2 - Particle Kinematics
2 - Particle Kinematics
2 - Particle Kinematics
Kinematics of a particle
Dr Christoforos Dimopoulos
Lecturer in Civil Engineering | Teesside University
Intended Learning Outcomes
Static – studies the bodies that are in equilibrium (or constant velocity)
Kinetics – analysis of the forces causing the motion (e.g.: force, moment, impulse,
momentum)
DYNAMICS
Dynamics is a sub-discipline of mechanics just like statics. However,
unlike statics, dynamics investigates the behaviour of bodies under
acceleration.
S=W
Statics
?
What about
when the
S: String force pendulum is
under motion
W: Weight
DYNAMICS
• Distance travelled.
• Distance to stop a moving vehicle.
• Time to reach a destination.
Δs = 𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑠𝑇 = 𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡
Rectilinear Kinematics: Continuous Motion
POSITION
B O A
• Use a single coordinate axis, s or x s
-2 -1 O 1 2
• The origin is fixed at O Right of O
Left of O
s A = +2 m
s A = −1 m
▪ Distance travelled, sT is the total length of path over which the particle
travels
𝑠𝑇 = 𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡 = 1 + 2 = 3𝑚
Rectilinear Kinematics: Continuous Motion
VELOCITY
s
vavg =
The average velocity is : t
B A
The instantaneous velocity is defined s
as: -2 -1 O 1 2
+ ds If a particle moves from position A to B within 2
→ v = secs,
dt Δs
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = …
Δ𝑡
Magnitude of velocity is speed (unit Negative value because the particle is moving
m/s) the left.
𝑠𝑇
𝑣𝑠𝑝 = =⋯
Average speed is (v ) =
sT Speed: 𝑎𝑣𝑔 Δ𝑡
t
sp avg
Rectilinear Kinematics: Continuous Motion
ACCELERATION
v v − v
▪ It is the rate of change of velocity aavg = =
t t
Recall that:
ds dv
v= and a= Kinematic Equation 2
dt dt
Kinematic Equation 1
Show that from both equations, we can a ds = v dv
have
Kinematic Equation 3
Position, velocity and acceleration plots of the moving particle for the
first 5 seconds.
6
0 Position
0 1 2 3 4 5
Velocity
-2
Acceleration
-4
-6
-8
t [sec]
Rectilinear Kinematics: Continuous Motion
Constant Acceleration ▪ Velocity as a Function of
Position
• Velocity as a Function of Time Assume that initially v = v0 when s = so.
Assume that initially v = v0 when t = 0.
dv a ds = v dv
v = v0 + act
+
a= →
dt
v 2 = vo2 + 2ac (s − so )
▪ Position as a Function of Time +
→
Assume that initially s = s0 when t = 0.
ds
v= 1 2
dt s = s0 + v0t + act +
→
2
Problem 1: Car in a rectilinear motion
𝑣 = 0.9𝑡 2 + 0.6𝑡 𝑚 Τ𝑠
P
s Instantaneous velocity v=
dr
dt
r Δr
Direction of instantaneous velocity is always
tangent to the curve.
O r’ P’
ds
Speed =
Magnitude & direction of position change dt
as the particle moves along the curve.
Bold letters refer to vectors.
Normal letters are scalars.
Curvilinear Motion (General)
Acceleration
Average acceleration within an interval Δt, aavg = Δ𝒗
Δ𝑡
[1 + (dy / dx)2 ]3 / 2
=
d 2 y / dx 2
Magnitude of acceleration is
a = at2 + an2
𝒗 velocity
with magnitude v
Curvilinear Motion (normal & tangential)
A tangential component of acceleration occurs when the particle’s
speed is increased or decreased.
• If at constant, v = vo + at t
1 2
s = so + vot + at t
2
v 2 = vo2 + 2at (s − so )