APPM 211 Week 1, Lesson1-Part 1

INTRODUCTION & RECTILINEAR
KINEMATICS: CONTINUOUS MOTION
APPM 211
North-West University
[email protected]
Dr Djomengi’s e-mail: [email protected]
16 February 2021
Lesson Outcomes
I At the end of today’s lesson you should be able to analyze

general rectilinear/straight line motion.:
I Find the kinematic quantities (position, displacement, velocity,
and acceleration) of a particle traveling along a straight path.

I Represent the displacement, the velocity and the acceleration
of the particle,
I Thus, determine the displacement, the velocity and the
acceleration of the particle at any given time.

I Analyse rectilinear/straight motion
What is rectilinear motion?
I Rectilinear motion occurs when a particle moves along a
straight path.
Rectilinear means position given in Cartesian (x, y, and z)
coordinates.
Knowing the position of the particle means, we can analyse
motion of large objects, such as rockets, air-planes, or cars to
name a few (moving in a straight path) as if they were
particles.
APPLICATIONS
If we measure the altitude of this rocket as a function of time, how
can we determine its velocity and acceleration?
A train travels along a straight length of track. Can we treat the
train as a particle? If the train accelerates at a constant rate, how
can we determine its position and velocity at some instant?
What is Dynamics
Last semester will did Statics:
Statics is/was concerned with the equilibrium of a body that is
either at rest or moves with constant velocity.
Now we will consider dynamics,
which deals with the accelerated motion of a body.

Dynamics is in two folds:
I Kinematics - concerned with the geometric aspects of motion
I Kinetics - concerned with the forces causing the motion
The kinematics of a particle is characterized by specifying, at any
given instant, the particle’s position, velocity, and acceleration.

Position and Displacement
A particle travels along a straight-line path defined by the
coordinate axis s.
The position of the particle at any instant, relative to the origin O,

is defined by the position vector r, or the scalar s. Scalar s can be
positive or negative. The units for r and s are meters (m).
The displacement of the particle is defined as its change in

position: Vector form: ∆r = r0 − r Scalar form: ∆s = s 0 − s.
The total distance travelled by the particle, sT , is a positive scalar
that represents the total length of the path over which the particle
travels.
Speed and velocity
Velocity is a measure of the rate of change in the position of a
particle. It is a vector quantity (it has both magnitude and
direction). The magnitude of the velocity is called speed, with
units of m/s.
The average velocity of a particle during a time interval ∆t is

∆r
vavg =
∆t
The instantaneous velocity is the time-derivative of position over a
small time interval (∆t → 0), thus
dr
dv =
dt
Speed is the magnitude of velocity:
ds
v=
dt
Average speed is the total distance travelled divided by elapsed

time
sT
(vsp )avg =
∆t
Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate of change in the velocity of a particle. It is
a vector quantity, units are m/s 2 .
The instantaneous acceleration is the time derivative of velocity.

Vector form is a = dv
dt
d 2s
Scalar form is a = dv
dt = dt 2
Acceleration is be positive (speed increasing), thus negative (speed

decreasing) yields deceleration.
Acceleration a = dv
dt can be manipulated to get ads = vdv
SUMMARY OF KINEMATIC RELATIONS:
RECTILINEAR MOTION
I Differentiate position to get velocity and acceleration.

ds dv dv
v= , a= or a=v .
dt dt ds
I Integrate acceleration for velocity and position.
Rs Rt
I Position: s0 ds = t0 v dt this equation works well when
v = f (t).
Rv Rt
I velocity: v0 dv = t0 a dt this equation works well when
a = f (t)
or
Rv Rs
v0
vdv = s0
a ds this equation works well when a = f (s).
Note that s0 and v0 represent the initial position and velocity of
the particle at t = 0.
CONSTANT ACCELERATION
The three kinematic equations can be integrated for the special
case when acceleration is constant (a = ac ) to obtain very useful
equations. In this case, ac = g = 9.81 m/s 2 downward.
These equations are:

Z v Z t
dv = ac dt yields v = v0 + ac t,
v0 0
Z s Z t
1
ds = v dt yields s = s0 + v0 t + ac t 2 ,
s0 0 2
Z v Z s
vdv = a ds yields v 2 = v02 + 2ac (s − s0 ).
v0 s0
Problem 12-1 new / 12-1 old
Starting from rest, a particle moving in a straight line has an
acceleration of a = (2t − 6)m/s 2 , where t is in seconds.
What is the particle’s velocity when t = 6s, and what is its position
when t = 11s?
Solution for problem 12-1 new / 12-1 old
Problem 12-15 new / 12-24 old
A particle is moving along a straight line such that its velocity is
defined as v = −4s 2 m/s, where s is in meters.
If s = 2m when t = 0, determine the velocity and acceleration as
functions of time.
Solution for problem 12-15 new / 12-24 old
Problem 12-25 new
A particle is moving along a straight line such that its acceleration
is defined as a = (−2v )m/s 2 , where v is in meters per second.
If v = 20m/s when s = 0 and t = 0, determine the particle’s
position, velocity, and acceleration as functions of time.

Solution for problem 12-25 New
Problem 12-26 new
The acceleration of a particle travelling along a straight line is
a = 14 s 1/2 m/s 2 , where s is in meters. If v = 0, s = 1m when
t = 0, determine the particle’s velocity at s = 2m.

Solution for problem 12-26 New / 12-32 old
Dankie vir julle aandag

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INTRODUCTION & RECTILINEAR

KINEMATICS: CONTINUOUS MOTION

I At the end of today’s lesson you should be able to analyze

and acceleration) of a particle traveling along a straight path.

acceleration of the particle at any given time.

Last semester will did Statics:

Statics is/was concerned with the equilibrium of a body that is

either at rest or moves with constant velocity.

Now we will consider dynamics,

which deals with the accelerated motion of a body.

given instant, the particle’s position, velocity, and acceleration.

The position of the particle at any instant, relative to the origin O,

The displacement of the particle is defined as its change in

The average velocity of a particle during a time interval ∆t is

Average speed is the total distance travelled divided by elapsed

The instantaneous acceleration is the time derivative of velocity.

Acceleration is be positive (speed increasing), thus negative (speed

I Differentiate position to get velocity and acceleration.

The three kinematic equations can be integrated for the special

case when acceleration is constant (a = ac ) to obtain very useful

equations. In this case, ac = g = 9.81 m/s 2 downward.

These equations are:

Starting from rest, a particle moving in a straight line has an

acceleration of a = (2t − 6)m/s 2 , where t is in seconds.

A particle is moving along a straight line such that its velocity is

defined as v = −4s 2 m/s, where s is in meters.

If s = 2m when t = 0, determine the velocity and acceleration as

A particle is moving along a straight line such that its acceleration

is defined as a = (−2v )m/s 2 , where v is in meters per second.

If v = 20m/s when s = 0 and t = 0, determine the particle’s

position, velocity, and acceleration as functions of time.

The acceleration of a particle travelling along a straight line is

a = 14 s 1/2 m/s 2 , where s is in meters. If v = 0, s = 1m when

t = 0, determine the particle’s velocity at s = 2m.

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