The Impact of Overcrowding On Academic Performanc of Senior High

1
Chapter II
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter provides collection of Literature and Studies that discuss the Impact of
Overcrowding Classroom on Academic Performances of senior high students in Headwaters
College.
Related Literature
According to Nazareno(2017), Effective classroom management is essential for providing

students with a high-quality education, particularly in overcrowded classrooms in developing
nations like the Philippines. In addition to discomfort and noise levels, overcrowding can lead to
problems with insufficient attention to each student. Effective overcrowding management calls
for the use of both whole-school and classroom strategies. In a whole-school approach, parents
are enlisted to assist in identifying workable solutions to the issue. It is possible to suggest
projects like adding more classrooms and hiring teaching assistants. It is possible to organize
fundraising campaigns in novel ways and to find volunteers. Teachers should utilize clever
techniques in the classroom to lessen the stress brought on by congestion.
According to West J. & Meier C. (2020) South Africa’s increasingly poor Grade12 outputs
and current retention further indicate that there is a crisis in education. One of the influential
factors associated with poor performance and grade repetition is overcrowded classrooms.
Overcrowded classrooms occur as a result of a shortage of teachers, lack of school
infrastructure and a high number of poorly resourced no-fee schools.
According to Laurian C. Likuru and Prospery Mwansa Mwila June 2022, Reducing class
size is a preferred approach to education policy among parents, educators, and legislators.
Preliminary research has indicated that kids' intellectual success is comparatively low in
overcrowded classrooms. This study examined the effects of packed classrooms on the
teaching and learning process in Ilemela Municipality, Mwanza, Tanzania, using the Social
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Cognitive Theory as its foundation. Convergent parallel research design and a mixed research
approach were used in the study. One MSEO, one quality assurance representative, eight
school heads, forty teachers, and sixty students made up the sample of 110 responders. As
research tools, structured questionnaires and interview guides were employed. Thematic
analysis and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The combined results showed
that Ilemela municipality classrooms are overcrowded, above the agreed-upon limit of 45 pupils
per class.
According to Picta(2019) With increasing population, the number of school-aged children

which is expanding far faster than the number of schools as the population grows. The demise
of decent institutions, along with the avarice of school officials, has resulted in overcrowding in
classrooms. Many parents are concerned about their children attending schools where they are
forced to sit in classes with little space for seats or tables
When these same instructors are given the same responsibility of supervising more than 30
pupils at the same time, they will melt down. It makes taking attendance a basic task difficult.
Especially for teens who have trouble following orders and following regulations. Some pupils,
on the other hand, are unable to concentrate due to the presence of other students. In an
overcrowded class, the frequency of failures rises because no one can focus on the subject at
hand. This causes a slew of issues in classrooms, including children who are uninterested in
learning. Government action is required to address this issue and establish an educational
climate that encourages students to achieve higher levels of achievement. In today's Nigeria,
education is seen as a tool for achieving excellence and influencing national development. As a
result, the government has embraced a national education strategy as its own means of
attaining some of its national goals. and increases teacher workload because the teacher
cannot devote as much time to each student. When teachers have more time to devote to each
student, they can figure out the best way to solve each student's problems and help them
understand the lesson better, resulting in more effective teaching.
Education is the finest legacy a nation can leave its residents, especially the youths, and the
effect of overcrowding on academic achievement is that education is the best legacy a nation
can leave them. This is due to the fact that any nation's or community's development is heavily
reliant on the quality of its education.
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Related Studies
According to Favour Olaleye and Blessed Olalekan Oyebola January 2017 The study
looked at how packed classrooms affected the academic achievement of pupils attending public
secondary schools in Lagos State's Surulere Local Government. It looked into the individual
causes of classroom overcrowding directly. Additionally, the relationship between students'
behavior and attitude toward classroom overcrowding was explored. It evaluated how crowded
classrooms affect instruction and learning. It explored the relationship between classroom
overcrowding and overall educational standards and conjectured whether overcrowding had a
major impact on students' academic progress. All of the instructors and students at the public
secondary schools in Lagos State'Surulere Local Government area made up the study's
population. Ten teachers and thirty (30) pupils in total were chosen at random from four different
schools.
Additionally, managing a large class size suggests a higher difficulty in maintaining efficient
classroom management and equal opportunity for students to learn well. This leads to the
conclusion that the teachers had a variety of difficulties when managing the huge class sizes.
Synthesis
The effect of yearly enrollment expansion on pupils' academic performance is a matter of

great concern. the outcome of overcrowded classrooms is a lack of quality education for the
students and insufficient attention to each one. This synthesis examines the negative impact of
overcrowded classrooms, students' behaviour, discomfort in the surroundings, increasing noise
level, poor academic performance, and grade repetition.
 Students behavior and attitude – the impact of overcrowding on the academic

performance of pupils. The academic performance of students is a problem in all
educational . According to educational psychologists, a conducive environment is
essential to learning; therefore, class size and population must be carefully examined.
Overcrowding in the classroom is a severe issue, as it leads to classroom congestion,
which negatively affects learning and performance in are writing and behavior,such as
absenteesim and cooperation with other.
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 Noise level - Overcrowding in the classroom causes noise levels. Noise levels are
measured in decibels. The louder the noise, the higher the decibel. Excessive noise
reduces the ability to hear lessons clearly and has a negative effect on a child's ability to
learn. Children who are exposed to constant distracting noise may experience poor
reading skills, memory, and academic performance. They may not be able to keep up
because they are distracted by the noise, and they may not understand the lesson well
because of the noise because the classroom is crowded.
 Poor academic performance - Students struggling with test scores are more likely to
experience poor learning outcomes due to overcrowding. There's a large sample size of
pupils that doesn't get sufficient attention from the educators, including students who find
it hard to recognise a particular topic. In addition, the educators weren't aware that a
student was having a hard time understanding the topic.
 Grade Repetition - Students struggling with test scores are more likely to experience
poor learning outcomes due to overcrowded and chaotic classroom environments. It
makes it difficult for students to concentrate on their work because of the excessive
amount of distractions in their surroundings, which affects their academic performance
and raises their chance of dropping out.
 Discomfort - in overcrowded classrooms can stem from various factors, including

limited physical space, noise, and difficulty focusing. This discomfort may impact
students' concentration, hinder effective communication, and contribute to stress levels,
potentially affecting their overall well-being and academic performance.
In conclusion, The overcrowded room has a severe effect on academic performances

due to the fact that the student's focus on his studies or listening may decrease because
of the distraction and heat they've experienced inside the overcrowded classrooms, so it
has an enormous effect on the outcome of a student's performances.
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Reference
Foreign Literature
1. http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0256-
01002016000200005&fbclid=IwAR1udd1iovdoYhxzEiub-
iw7oxdxI1FmTIVp2dKFrT3TwGQLf1LJJSM0vok
Local Literature
1. https://asiafoundation.org/publication/breakthrough-solution-to-reduce-congestion-in-public-
schools/?fbclid=IwAR1fft4TVv6iIY_2PT-oiWkll2zti--SxBVTOx0Rpyqe2at1Pe4cZ53mE_E
2. https://deped.cityofbalanga.gov.ph/publications/latest-news-1/feature-articles-archives/
overcrowdingthenewnormintheclassroomsetting?
fbclid=IwAR0kF7FGBeDvtLI_Fslex80KKvxJcC4yRT-9mLkFmoZ4fQC_oSmPjBvAgV0
Foreign Studies
1.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
362234079_Overcrowded_Classrooms_Effect_on_Teaching_and_Learning_Process_in_Public
_Secondary_Schools_in_Ilemela_Municipality_Tanzania?
fbclid=IwAR3dmSRtrLcHIT8TObAMZHOwZXQwbXL39odlDFG1Hx4iK5pw2sSNKc4Xvy0
2.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
329781212_Impact_of_Overcrowded_Classroom_on_Academic_Performance_of_Students_in_
Selected_Public_Secondary_Schools_in_Surelere_Local_Government_of_Lagos_State?
fbclid=IwAR3h7bc0XrxHm7SuoK4CWuiqtrq3PSkJRsy3ok7cnDuGwJvnCuH2RbEKKqg
Local Study
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1.https://ejournals.ph/article.php?
id=20408&fbclid=IwAR2b3Xfl2knlUaG_STaV_NURwvUGAmL8yrKK2O4fMh1SANxjuiRAyXx01
ME

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1

Review of Related Literature and Studies

According to Nazareno(2017), Effective classroom management is essential for providing

According to Picta(2019) With increasing population, the number of school-aged children

The effect of yearly enrollment expansion on pupils' academic performance is a matter of

 Students behavior and attitude – the impact of overcrowding on the academic

 Discomfort - in overcrowded classrooms can stem from various factors, including

In conclusion, The overcrowded room has a severe effect on academic performances

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