-Saharan

trade. Slaves were the main item of trade. When slave trade was abolished,
trade started to decline.
❖ Shortage of water also led to the decline in trade. The oases in the Saharan
desert provided water seasonally but they sometimes dried up. This made it
difficult for the traders to cross the Saharan desert.
❖ Wars: The war in Morocco and the one between Christians and Muslims
disrupted the smooth running of the trade. The Moroccan invasion of western
Sudan in 1591 AD disturbed the growth of the trade by taking gold at Wangara.
Finally, the Trans-Saharan trade collapsed in the 16th century. From this period
onwards, West Africa witnessed the expansion of European occupation on the
coast of West Africa.
TOPIC 4:
DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SYSTEM
Before the coming of colonialist Africans, they had their own social and political
system of administration, African administration system was interrupted after the
interaction with colonialist in 19th century. Therefore, in this topic we explain
Development of social and political system of Africa.
THE CLAN ORGANIZATION. Clan was the organization, which involved

combination of several related families with a common ancestor. Clan organization
combined with both the matrilineal and matrilineal societies. In the patrineal
societies clan heritage was based on the father, in the matrilineal clan heritage was

based on the mother examples of this society were Mweras, Kambas and Kikuyus
whom others are patrineals. The main economic activity in the clan organization
was agriculture. Clan is controlled or ruled by the clan’s head. More examples of
matrilineal societies; The Ngindo, Zaramo, Makua and Matumbi.
DUTIES OR FUNCTIONS OF THE CLAN HEAD

1. To distribute land to the communities or clan members.
2. To preserve traditions and customs of the clan.
3. To preserve land belonging to the clan.
4. To settle disputes and quarrels.
5. To find wives for boys and husbands for girls.
Types of clan organizations in agricultural societies.

There are two types of clan organizations in agricultural societies; Matrilineal and
Matrilineal
Matrilineal clan organization: This is a society where by the husband moved to

the wife’s family and children of the new family belonged to the mother’s (wife’s
clan). As a result, clan heritage was based on the mother’s clan. Uncles have to
make all the important decisions concerning the children and the nephews of their
sisters. Matrilineal age in Africa was practiced among the Makonde, Makua,
Mwera, the Yao of Tanzania, and the Kamba of Kenya.
Matrilineal clan organization societies: This is the system of organization in

which the clan heritage was based on the father’s line and all children bared the
name of the father. The husband had to pay substantial bride price in different
forms such as cattle, goats, etc in order to get the wife, the bride price could be
stored as wealth, in this system all the children of the new family belonged to the
father’s clan.
By the 18th and 19th century clan system changed to chief train, ship after several
came to be controlled under one leader.
AGE SET ORGANIZATION. This kind of socio-political organization based on

age and sex. In order for one to fit in the society one was required to fulfill certain
obligations. Often the main productive activity was based on the harsh

environments. Such as arid grass land and semi arid, in these areas poor soil could
not support agriculture economy but vegetation could be used for animal
husbandry.
Age set organization was the determinant form of organization in pastoral

societies. The best examples of these societies were the Maasai, Nyakyusa of East
Africa, Hausa in West Africa and the Khoi Khoi of South Africa.
The division of responsibilities and duties was based on age and sex and was
usually done during intuition ceremonies. Youth were taught special
responsibilities. Age set covered a specific group of years for example;
a) Children group aged 0-8years were regarded as non-producers group. They

were not directly involved in production.
b) Youth group 8-18 years their main responsibility was to graze animals, trading
young animals and milking cattle they were assisted by women.
c) Moran group (people between youth and adults aged between 35yers) and
above these were soldiers of the society and the main responsibilities of the
Moran were as follows;
i. To protect the whole society as trained soldiers.
ii. To protect livestock against dangerous animals and raiders
iii. To increase the number of animals through raiding their neighbors
iv. To travel with their herds in search for water and pastures.
d) Laibons this is the group of elders aged 40years and above it consisted of
elders who were divided in groups namely; junior elders and senior elders.
Responsibilities of elders:
- To control livestock and all the properties on behalf of their communities.
- To enable norms and ethics to govern the society.
- They were top overseers of all the spiritual and political matters of the
community.
- They were responsible for counseling other members of the society.
- To settle disputes among the society members.

- They were regarded as retired producers of the society but their ideas and skills
were highly appreciated.
STATE ORGANIZATION
State is a community occupying a certain given territory and living under full
control of its government and therefore it is independent form of external control.
State in East Africa mostly started to emerge in the 18th century AD due to the
rapid spread of agricultural communities and improvement of science and
technology.
Clan which possessed a deliquate labor and land resources or had better skills of
iron use became dominant clan and leader of the community or village; they were
respected and obeyed by other clan members. Those who disagreed with them
migrated to other lands. In this way leader of the dominant clan assumed political
and spiritual or ritual functions. Kings and queens were state leaders. Village heads
who were leaders of many clans in villages were under state of kings or queens
also had their court to deal with judicial matters.
GENERAL FACTORS FOR STATE FORMATION.

a) Conquest- some powerful states conquered the weaker societies and therefore
making them strong and expand. For example, Buganda conquered Bunyoro in
the interlacustrine regions.
b) Trade-trade such as the Long distance trade enabled the society concerned to
become strong and powerful after acquiring commodities of different types
including weapons which were used for strengthening their societies. Buganda
got guns from the East Coast to defend and expand. The empire of the Mali,
Ghana and Songhai got metal and hoes from North Africa to strengthen their
military.
c) Good climate and fertile soils (soil fertility) it led to the increase of food and
assurance of feeding which led to population increase, a factor that was very
important for the state formation. For instance heavy rainfall and fertile soil
enabled production of more food and surplus in Buganda.
d) Good leadership- some African rulers were strong and ambitious to expand
their empire so they organized their people and got support from them for
example: Kabanga of Buganda.

e) Availability of iron- iron promoted agricultural products and was used for
making war weapons, which in turn became most important for conquering
other states.
f) Migration-this was a complimentary factor it happened that some people
migrated to other states and brought with them new technology and skills which
were used to expand and strengthen the new societies concerned.
g) Size of the kingdom- kingdoms that were small such as Buganda and Ghana
were easier to organize, to administer effectively and to defend unlike the larger
kingdoms like the Bunyoro; the effective control was impossible.
THE WESTERN SUDANIC STATES
The early states in western Sudan were established in the region between the
Sahara desert and the forest region of the South. The most notable states are/were
Ghana, Mali, Songhai and Karnem Bornu.
GENERAL FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF WESTERN SUDANIC STATES

1. Good geographical location
2. Iron technology
3. The growth of population
4. Development of local industries
5. Taxation
6. Trans - Saharan Trade
7. Availability of valuable goods e.g. Gold
8. Good centralized government
9. Capable leaders
10.Strong Army
GHANA EMPIRE. During its rise, Ghana had two main towns, one occupied by
Muslims and the other by Pagans. The rulers and the people were Soninke
speaking group. The word Ghana as the King title emerged in 5th AD. The capital
center of administration was Kumbisalehe.
FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF THE GHANA EMPIRE

1. Agricultural activities
2. Availability of valuable goods e. g gold
3. Trans – Saharan trade in gold and salt
4. Good leadership and efficient system of government.
5. Common language.
FACTORS FOR THE DECLINE OF GHANA EMPIRE

1. Almoravids‘ constant attacks
2. Disunity among people
3. Jihad wars
4. Lack of stable system of royal successions
5. The rise of rural kingdoms e.g. Mali
MALI EMPIRE. Early in the 3rd C Ghana fell apart as a result of the war between
Samangwa the king of Ghana and Prince Sundiata Keita the king of Kangaba.
Ghana was defeated and Ghana fell Under Sundiata’s rule. Sundiata formed a large
kingdom known as Mali the capital was Niami and the title of the rulers was
Mansa.
FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF THE MALI EMPIRE

1. The fall of Ghana empire
2. Control of gold fields of Bure
3. Strong army
5. Trans – Saharan trade
6. Strong leadership of Sundiata Keita and later Mansa Kan Kan Musa
7. Islamic faith which promoted libraries and Islamic universities
8. Political system in Mali
DECLINE OF THE MALI EMPIRE

1. Weak leadership after the death of Mansa Mahmud IV
2. Empire became too large to control

3. Lack of unity and the empire was divided into three spheres of influence and
they fought against each other.
4. Attacks by Tuaregs
5. Civil wars
6. The rise of Songhai empire
SONGHAI EMPIRE. In the late 15th Century the Songhai Empire originally the
Gao, conquered neighboring states under the leadership of Sunni Ali and formed
the large empire of Songhai. Gao became its capital earlier on around the 11th C
and remained the capital under the empire. Its famous leaders were Sunni Ali,
Askia Mohamed and Askia Daud.
FACTORS FOR THE GROWTH OF SONGHAI EMPIRE

2. Strong army
3. Trans – Sahara trade
4. Good administration
5. Taxation
6. Islamic faith
DECLINE OF SONGHAI EMPIRE
1. Weak leadership after the death of Askia Daud
2. The Moroccan invasion
3. The empire was too large to control
4. Religious hostility between Islamic and traditional beliefs
5. The shift in orientation of trade towards the Atlantic following the
introduction of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade.
FOREST STATES
THE BENIN EMPIRE. Benin Empire was a very small state with the Edo
speaking people. The highest authority at the time where chiefs known as Ogiso
which meant the ‘Kings of the Sky’ and the administrative centre was Ubinu.
Between 1388 – 1431, there was a series of civil wars, which badly divided the
Edo. After the death of the last Ogiso, his son Prince Ekaladerhan left for exile and

established himself in Ile-Ife, so when the Edo people requested his return, he sent
his son instead, Prince Oranmiyan who took up the throne.
EXPANSION INTO CITY-STATE EMPIRE

By 15th C, the empire expanded into a city-state under the leadership of Oba
Ewuare the Great
REASONS FOR THE RISE OF THE BENIN EMPIRE
1. Some of capable rulers the greatest of those was Aware

2. Good centralized system of government
3. Trade
4. Unity
5. Development of Handicraft Industry
DECLINE OF THE BENIN EMPIRE
• Introduction of Slave trade

• Trans- Atlantic trade
• Firearms that were introduced through the European trade caused tribal wars
that led to the final decline of the Benin Empire.
THE EMPIRE OF OYO. Oyo Empire began in the late 14th C or early 15th C
likely 1388 – 1431. The people of Oyo were Oranmiyan, their capital was Oyo-Ile
and the King of Oyo was called Alafin. The Bashoran was the leader of the army.
REASONS FOR THE RISE OF THE OYO EMPIRE
1. It had organized political system headed by a number of great Alafins

2. Strong organized army
5. Slave trade
6. Dahomey tributary

DECLINE OF THE OYO EMPIRE
1. Conflict between Alafin and Basharon

2. Conquest from the Fulani and Dahomey
3. Civil wars
4. Disunity
DAHOMEY EMPIRE. Dahomey rose after the decline of Oyo in the 19thC. It
was founded by the Fon people. It had good leaders such as King Agaja and
Houegbadja who built the Royal Palaces of Abomey.
THE RISE OF THE DAHOMEY EMPIRE IN THE 18th C
1. Growth of centralized and powerful monarchy

2. Boyul succession system was effective
3. Strong army
4. Good leadership of King Gezo and later Aguja
5. Control of Slave trade
DECLINE OF DAHOMEY
Dahomey declined after the arrival of the French.
ASANTE EMPIRE. Asante or Ashanti Empire was founded as a result of the

emergence of several cities in the region of Kumasi.
The people of Asante were Akan ruled by the Oyuko clan. The King was Obiri
Yeboa who was Osei Tutu. The capital city of Asante or Ashanti was Kumasi. The
symbol of Asante union was a Golden stool. The ruler of Asante was known as
Asantehene.
FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF ASANTE
3. Some of its capable rulers e.g. Osei Tutu
4. Well organized political system
5. Trade

DECLINE - The state declined after the arrival of Europeans.
CENTRALIZED STATES OF CENTRAL AFRICA
Example: Kongo empire, it was founded in the 14th C. The head of the kingdom
took the title of Manikongo or Mwekongo means lord of Kongo. The capital was
Mbaza, which the Portuguese later baptized Sutrador.
FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF KONGO EMPIRE
1. Technological development e.g. Iron technology

2. Trade
3. Taxation
5. Emergence of traditional leaders with a strong belief in spiritual and magic
power
DECLINE OF THE CONGO EMPIRE
• The arrival of the Portuguese

• Slave trade
• Weak leadership after Manikongo Mingo Mkuwa who acquired up an
Embassy in Portugal. His son Mzingo Mbemba was baptized as Dan
Alfonce. He was a puppet of the Portuguese and caused civil war in Kongo.
MWENEMUTAPA KINGDOM. This Kingdom was created under the

leadership of Mutola. Mutola conquered Tongu and Torura of the Zambezi valley.
He acquired the title of Mwenemutapa, which means ‘Master of the conquered
lands’. He was a political, military and religious leader. Mutola died in 1450 and
his son Matope inherited, after Matope’s death in 1480 Changamire took over in
1490.
REASONS FOR THE RISE OF MWENEMUTAPA

2. Good leadership of Mutola
3. Availability of valuable goods e.g. copper, iron and gold

4. They controlled trade routes

5. Trading centers
REASONS FOR THE DECLINE OF MWENEMUTAPA
1. The arrival of Portuguese who monopolized the gold trade

2. The kingdom became divided into two parts Mutapa and Ruzwi
3. Rebellion from local people
After the death of Matope, his son Nyahuma took over. He was younger than the
other Chief so that Chief rebelled and caused civil war.
THE LUBA STATE. This state is found between the tributaries of river Kongo.
The Songiye people migrated from Katanga led by a leader from the Kangolo clan.
The united Kaniok and from Luba kingdom, Ilungambila married into the Kangolo
clan. This intermarriage gave the rise of Luba lineage of Kalala Ilunga, the founder
of Munza as capital of Luba.
REASONS FOR THE RISE OF THE LUBA STATE

1. Centralized system of Administration where the kingdom had final say in wars
and external trade
2. The development of trade
3. Agricultural Activities
4. The presence of iron technology
THE LUNDA STATE. The centre of the empire lay in the Valley of Nkala River.
The Luba kings took the title of Mwanta. It began as a simple village and their first
ruler was called Mwantagaand. Ilunga Tshibinda who came from Luba married a
princess from the area and their son became the first paramount ruler of the Lunda
State.
FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF LUNDA STATE
1. Iron technology
3. Agriculture activities

4. Good leadership
5. Trade.
The empire declined after the arrival of Europeans.

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SENKOLINK.

COM HISTORY FORM ONE FULL NOTES 12/23/2022

HISTORY FORM ONE TOPIC 1:

SOURCES AND IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY

IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING HISTORY.

2. It also allows us to develop an understanding of the events, conditions and

3. Historical knowledge makes the present comprehensive, which is why

4. Develop an understanding and appreciation of the cultural, political, economic

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8. It also helps us to develop an understanding of the relationships between

12.Understand the level of development at different stages of human development.

13.Helps us learn about technological transformations, for example primitive

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16.Acquire skills in historical issues and becoming professionals in history, some

Therefore, the following are sources of history/historical knowledge:

FUNCTION OF ORAL TRADITION

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ADVANTAGES OF ORAL TRADITION

DISADVANTAGES OF ORAL TRADITION

Examples of historical sites in Tanzania include Isimila, Olduvai George, Kondoa

In Uganda Nsongezi, Biggo, Ntubi, Rusinga Island, Magosi and Ishago.

In Kenya. Lake Rudolf (Turkana), Lake Naivasha, Njoro, Olongesailie, Lake

FUNCTIONS OF HISTORICAL SITES

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(b) They are useful sources of information and to reconstruct history.

DISADVANTAGES OF HISTORICAL SITES

3. ARCHAEOLOGY: This refers to the scientific study of past human remain.

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4. ARCHIVES: These are places where collection of public and private

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• Archives have facilities for restoring damaged documents of enduring value.

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• It preserves objects, which are used as the teaching aids.

6. WRITTEN RECORDS: Are the documents, which comprise written historical

FUNCTIONS OF WRITTEN RECORDS

ADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN RECORDS.

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· They can be kept for long time.

DISADVANTAGES OF WITTEN RECORDS

7. LINGUISTICS: Is scientific study and analysis of language. It includes study of

8. ANTHROPOLOGY: Is the study of the society’s cultural systems, beliefs, ideas

DATING HISTORICAL EVENTS

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· A millennium – is the duration of thousand years (1000 yrs)

HOW TO DETERMINE DATES

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1 1884-1885 The Britain Conference

FORM ONE TOPIC 2:

EVOLUTION OF MAN, TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION OF MAN.

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2nd THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION OF MAN: an English man known as

STAGES OF MAN’S EVOLUTION

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2. AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICAN FAMILY. This stage started about

• He is a true man of today

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(i) Development of man’s ability to design make and use tools.

5. HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS. Homo sapiens is a modern man. Homo sapiens