An Overview of Lipid Metabolism
An Overview of Lipid Metabolism
An Overview of Lipid Metabolism
prenylation.
Metabolism of Lipids chapter 4
as signaling molecules.
lowering drugs).
Metabolism of Lipids chapter 4
molecules via a two-step process. This happens when the fatty acids enter the
cytosol and react with coenzyme A (CoA). Fatty acid activation occurs in the
The fatty acyl-CoA cannot cross the membrane by diffusion and therefore
known as carnitine.
their electrons forming FADH2, which moves into the electron transport
chain.
by thiolase.
The overall equation for the β-oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA (16 carbon atoms)
is as follows:
The fate of the acetyl-CoA obtained from fatty acid oxidation depends on the
Ketogenesis Pathway
Our body normally derives energy from stored carbohydrate by the process of
All the main body parts such as the brain, skeletal muscles, heart, etc. can
Ketogenesis Steps
Regulation of Ketogenesis
Metabolism of Lipids chapter 4
breakdown of free fatty acids, thus increasing the amount available to be used
of this process.
Insulin regulates many key enzymes in the ketogenic pathway, and a state of
low insulin triggers the process. A low insulin state leads to:
Palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1)
Ketone bodies
They are produced in liver cells by the breakdown of fatty acids.
Metabolism of Lipids chapter 4
high amount of energy and form three compounds, that are known as
“ketone bodies”.
The two main ketone bodies are acetoacetate (AcAc) and 3-beta-
ketone body.
Ketones are always present in the blood and their levels increase during
1 diabetes mellitus.
They are released into the blood after glycogen stores in the liver have
been depleted. (Glycogen stores typically are depleted within the first
24 hours of fasting).
Early symptoms are similar to the symptoms of high blood sugar and include:
Frequent urination
Dry skin
Headache
Ketoacidosis
Metabolism of Lipids chapter 4
Causes:
Symptoms:
The most common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and
weakness.
length fatty acid with a cis double bond present between the ninth and
length fatty acid with 2 cis double bonds between 9th and 10th carbons
Just like the saturated fatty acids cross the mitochondrial membrane with the
help of carnitine shuttle, unsaturated fatty acids also reach the mitochondrial