كتاب بدون غلاف او ترقيم
كتاب بدون غلاف او ترقيم
كتاب بدون غلاف او ترقيم
Acknowledgement
We would all like to express our thanks and gratitude to our supervisor,
Dr. Faisal Al-Baz, for his efforts with us, his continuous inspiration and
his provision of all the cognitive and psychological support we needed
during our work on this project, without which this project would not
have been a success.
And we thank Dr. Ayman El Desoki for his inspiring addition to the
project and for sharing so many creative ideas with us.
Project team
Kafrelsheikh University Manufacturing & Development
Faculty of Engineering of Hydrogen Generator
Mechanical Power Engineering Dep
Kafrelsheikh University Manufacturing & Development
Faculty of Engineering of Hydrogen Generator
Mechanical Power Engineering Dep
Abstract
هذا المشروع يناقش عملية توليد الهيدروجين الخضر بالتحليل الكهربائي للماء مستخدما
الرياح) ومقدما حال فعاال ومستدام الزمة الطاقة والمناخ/مصادر الطاقة المتجددة (الشمسية
.العالمية
كما يعتبر الهيدروجين مخزنا ذو كفاءة شبه مطلقه لتخزين الطاقة المتجددة موفرا بذلك حال
.جذريا لمشكالت قطاع الطاقة المتجددة كالتخزين والفاعلية والتكاليف
Kafrelsheikh University Manufacturing & Development
Faculty of Engineering of Hydrogen Generator
Mechanical Power Engineering Dep
Table of Contents
1 Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 Hydrogen and Energy: ............................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Future Energy Needs: ............................................................................................................... 11
1.2.1 Renewable Energy Sources: ............................................................................................. 11
1.2.2 The Need for a Diversified Energy Portfolio: ................................................................. 12
1.3 Hydrogen as an alternative fuel: .............................................................................................. 12
1.4 Types of Hydrogen: ................................................................................................................... 12
1.5 Green Hydrogen:....................................................................................................................... 16
2 Chapter 2: Literature review ........................................................................................................... 17
2.1 Introduction:.............................................................................................................................. 17
2.2 Water electrolysis: ..................................................................................................................... 18
2.3 : Types Of Water Electrolysis: ................................................................................................. 20
2.3.1 Alkaline water electrolysis: .............................................................................................. 24
2.3.2 AEM water electrolysis: ................................................................................................... 25
2.3.3 PEM water electrolysis: .................................................................................................... 26
2.3.4 Solid oxide water electrolysis: .......................................................................................... 27
2.4 Parameters Affecting Production of Hydrogen: ..................................................................... 28
2.4.1 Type of Power Source: ...................................................................................................... 28
2.4.2 Type of Current used: ....................................................................................................... 30
2.4.3 Electrode material:............................................................................................................ 30
2.4.4 . Size and alignment of the electrodes: ............................................................................ 31
2.4.5 Space between the electrodes: .......................................................................................... 31
2.4.6 Electrolyte quality: ............................................................................................................ 32
2.4.7 Electrical resistance of the electrolyte: ............................................................................ 33
2.4.8 Temperature: ..................................................................................................................... 34
2.4.9 Pressure effect: .................................................................................................................. 36
3 Chapter3: Methodology and Experimental Procedure ................................................................. 38
3.1 General View and Project Concept: ........................................................................................ 38
3.2 Project Components: ................................................................................................................ 41
3.3 Project Gallery: ......................................................................................................................... 44
4 Chapter4: Results.............................................................................................................................. 48
Kafrelsheikh University Manufacturing & Development
Faculty of Engineering of Hydrogen Generator
Mechanical Power Engineering Dep
4.1 Introduction:.............................................................................................................................. 48
4.2 Result and Conclusion: ............................................................................................................. 48
5 References .......................................................................................................................................... 49
Kafrelsheikh University Manufacturing & Development
Faculty of Engineering of Hydrogen Generator
Mechanical Power Engineering Dep
List of Figures
Figure 1-1: Diagram showing the main sources of hydrogen (modified from [56]). (a) Serpentinization of
rocks generates hydrogen if water is reduced during the oxidation of ferrous to ferric iron. (b) Radiolysis
produces hydrogen during splitting of water through r ................................................................................. 8
Figure 1-2Hydrogen Different Applications ................................................................................................. 9
Figure 1-3Energy Consumption worldwide with a forecast until 2050 ...................................................... 11
Figure 1-4Hydrogen Types ......................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 5:Generations of water electrolysis development (IRENA, 2020b). ............................................... 20
Figure 6:Schematic illustration of alkaline water electrolysis working principle. ...................................... 25
Figure 7:Schematic view of AEM water electrolysis working principle. ................................................... 25
Figure 8:Schematic view of PEM water electrolysis working principle..................................................... 26
Figure 9: Schematic view of solid oxide water electrolysis working principle. ......................................... 27
Figure 10: Different RE Sources Efficiencies, ............................................................................................ 29
Figure 11:Renewable energy cost trends dollar cents/kWh (constant dollar 2005). ................................... 29
Figure 12:Temperature dependence of theoretical electrolysis voltage at 0.2 MPa, compared to the
experiment conducted by Theoretical conditions. ...................................................................................... 34
Figure 13:Temperature dependence of theoretical electrolysis voltage at 0.8 A/cm2 and 0.2 MPa. .......... 35
Figure 14:Effect of cathode pressure on cell voltage. ................................................................................. 37
Figure 15:Green Hydrogen Cycle ............................................................................................................... 41
Figure 16: Storage Cylinder with Pressure gauge ....................................................................................... 44
Figure 17:Two Stage Electroyzer ................................................................................................................ 45
Figure 18:Two Stages Electrolyzer ............................................................................................................. 45
Figure 19:Single Stage Electrolzer with Heater .......................................................................................... 45
Figure 20:Single Stage Electrolyzer with heater......................................................................................... 45
Figure 21: Solar Pannal ............................................................................................................................... 46
Figure 22:Solar Charger .............................................................................................................................. 47
Figure 23: AC/DC Converter ...................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 24:Battery ........................................................................................................................................ 47
Kafrelsheikh University Manufacturing & Development
Faculty of Engineering of Hydrogen Generator
Mechanical Power Engineering Dep
1 Chapter 1: Introduction
Hydrogen is the simplest and most abundant element in the universe, but
it is relatively rare on Earth. It is found in water, organic matter, and
some fossil fuels. Hydrogen can be produced from renewable energy
sources, such as solar and wind power, or from fossil fuels.
Hydrogen is a clean fuel that does not produce greenhouse gases. When
hydrogen is burned, it produces only water vapor. This makes hydrogen
a promising alternative to fossil fuels for transportation, power
generation, and other applications.
The use of hydrogen as an energy source is still in its early stages, but it
has the potential to play a major role in the transition to a clean energy
future. As the cost of hydrogen production and storage falls, and as the
infrastructure for using hydrogen is developed, hydrogen could become
a more mainstream energy source.
Kafrelsheikh University Manufacturing & Development
Faculty of Engineering of Hydrogen Generator
Mechanical Power Engineering Dep
The world's energy needs are growing rapidly. In 2021, global energy
demand was 147.5 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu). By 2050, it is
projected to reach 243 quadrillion Btu, an increase of 67%. This growth
is being driven by a number of factors, including population growth,
economic development, and urbanization.
From green to pink hydrogen, we reveal the colors of hydrogen and the
different types of technology used to produce each.
Kafrelsheikh University Manufacturing & Development
Faculty of Engineering of Hydrogen Generator
Mechanical Power Engineering Dep
A. Grey hydrogen:
Currently, this is the most common form of hydrogen production. Grey
hydrogen is created from natural gas, or methane, using steam methane
reformation but without capturing the greenhouse gases made in the
B. Blue hydrogen:
Blue hydrogen is produced mainly from natural gas, using a process
called steam reforming, which brings together natural gas and heated
water in the form of steam. The output is hydrogen, but carbon dioxide
is also produced as a by-product. So, the definition of blue hydrogen
Kafrelsheikh University Manufacturing & Development
Faculty of Engineering of Hydrogen Generator
Mechanical Power Engineering Dep
includes the use of carbon capture and storage (CCS) to trap and store
this carbon.
Blue hydrogen is sometimes described as ‘low-carbon hydrogen’, as the
steam reforming process doesn’t actually avoid the creation of
greenhouse gases.
D. Pink hydrogen:
E. Turquoise hydrogen:
This is a new entry in the hydrogen color charts and production has yet
to be proven at scale. Turquoise hydrogen is made using a process called
Kafrelsheikh University Manufacturing & Development
Faculty of Engineering of Hydrogen Generator
Mechanical Power Engineering Dep
F. Yellow hydrogen:
G. Green hydrogen:
Hydrogen molecules against a blue background
Green Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, and it has
the potential to be a clean and efficient fuel for the future.
Green hydrogen is produced using renewable energy sources, such as
solar or wind power, making it a truly sustainable fuel.
2.1 Introduction:
After periods of research and scientific experiments in the field of green
hydrogen production and storage, the presence of the hydrogen industry
on the industrial map of countries has become a reality.
Kafrelsheikh University Manufacturing & Development
Faculty of Engineering of Hydrogen Generator
Mechanical Power Engineering Dep
However, the operating principles are the same for all the cases. The
four types of water electrolysis technologies and their characteristics
Kafrelsheikh University Manufacturing & Development
Faculty of Engineering of Hydrogen Generator
Mechanical Power Engineering Dep
Electrode 10 000–30 000 cm2 <300 cm2 1500 cm2 200 cm2
area
Working Principal:
Alkaline water electrolysis is an electrochemical water splitting
techniques in the presence of electricity. The electrochemical water
splitting consists of two individual half-cell reactions such as hydrogen
evolution reaction (HER) at the cathode and oxygen evolution reaction
(OER) at the anode. During the alkaline electrolysis process, initially at
the cathode side two moles of alkaline solution are reduced to produce
one mole of hydrogen (H2) and two moles of hydroxyl ions (OH), the
produced H2 can be eliminated from the cathodic surface and the
remaining hydroxyl ions (OH) are transferred under the influence of
electric circuit between anode and cathode through the porous separator
to the anode side. At the anode, the hydroxyl ions (OH) are discharged to
produce the molecule of oxygen (O2) and one molecule of water (H2O),
Kafrelsheikh University Manufacturing & Development
Faculty of Engineering of Hydrogen Generator
Mechanical Power Engineering Dep
Working Principal:
AEM water electrolysis is one of the electrochemical water splitting
techniques with the help of an anion exchange membrane and electricity.
The electrochemical reaction consists of two half-cell reactions they are
hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction
Figure 6:Schematic illustration of alkaline water electrolysis working
principle.
Working Principal:
During the PEM water electrolysis process, water is
electrochemically split into hydrogen and oxygen. In this process,
initially at the anode side water molecule is decomposed to generate
oxygen (O2) and protons (H+), and electrons (e−). The generated oxygen
eliminated from the anodic surface and the remaining protons are
traveled through the proton-conducting membrane to the cathode side
and the electrons are traveled through the external circuit to the cathode
side. At the cathode side, the protons and electrons recombined to
Working Principal:
Typically, solid oxide water electrolysis operates at higher
temperatures with the consumption of water in the form of steam and
generates green hydrogen and oxygen. During the solid oxide water
electrolysis process, initially at the cathode side, the water molecule is
reduced into hydrogen (H2) and oxide ion (O2−) by the addition of two
electrons. The hydrogen released from the cathodic surface and the
remaining oxide ion (O2−) are traveled through the ion exchange
membrane to the anode side. At the anode side, the oxide ions (O2−) are
further reduced to generate oxygen and electrons, then the produced
oxygen is released from the anodic surface and the electrons are traveled
through the external circuit to the cathode side by the positive attraction
of the cathode. The basic working principle of solid oxide water
electrolysis is shown in Figure (9).
b-Cost: The following Figure (11) include a graph showing the average
cost of producing kilowatt hours of electricity from different sources.
Figure 11:Renewable energy cost trends dollar cents/kWh (constant dollar 2005).
Kafrelsheikh University Manufacturing & Development
Faculty of Engineering of Hydrogen Generator
Mechanical Power Engineering Dep
2.4.8 Temperature:
Temperature is known to be one of the most effective variables on the
electric power demand of an electrolysis cell. Electrolysis process is
much more efficient at raised temperatures. The reasons of this behavior
can be discussed according to the thermodynamic characteristics of a
water molecule, as its splitting reaction potential is known to reduce as
the temperature increases. Moreover, ionic conductivity and surface
reaction of an electrolyte rise directly with temperature. High
temperature water electrolysis requires less energy to reach any given
current density in analogy with a low temperature process. However,
the increased temperature and pressure were mentioned to cause some
“stability problems” such as container cracks and gasket leaks.
Figure(12) shows a plot of the electrolysis voltage measured where the
operating pressure is 0.2 MPa at temperatures of 100°C and 120°C.
The electrolysis voltages at 100°C are 1.5, 1.56, and 1.61 V when the
current density is set to 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0 A/cm2.
The electrolysis voltages at 120°C are 1.46, 1.52, and 1.56 V for each
current density condition.
A reduction of approximately 0.05 V in the water electrolysis voltage is
obtained by increasing the temperature from 100 to 120°C, resulting in a
value of −2.50 mV/K.
General View:
After reviewing all previous research and results, it was decided to
select the scientific basis of the project and to conduct performance tests
on the alkaline water analysis system; It is characterized by:
-Easy to design and manufacture.
-Ease of controlling process variables.
-Availability of materials used in their manufacture.
Project Concept:
The project has been implemented in five successive phases:
1-Research phase.
2- Design phase.
3-Industrialization.
4-Operation and testing phase.
5-Phase of practical experience.
Kafrelsheikh University Manufacturing & Development
Faculty of Engineering of Hydrogen Generator
Mechanical Power Engineering Dep
- Research phase:
This stage depended on the study of all the developments that science
reached in the field of hydrogen production, including different research
and references.
- Design phase:
The design stage relied on summarizing the results of the research
phase and making the necessary calculations for:
• Electrolyzer dimensions
• Voltage required for electrolyzing.
• Catalyst concentration.
• Temperature of electrolyzing.
• Solar panel power
• wind turbine Power
• Wind turbine tower height
• Dimensions of wind turbine blades
• Compressor compression required for storage.
-Industrialization:
The project was manufactured in several phases:
• Manufacturing and assembling of electrolyte parts.
• Manufacture and assemble wind turbine parts.
• Purchase and assembly of parts of the solar system
• Purchase and assemble storage system components.
Kafrelsheikh University Manufacturing & Development
Faculty of Engineering of Hydrogen Generator
Mechanical Power Engineering Dep
No Element Amount
1 Solar Pannal 1
2 Battery 1
3 AC/DC Converter 1
6 Generator 1
7 Gearbox 1
8 Turbine Tower 1
10 Electrolyzer box 1
11 Electrodes layers 10
13 Heater 1
14 Fixable Pipelines 2M
15 Pressure gauges 2
16 Gas Cylinder 1
Kafrelsheikh University Manufacturing & Development
Faculty of Engineering of Hydrogen Generator
Mechanical Power Engineering Dep
-Storage Stage:
-Electrolyzer Stage:
Figure 24:Battery
4 Chapter4: Results
4.1 Introduction:
In this chapter, we are about to show and discuss the results obtained
from the experimental tests indicated on the experimental procedure in
the previous chapter.
After the completion of the trial phase, it was found that the ideal
operating conditions are:
• Voltage=12 volts
• Current = 500 mA
• Compression= 1ATM
And that's for a sample I've got of water that's 250 grams.
Energy consumption = 6 W
The efficient outcome of this process was an analysis of 99%
Hydrogen: 166.7g
Oxygen: 83.3g
Kafrelsheikh University Manufacturing & Development
Faculty of Engineering of Hydrogen Generator
Mechanical Power Engineering Dep
5 References
1. Bertuccioli, L., Chan, A., Hart, D., Lehner, F., Madden, B.,
Standen, E., 2014b. Study on development of water electrolysis in
the EU. In: Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking. Final
report.
2. Brauns J., Thomas T.Alkaline water electrolysis powered by
renewable energy: A review
3. Burton N.A., Padilla R.V., Rose A., Habibullah H.Increasing the
efficiency of hydrogen production from solar powered water
electrolysis
4. Buttler A., Spliethoff H.Current status of water electrolysis for
energy storage, grid balancing and sector coupling via power-to-
gas and power-to-liquids
5. Carmo M., Fritz D.L., Mergel J., Stolten D.A comprehensive
review on PEM water electrolysis
6. Choe C., Cheon S., Gu J., Lim H.K.Critical aspect of renewable
syngas production for power-to-fuel via solid oxide electrolysis:
integrative assessment for potential renewable energy source
7. Diogo M.F., SantosCésar A.C., SequeiraJose L., Figueiredo.
Hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis
8. 2021. Green hydrogen Systems. In: HyProvide a-Series, Denmark,
(Accessed 13 August 2021)
9. Hermesmann M., Muller T.E.Green, turquoise, blue, or grey?
Environmentally friendly hydrogen production in transforming
energy systems.
Kafrelsheikh University Manufacturing & Development
Faculty of Engineering of Hydrogen Generator
Mechanical Power Engineering Dep
10. Ajanovic A., Sayer M., Haas R.The economics and the
environmental benignity of different colors of hydrogen
11. Buttler A., Spliethoff H.Current status of water electrolysis
for energy storage, grid balancing and sector coupling via power-
to-gas and power-to-liquids: A review
12. Carmo M., Fritz D.L., Mergel J., Stolten D.A comprehensive
review on PEM water electrolysis
13. Diogo M.F., SantosCésar A.C., SequeiraJose L., Figueiredo.
Hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis
14. Henkensmeier D., Najibah M., Harms C., Zitka J., Hnat J., B
ouzek K. Overview: State-of-the art commercial membranes for
anion exchange membrane water electrolysis
15. I. Dincer et al.Review and evaluation of hydrogen
production methods for better sustainability
16. Chen, L., Xing, L., Han, L. (2009), Renewable energy from
agro-residues in China: Solid biofuels and biomass
briquetting technology.Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 13(9), 2689-2695.
18. Cipriani, G., Di Dio, V., Genduso, F., La Cascia, D., Liga,
R., Miceli, R., Galluzzo, G.R. (2014), Perspective on hydrogen
energy carrier and its automotive applications. International Journal
of Hydrogen Energy 39(16), 8482-8494.
Kafrelsheikh University Manufacturing & Development
Faculty of Engineering of Hydrogen Generator
Mechanical Power Engineering Dep
24. Zhang, F., Zhao, P., Niu, M., Maddy, J. (2016), The
survey of key technologies in hydrogen energy storage.
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41(33), 14535-14552.