Dwnload Full Wardlaws Perspectives in Nutrition 10th Edition Byrd Bredbenner Solutions Manual PDF
Dwnload Full Wardlaws Perspectives in Nutrition 10th Edition Byrd Bredbenner Solutions Manual PDF
Dwnload Full Wardlaws Perspectives in Nutrition 10th Edition Byrd Bredbenner Solutions Manual PDF
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Chapter 2
Tools of a Healthy Diet
Overview
Chapter 2 provides students with the science behind current nutrition recommendations for North
Americans. The components of the Dietary Reference Intakes are defined, including Estimated Average
Requirements, Recommended Dietary Allowances, Adequate Intakes, Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, and
Estimated Energy Requirements. The required and optional elements of food labels are also discussed.
The text defines Daily Values as they relate to DRIs and also examines the various nutrition claims
allowed on food labels. The development and utility of nutrient databases are presented. Finally, the
Dietary Guidelines for Americans and MyPlate are presented as sound nutrition advice based on the latest
scientific research.
Learning Objectives
1. Explain the purpose of the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) and its components (Estimated Average
Requirements, Recommended Dietary Allowances, Adequate Intakes, Upper Levels, Estimated Energy
Requirements, and Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges).
2. Compare the Daily Values to the Dietary Reference Intakes and explain how they are used on Nutrition
Facts panels.
3. Describe Nutrition Facts panels and the claims permitted on food packages.
5. Discuss the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the diseases they are intended to prevent or
minimize.
6. Discuss the MyPlate food groupings and plan a diet using this tool.
7. Develop a healthy eating plan based on the concepts of variety, balance, moderation, nutrient density,
and energy density.
1. Complete Take Action activities, “Are You Putting the Dietary Guidelines into Practice?” and "Does
Your Diet Meet MyPlate Recommendations?”. In this activity, students will use the dietary record they kept
as suggested in Chapter 1 activities. Having students complete and analyze a three-day food record would
provide a more accurate nutrition assessment. Students should hold on to this assessment for future use.
2. Ask students to select nutrition labels from four food products they consume regularly and to calculate the
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the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3. Provide students with a sample of a day's food intake. Make sure it is high in fat, sodium, simple sugars,
and low in fruits and vegetables. Ask students to make changes in this menu to comply with the Dietary
Guidelines.
4. People often have difficulty accurately estimating portion/serving sizes of foods they eat. To help
students with this, have them estimate food portions in class. You can do this by bringing to class samples
of commonly consumed foods, various-sized glasses, bowls, measuring cups, measuring spoons, and a food
scale if one is available. Examples of food to bring: puffed rice, Grape Nuts, cooked pasta, bagel or English
muffin, chips, peanut butter, shelled sunflower seeds, raisins, orange juice, grape juice, mayonnaise, and
some type of salad dressing. Pick and choose students to estimate a portion size using only the bowls and
glasses provided. Keep the measuring cups and spoons, as well as the food scale hidden during this phase of
the activity. Once portion sizes have been estimated by the students, show them, using measuring cups,
measuring spoons, and the food scale, how accurate portion sizes look. They will be amazed. At the same
time, discuss how to record food portions, what could happen to one's health when portion sizes are either
overestimated or underestimated, how the Food Guide Pyramid and Exchange System differ in serving
sizes, and how relatively easy nutrient needs can be met by consuming foods.
5. Find a particular nutritional supplement that exceeds the U.S. RDA for a variety of nutrients. Duplicate
the label for each student. Point out in class how many nutrients significantly exceed the USRDA. Given
the class's understanding of the U.S. RDA, ask them to discuss the implications of those nutrients exceeding
it.
6. Assign students the task of visiting the web site, http://www.dietitian.com/calcbody.php, to complete the
Healthy Body Calculator. Discuss the various factors this site uses to assess a “healthy body.” How should
individuals interpret their results?
Lecture Outline
2.1 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
A. General
1. Food and Nutrition Board formed in 1941 to establish the first dietary standards
a. Evaluate nutrient intake of population
b. Plan agricultural production
2. Dietary standards are periodically updated to reflect latest research
3. DRIs were established by scientists from the United States and Canada
4. DRIs vary by life stage and gender after age 9
5. Recommendations should be applied to average dietary intake
6. Figure 2-1 illustrates the relationship of the DRIs to each other
B. Estimated Average Requirements (EARs)
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without
the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
1. Daily nutrient intake amounts that are estimated to meet the needs of half of the
people in a certain life stage
2. Only set for a nutrient when functional markers are available to evaluate the
effects of nutrient status on physiological function; currently set for 17 nutrients
3. EARs are adjusted to account for digestibility and absorption
4. Used to evaluate the adequacy of diets of groups, not individuals
C. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)
1. Daily nutrient intake amounts sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all
individuals (97 - 98%) in a life stage
2. Based on a multiple of the EAR for a nutrient (generally, RDA = EAR x 1.2); can
only be set for nutrients with established EARs
3. Considers nutrient’s ability to prevent chronic disease in addition to ability to
prevent deficiency
4. Goal for usual intake
5. If average intake is habitually lower than RDA (especially lower than EAR), risk
for nutrient deficiency increases
D. Adequate Intakes (AIs)
1. Daily intake amounts set for nutrients for which there are insufficient research
data to establish an EAR; currently set for essential fatty acids, fiber, certain
vitamins and minerals
2. Based on observed or experimentally determined estimates of average nutrient
intakes that appear to maintain a defined nutritional state in a specific life-stage
group
3. Should cover needs of more than 97 - 98% of individuals in a life-stage group
4. Goal for usual intake
E. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (Upper Levels, or ULs)
1. Maximum daily intake amounts of nutrients that are not likely to cause adverse
health effects in 97 - 98% of individuals in a life-stage group
2. Applies to chronic daily use
3. For most nutrients, ULs are set based on combined intake of food, water,
supplements, and fortified foods; refers only to nonfood sources of niacin,
magnesium, zinc, and nickel
F. Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs)
1. Average daily energy intake needs for each life-stage group
2. Only serve as estimates because actual EER depends on energy expenditure
3. Set to achieve and maintain a healthy weight
G. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs)
1. Range of intake, as a percentage of energy, associated with good health and
reduced risk of chronic diseases while providing for recommended intakes of
essential nutrients
2. Established for carbohydrate, protein, fat, and essential fatty acids
H. Appropriate Uses of the DRIs
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the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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“Yes,” she returned; “I have a swelled face.”
“How sorry I am!” said the soldier sympathetically, “for I came this
afternoon in the hope of hearing you sing.”
“And so you shall,” returned the girl kindly. “You shall not go away
disappointed.” And, taking the bandage from her face, she sang
song after song to the fascinated General.
The progress of the courtship was swift, and the marriage was
celebrated with great magnificence in the palatial abode of Queen
Maria Cristina in Paris, with the attendance of representatives of the
most distinguished families of France and Spain.
When General Narvaez returned to Madrid he became Prime
Minister of Spain.
Unfortunately, the marriage did not prove a happy one, and,
indeed, it would have been difficult for anyone to live peacefully with
the irascible Spaniard. This irascibility was seen at the funeral of
General Manso de Zuñiga, who had died in the expedition against
Prim, in the mountains of Toledo. General Narvaez was chief
mourner on the occasion, as the deceased officer had been husband
of Doña Valentina Bouligni, a lady of great importance at this epoch,
with whom he was connected; and the Bishop of Pharsalia was
master of the ceremonies.
At a certain point in the function the order was given to kneel.
But, probably absorbed in some knotty State question, the Duke of
Valencia still stood. Upon this the Bishop quickly approached the
grandee, and said:
“Kneel down, kneel down!”
“But I don’t want to kneel,” returned the General petulantly, and
so he remained standing for the rest of the service.
G E N E R A L N A RVA E Z
When she came to Madrid as the wife of the great General, the
Duchess of Valencia was appointed Lady-in-Waiting to Queen
Isabella, and she never failed in her loyalty to the dynasty which was
in power when she came to the country of her adoption by marriage.
Many years later she was in an hotel in Switzerland, where she
purposed making a long stay, when Don Carlos happened to come
to the same hotel, accompanied by his secretary. As the Duchess of
Valencia was unacquainted with the Pretender to the throne of
Spain, she wondered who the imperious-looking new arrival could
be, who was greeted so respectfully by everybody. Her curiosity was
soon satisfied, for the gentleman’s secretary presented himself
before her to say that the Duke of Madrid begged the honour to pay
his respects to her.
The message filled the Duchess with dismay, for, although she
held the Princes of the blood in great respect, she had no intention of
receiving one who disputed the throne with the reigning Queen.
So, summoning all her dignity to her aid, she said, in a tone of icy
politeness:
“Tell the Duke of Madrid that I am very sorry not to have the
honour of receiving his visit, but to-morrow I leave for Paris.”
And in effect the lady left the hotel on the morrow, and thus the
meeting of one of the oldest and most valued Ladies-in-Waiting with
Don Carlos was avoided.
Isabella certainly never expected that she would be dethroned,
for a few weeks before the revolution of September, 1868, the
celebrated General Tacon, Duke of the Union of Cuba, announced
the forthcoming marriage of his daughter Carolina with the Marquis
Villadarías, of the première noblesse, and a perfect type of a
Spanish grandee, and she said: “I congratulate her sincerely on her
engagement; but,” she added sadly, “for myself I am sorry, as I shall
see her no more at Court.” The Queen here referred to the well-
known Carlist opinions of the Marquis Villadarías, which would have
made it impossible to receive the Marchioness at the palace if she
had remained there.
So Isabella II. was dethroned in 1868, and she can truly be said
to have been the victim of circumstances. From the moment King
Ferdinand died his daughter had been the object of intrigue and
ambition. Whilst our Queen Victoria was carefully educated and
drilled in high principles, Isabella was the prey of those who wished
to rise to power by her favour. Ministers made love to the Sovereign
instead of discussing the welfare of the nation; flowery speeches on
patriotism meant merely the gratification of the orator’s vanity to be
remarked by Her Majesty. Personal advancement was the end and
aim of those in the Government, and thus poor Isabella’s
susceptibilities were worked upon to an awful extent.
It is well known that General Serrano, who might have been
thought to have the welfare of his country at heart, gained an undue
influence over the Queen by means of her affections, and fomented
to a great extent the matrimonial differences between her and her
husband. Generous to a degree, Isabella paid the debts of this
courtier twice, and yet it was this same General who was the first to
have her hurled from the royal palace.
When the great Canning visited Madrid, Bulwer Lytton showed
him at a Court ball the many women who were the favourites of the
Ministers, and there was, indeed, hardly a statesman who would not
sacrifice principles to the pleas of his mistress. It was at this Court,
steeped in immorality, that Isabella was brought up with little or no
knowledge of right and wrong, and even in her marriage she was a
victim to the intrigues and ambitions of other Courts of Europe as
well as those of her own. She was, in fact, a scapegoat of the nation.
Harassed and in desperation at being pressed on to a miserable
marriage destitute of all that could justify it, Isabella, after one of
those long and fruitless discussions with her mother, once addressed
a letter to our Queen Victoria; but in a pure Court like that of England
little idea could be formed of the stagnant atmosphere of the Spanish
palace from which the poor young Queen sent forth her plaint.
Beyond the Court raged the stormy discontent of the country, which
had been thwarted for more than thirty years of the fulfilment of its
constitutional rights promised by Ferdinand VII. as the condition of
his return to the throne of Spain.
Whilst Queen Victoria was daily increasing in the knowledge of
constitutional rights which are the base of a Sovereign’s power, poor
Isabella’s Prime Ministers resigned at any moment in pique or
jealousy of some other politician, and the people grew daily more
discontented at finding the Parliament was a farce, and it meant
neither the progress of the land nor the protection of the people.
Bulwer Lytton was constantly sending despatches to England
about the shortcomings of Isabella II. as a woman, but he seemed to
lay no stress on the cause of her failure as a Queen. Under proper
conditions Isabella doubtless would have been a good woman and a
great Queen, but choked with the weeds of intrigue she was lost.
Undisciplined and uneducated, the poor Queen fell a victim to what,
if properly directed, would have been virtues instead of vices.
The marriage to which Isabella was forced by intrigue was, of
course, the greatest evil which could have befallen such an
impulsive, warm-hearted girl, who knew no more how to turn a deaf
ear to a claimant for her favour than to keep her purse shut to the
plea of an unfortunate beggar.
The Right Hon. Henry Lytton Bulwer wrote a little later from the
British Embassy at Madrid to the Court of St. James’s, saying that he
“looked at the Queen’s conduct as the moral result of the alliance
she had been more or less compelled to contract, and he regarded
her rather with interest and pity than blame or reproach.”
Isabel’s natural intuition of our Queen Victoria’s good heart
prompted her letters to her. They were sent by a private hand, and
who knows what evils might have been prevented in the Court of
Spain if the long journey, so formidable in those days, had not placed
the sister-Queens so far apart?
Espartero’s plea for Isabel to marry Don Enrique de Assisi, the
man of her heart, met no support in a Court torn with intrigue, and
the sad, bad story of Isabel doubtless had its source in the tragedy of
an unhappy marriage. At the plea of a persistent wooer, who knew
that the Queen had the right of dissolving a Ministry, a Government
would fall; and as the station of her favourites became lower and
lower, as time went on the ill-regulated Sovereign had a Government
as undependable as her friends.
Treachery was the keynote of the Court of Spain, and some of
the leaders of the revolution were those who had used the
Sovereign’s ignorance and foolhardiness to their own ends. In such
an atmosphere of untruth and treachery such men as Espartero,
Prim, etc., could play no enduring part. Hardly had Espartero swept
the Court clean of the Regency of Queen Maria Cristina than his fall
was encompassed by O’Donnell, his rival. The flagrant falsification of
the Parliamentary election returns—which is still the cankerworm of
the country—was the check to all progress. Count San Luis made a
primitive effort for the reform of the elections; he suggested that the
names of the candidates as deputies should be put in a bag, and
drawn out by a child blindfolded, for the law of chance seemed to
him better than the custom of deception.
Isabella’s acts of generosity are still quoted with admiration at the
royal palace of Madrid by those who served her as Queen.
Four hundred girls owed their marriage dots to Isabella, and it
was the fathers of these four hundred royally endowed brides who
treacherously worked for her expulsion.
One day, hearing the story of the penury of a clever man of
letters, Isabella commanded 20,000 francs to be sent to him. The
administrator of her finances, thinking the Queen could hardly know
how much money this sum represented, had twenty notes of 1,000
francs each changed into small money, and put out on a table by
which she had to pass.
“What is all this money for?” asked Isabella, when she saw it
spread out to view.
“It is the money for the man of letters, and this shows Your
Majesty how large is the sum of 20,000 francs.”
“So much the better,” was the prompt reply; and the courtier saw
it was not by proving the amount of the boon that he could check his
Sovereign in her generous actions.
A Court official at Madrid, who has been sixty years in office at
the palace, told me he often saw Isabella take off her bracelets, and
give them to the beggars who pressed upon her as she crossed the
courtyard of the royal domain.
“And who could help loving her?” said the old courtier, with tears
in his eyes; “I know I could not.”
Caught in the darkness of ignorance and intrigue, Isabella was
naturally enraged at the revolution. When her son Alfonso was
nearly made captive by the Carlists at Lucar, she said: “I would
rather my Alfonso be a prisoner of the Carlists than a captive of the
revolutionists.”
Isabella had a faithful friend in the Marquis of Grizalba, and he
said to Croze:[18]
“It is the loss of faith which causes our woes; the charm of death
has been destroyed with the hope of a hereafter. But Spain will die
like a gentleman.”
[18] The author of “La Vie intime d’Alfonse XIII.”
EMILIO CASTELAR
1873–1874