C1 Wordlist English

C1 Student’s Book Wordlist
UNIT 1
WORD PRONUNCIATION PART OF EXAMPLE SENTENCE
SPEECH
accomplishment /əˈkʌmplɪʃmənt/ noun Nursing gave him a sense of accomplishment.
acknowledge /əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/ verb She won’t acknowledge that there’s a problem.
adventure /ədˈventʃə(r)/ noun I decided I was ready for an adventure after college.
all-time /ˈɔːl taɪm/ adjective Unemployment is at an all-time high.
amp /æmp/ noun The strength of the flow of electricity is measured in amps.
anticlimax /ˌæntiˈklaɪmæks/ noun The day had proved something of an anticlimax and was rather
disappointing.
anti-social /ˌæntiˈsəʊʃ(ə)l/ adjective She’s quite anti-social and isn’t interested in meeting other people.
archaeologist /ˌɑː(r)kiˈɒlədʒɪst/ noun An archaeologist studies ancient societies by looking at tools, bones,
buildings, and other things from that time that have been found.
archipelago /ˌɑː(r)kɪˈpeləɡəʊ/ noun An archipelago is a large group of small islands that are close to each other,
such as the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean.
aspire /əˈspaɪə(r)/ verb Several film students on the course aspire to be documentary makers.
battle /ˈbæt(ə)l/ noun It was a battle trying to work out how to install the software, but we
eventually succeeded.
battle /ˈbæt(ə)l/ verb Many species of birds are battling extinction.
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be on (someone) /biː ˈɒn/ phrase My parents said I could have a party but that it was on me to organise it.
behind the scenes /bɪˈhaɪnd ðə ˌsiːnz/ phrase She used to be an actor but now she prefers to work behind the scenes as a
director.
cement /səˈment/ noun Cement becomes very hard when you mix it with sand and water. It is often
used in building work.
charter /ˈtʃɑː(r)tə(r)/ verb They chartered a yacht and sailed along the coast of Croatia.
conserve /kənˈsɜː(r)v/ verb International efforts to conserve forests will help control climate change.
cooperate /kəʊˈɒpəreɪt/ verb The group cooperated well together and created a fantastic presentation.
disadvantaged /ˌdɪsədˈvɑːntɪdʒd/ adjective Teenagers in that part of the country are often disadvantaged because
there are high levels of unemployment.
disagree /ˌdɪsəˈɡriː/ verb He strongly disagreed with what Anne had said.
disapproving /ˌdɪsəˈpruːvɪŋ/ adjective The woman gave the young children a disapproving look as they ran past
her shouting excitedly.
discouraged /dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒd/ adjective He sounded discouraged by the lack of progress in the talks.
distraction /dɪˈstrækʃ(ə)n/ noun We have work to do and it is essential that there are no distractions.
drain /dreɪn/ noun The drain’s blocked again. We need a plumber.
draw up /ˌdrɔː ˈʌp/ phrasal verb Guidelines have been drawn up for dealing with emergencies.
drawback /ˈdrɔːˌbæk/ noun The main drawback of the scheme is its cost.
elaborate /ɪˈlæbəreɪt/ verb Can you elaborate on your ideas and give us some more detail?
embark /ɪmˈbɑː(r)k/ verb They embarked on a voyage to the Caribbean.
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embrace /ɪmˈbreɪs/ verb Most countries have enthusiastically embraced the concept of high-speed
railways.
exploit /ˈeksplɔɪt/ noun Her amazing exploits include walking across Antarctica.
favourable /ˈfeɪv(ə)rəb(ə)l/ adjective The weather forecast for the weekend is looking favourable so let’s go for a
picnic somewhere.
feat /fiːt/ noun Running a marathon would be a remarkable feat for me.
flashback /ˈflæʃˌbæk/ noun Whenever I hear that song on the radio, I have flashbacks to our last year at
primary school.
frustrated /frʌˈstreɪtɪd/ adjective He gets so frustrated at not being able to do things for himself any more.
get in the zone /ˌɡet ɪn ðə ˈzəʊn/ phrase Listening to music while I’m studying helps me get in the zone.
get your head /ˌɡet jə(r) ˈhed əˌraʊnd/ phrase Have you got your head around your new job yet?
around (something)
get out there /ˌɡet ˈaʊt ˌðeə(r)/ phrase You need to get out there and experience the world!
get over /ˌɡet ˈəʊvə(r)/ phrasal verb There are many hurdles still to get over before the new restaurant can
open.
go for it /ˈɡəʊ ˌfə(r) ɪt/ phrase I think you will be great at that job. Go for it!
grit /ɡrɪt/ noun She’s very determined and has a lot of grit.
gritty /ˈɡrɪti/ adjective The book is a gritty account of surviving life in the jungle.
herd /hɜː(r)d/ noun We’re hoping to see a herd of elephants during our safari.
herder /ˈhɜː(r)də(r)/ noun Herders in Mongolia travel with their animals across the countryside,
staying in tents.
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(the) here and now /ˌhɪə(r) ən ˈnaʊ/ phrase It’s important to be able to live in the here and now, and not always focus
on the future.
heritage /ˈherɪtɪdʒ/ noun Ireland has a rich musical heritage going back hundreds of years.
high achiever /ˌhaɪ əˈtʃiːvə(r)/ noun Bob’s not what you would call one of life’s high achievers.
hurdle /ˈhɜː(r)d(ə)l/ noun Finding enough volunteers is the biggest hurdle we face.
hydrophone /ˈhʌɪdrəfəʊn/ noun A hydrophone is a device for listening to sounds underwater.
illegal /ɪˈliːɡ(ə)l/ adjective It is illegal for employers to discriminate on grounds of gender.
imply /ɪmˈplaɪ/ verb I didn’t mean to imply that you were interfering.
impractical /ɪmˈpræktɪk(ə)l/ adjective It would be impractical to train so many people in one session.
incredible /ɪnˈkredəb(ə)l/ adjective They all have incredible stories to tell.
inexperienced /ˌɪnɪkˈspɪəriənst/ adjective They are a promising but young and inexperienced team.
interactive /ˌɪntərˈæktɪv/ adjective A child’s development is an interactive process.
interpersonal /ˌɪntə(r)ˈpɜː(r)s(ə)nəl/ adjective The successful candidate should have strong interpersonal skills.
intrepid /ɪnˈtrepɪd/ adjective This intrepid explorer has been on many dangerous adventures.
invaluable /ɪnˈvæljuəb(ə)l/ adjective The Internet is an invaluable resource for students.
irrelevant /ɪˈreləvənt/ adjective It’s irrelevant how much experience you have. We are looking for
candidates with enthusiasm and a positive attitude.
isolated /ˈaɪsəˌleɪtɪd/ adjective There are many isolated mountain villages in that area of the country that
are hard to get to.
knockback /ˈnɒkˌbæk/ noun Successful people learn from knockbacks and don’t get discouraged.
legendary /ˈledʒ(ə)nd(ə)ri/ adjective The politeness of the British is legendary.
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let alone /ˌlet əˈləʊn/ phrase I hardly have time to think these days, let alone relax.
listed building /ˌlɪstɪd ˈbɪldɪŋ/ noun Listed buildings are important because of their history or design, and they
cannot be changed without permission.
livestock /ˈlaɪvˌstɒk/ noun The livestock on this farm is mainly cows and sheep.
misbehave /ˌmɪsbɪˈheɪv/ verb My mum was angry because my little sister had been misbehaving.
mislead /mɪsˈliːd/ verb ‘There was no intention to mislead the public,’ Katz told the newspaper.
non-cognitive /ˌnɒnˈkɒɡnətɪv/ adjective Examples of non-cognitive skills include interpersonal and social skills.
obstacle /ˈɒbstək(ə)l/ noun Tiredness was the biggest obstacle in the way of their attempt to rescue the
climbers.
on your own terms /ˌɒn jɔː(r) ˈəʊn ˌtɜrmz/ phrase I want to live life on my own terms and make my own decisions.
ordeal /ɔː(r)ˈdiːl/ noun They have suffered a terrible ordeal.
overpaid /ˌəʊvə(r)ˈpeɪd/ adjective Do you think footballers are overpaid?
oversleep /ˌəʊvə(r)ˈsliːp/ verb He overslept and missed the bus.
paraphrase /ˈpærəˌfreɪz/ verb She paraphrased the notice to make it easier for the children to understand.
persist /pə(r)ˈsɪst/ verb They are determined to persist with their campaign.
perseverance /ˌpɜː(r)sɪˈvɪərəns/ noun Excellent marks are a result of hard work and perseverance.
pinpoint /ˈpɪnˌpɔɪnt/ verb We’ve been unable to pinpoint the source of the problem.
plaster /ˈplɑːstə(r)/ verb Our dining room wall needs plastering – there’s a big hole in it!
porter /ˈpɔː(r)tə(r)/ noun The porter carried the tourist’s bags to the hotel room.
present a challenge /prɪˌzent ə ˈtʃæləndʒ/ phrase The weather conditions will undoubtedly present a challenge for the long-
distance runners.
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pump out /ˌpʌmp ˈaʊt/ phrasal verb They get paid too much for pumping out work like that.
pursue /pə(r)ˈsjuː/ verb She wants to pursue a career as a vet.
realise a dream /ˌrɪəlaɪz ə ˈdriːm/ phrase He finally realised his childhood dream of becoming a dancer.
reconsider /ˌriːkənˈsɪdə(r)/ verb His boss called to discuss his resignation and ask him to reconsider.
rediscover /ˌriːdɪˈskʌvə(r)/ verb She was in her sixties when she rediscovered her love of painting.
renovation /ˌrenəˈveɪʃ(ə)n/ noun The building underwent a complete renovation in 2019.
resident /ˈrezɪd(ə)nt/ adjective She’s got a job as a resident pianist at a luxury hotel.
self-sufficient /ˌself səˈfɪʃnt/ adjective We’ve started growing our own vegetables because we want to become
more self-sufficient.
set foot on /ˌset ˈfʊt ɒn/ phrase It was the first time I had set foot on French soil.
somewhat /ˈsʌmwɒt/ adverb The situation has improved somewhat during the past year.
spark /spɑː(r)k/ verb Their growing reputation had sparked interest from other film-makers.
struggle /ˈstrʌɡ(ə)l/ noun Languages were always a struggle for him – they didn’t come naturally.
subconscious /ˌsʌbˈkɒnʃəs/ noun/adjective Your dislike of water is perhaps due to a subconscious fear of drowning.
subzero /ˌsʌbˈzɪərəʊ/ adjective In winter, the temperature regularly goes subzero.
supersonic /ˌsuːpə(r)ˈsɒnɪk/ adjective That loud boom you heard was caused by a supersonic jet.
superstore /ˈsuːpə(r)ˌstɔː(r)/ noun They’re building a large superstore on the edge of town.
temp /temp/ noun Last summer I got a job as a temp in an office.
thrive /θraɪv/ verb Children thrive when given plenty of love and attention.
track /træk/ verb I tracked him as far as the factory but then lost him.
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trial /ˈtraɪəl/ noun She writes about the trials of life on the American frontier.
trigger /ˈtrɪɡə(r)/ verb You find that strangely familiar smells trigger memories of childhood.
turning point /ˈtɜːnɪŋ ˌpɔɪnt/ noun 2016 marked a turning point in her professional and personal life.
unable /ʌnˈeɪb(ə)l/ adjective Some of the children were unable to read or write well despite the fact they
had been studying for many years.
unavailable /ˌʌnəˈveɪləb(ə)l/ adjective Irving and Wallace are both unavailable for next week’s match.
uncomfortable /ʌnˈkʌmftəb(ə)l/ adjective My back hurt because I had been sitting in a very uncomfortable position
and on a horrible chair.
undeniably /ˌʌndɪˈnaɪəb(ə)li/ adverb He is undeniably a very talented artist.
underestimate /ˌʌndərˈestɪˌmeɪt/ verb The importance of a good diet should not be underestimated.
uninhabited /ˌʌnɪnˈhæbɪtɪd/ adjective That island has been uninhabited for about 50 years. The last residents left
in the early 1970s.
underrated /ˌʌndəˈreɪtɪd/ adjective She is one of the league’s most underrated players.
unreliable /ˌʌnrɪˈlaɪəb(ə)l/ adjective This car is unreliable in wet weather.
unthinkable /ʌnˈθɪŋkəb(ə)l/ adjective An agreement between the two countries was unthinkable under those
circumstances.
upkeep /ˈʌpˌkiːp/ noun Homeowners are responsible for the maintenance and upkeep of the
property.
vacancy /ˈveɪkənsi/ noun We have several vacancies to fill in the Sales Department.
volt /vəʊlt/ noun A volt is the unit for measuring the power of an electric current.
warden /ˈwɔː(r)d(ə)n/ noun The warden is responsible for looking after the park and makes sure that
the rules are obeyed.
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wardrobe /ˈwɔː(r)drəʊb/ noun The theatre’s wardrobe department has won many awards for its amazing
costumes.
UNIT 2
SPEECH
a passing trend /ə ˌpɑːsɪŋ ˈtrend/ noun It won’t last for long. It’s only a passing trend.
adversely /ˈædvɜː(r)sli/ adverb Many people will be adversely affected by the rise in the cost of electricity.
affluent /ˈæfluːənt/ adjective This is a very affluent area of Edinburgh. The houses here cost millions.
all the rage /ˌɔːl ðə ˈreɪdʒ/ adjective Internet shopping is now all the rage.
allocate /ˈæləkeɪt/ verb We allocate each student a personal tutor.
almond /ˈɑːmənd/ noun I’m afraid I can’t have any of that almond cake. I’m allergic to nuts.
aviation /ˌeɪviˈeɪʃ(ə)n/ noun The aviation industry is taking steps to reduce its carbon footprint.
avid /ˈævɪd/ adjective She’s an avid reader of science fiction novels.
avocado /ˌævəˈkɑːdəʊ/ noun I love avocado, especially guacamole.
(back) in fashion /ˌbæk ɪn ˈfæʃ(ə)n/ adjective I can’t believe those enormous glasses are back in fashion again.
backlash /ˈbækˌlæʃ/ noun The government feared a backlash against the new laws.
beautify /ˈbjuːtɪˌfaɪ/ verb She likes to spend time beautifying her home.
buck the trend /ˌbʌk ðə ˈtrend/ phrase Scottish industry bucked the UK trend with a 5% rise in exports.
buy into /ˌbaɪ ˈɪntuː/ phrasal verb You don’t buy into all this nonsense, do you?
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bygone /ˈbaɪɡɒn/ adjective These photos belong to a bygone age.
carnivore /ˈkɑː(r)nɪvɔː(r)/ noun Animals that eat other animals are called carnivores.
catch on /ˌkætʃ ˈɒn/ phrasal verb Sports drinks have caught on as consumers have become more health-
conscious.
catwalk /ˈkætˌwɔːk/ noun Denim once again made an appearance on the catwalks in the spring and
summer collections.
cease /siːs/ verb The rain had almost ceased by the time we left.
come and go /ˌkʌm ən ˈɡəʊ/ phrase Over the centuries we have seen many civilisations come and go.
conform /kənˈfɔː(r)m/ verb She has a very unique style and doesn’t like conforming to what is in
fashion.
consign /kənˈsaɪn/ verb He consigned his work suits to the back of the wardrobe.
consult /kənˈsʌlt/ verb Before going on a diet, it is advisable to consult your doctor.
contact lens /ˈkɒntækt lenz/ noun I don’t like wearing glasses, so I wear contact lenses instead.
counterculture /ˈkaʊntə(r)ˌkʌltʃə(r)/ noun Many people embraced the hippy counterculture of the 1960s.
courier /ˈkʊriə(r)/ noun I need to stay at home this morning as a courier is delivering a parcel.
crochet /ˈkrəʊʃeɪ/ verb I’d like to learn how to knit or crochet and make my own clothes.
culprit /ˈkʌlprɪt/ noun The workload is bigger than ever, and technology seems to be the main
culprit.
cultural /ˌkʌltʃ(ə)rəl fəˈnɒmɪnən/ noun Do you remember when the Ice Bucket Challenge became a cultural
phenomenon phenomenon and everyone was doing it?
cyborg /ˈsaɪˌbɔː(r)ɡ/ noun The science fiction film is full of terrifying cyborgs form the future.
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cyclical /ˈsɪklɪk(ə)l/ adjective The cyclical nature of fashion means certain fashions will always repeat
themselves.
dangle /ˈdæŋɡ(ə)l/ verb A single light bulb dangled from the ceiling.
discard /dɪsˈkɑː(r)d/ verb Remove the seeds from the melon and discard them.
disposable /dɪˈspəʊzəb(ə)l/ adjective I don’t think we should get those disposable plates for the party. They’re
not environmentally friendly and will just get thrown away afterwards.
disposable income /dɪˌspəʊzəb(ə)l ˈɪnkʌm/ noun My brother and his wife both earn good salaries, so they have a lot of
disposable income to spend on new clothes and gadgets.
dispose of /dɪˈspəʊz ˌəv/ phrasal verb Please dispose of your litter thoughtfully.
drive /draɪv/ verb The coach really drives his team hard to get good results, and they do!
dump /dʌmp/ verb She dumped her bags on the floor and flopped onto the bed.
dungarees /ˌdʌŋɡəˈriːz/ noun He wore a plain white t-shirt under a pair of denim dungarees.
embroidery /ɪmˈbrɔɪdəri/ noun My aunt is amazing at embroidery. She made me a beautiful cushion with
flowers on it.
endorse /ɪnˈdɔː(r)s/ verb The footballer endorses a range of sports clothing.
endorsement /ɪnˈdɔː(r)smənt/ noun Celebrity endorsements are often used to promote a product.
ensure /ɪnˈʃɔː(r)/ verb Our new system ensures that everyone gets paid on time.
excessive /ɪkˈsesɪv/ adjective Crops were destroyed by the excessive rainfall last August.
expiry date /ɪkˈspaɪəri ˌdeɪt/ noun We need the expiry date on your credit card.
fabric /ˈfæbrɪk/ noun She made her own dress out of some patterned fabric.
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fad /fæd/ noun I think those hats everyone is wearing are just a fad. No one will be wearing
them next year.
fascination /ˌfæsɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n/ noun He had a childish fascination for historical battles and revolutions.
fashion-conscious /ˈfæʃ(ə)n kɒnʃəs/ adjective He’s very fashion-conscious and likes to wear all the latest fashions.
fashion-forward /fæʃ(ə)nˈfɔː(r)wə(r)d/ adjective My sister and her friends are very fashion-forward and always know about
the latest styles.
fast fashion /ˌfɑːst ˈfæʃ(ə)n/ noun Fast fashion is a term that refers to the manufacture of cheap, mass-
produced clothes that people don’t have for a long time.
faux pas /ˌfəʊ ˈpɑː/ noun Have you ever committed a fashion faux pas by wearing socks with sandals?
floral /ˈflɔːrəl/ adjective She wore a pretty floral dress.
franchise /ˈfræntʃaɪz/ noun We went to see the latest movie from that franchise about driving fast cars,
but it was very disappointing.
garments /ˈɡɑː(r)mənts/ noun They have a new range of outer garments for winter hiking
go against the norm /ɡəʊ əˌɡenst ðə ˈnɔː(r)m/ phrase This new phone goes against the norm – it doesn’t have a camera!
go out of style /ɡəʊ ˌaʊt ɒv ˈstaɪl/ phrase Jeans will never go out of style – people will always wear them.
go-to /ˈɡəʊ ˌtuː/ adjective My black dress is my go-to outfit for parties.
goatee /ˌɡəʊˈ ː/ noun I wish my dad would shave off his goatee. He looks ridiculous!
grooming /ˈɡruːmɪŋ/ noun There are so many products available for personal grooming these days.
groundbreaking /ˈɡraʊn(d)ˌbreɪkɪŋ/ adjective This groundbreaking study of plant diversity has discovered several new
species.
hashtag /ˈhæʃˌtæɡ/ noun Do you use hashtags in your social media posts?
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highly-rated /ˌhaɪli ˈreɪtɪd/ adjective This new restaurant is highly rated. It’s had some very good reviews.
hippy /ˈhɪpi/ noun I think my grandma used to be a hippy. I’ve seen a photo of her wearing tie-
dye and flowers in her hair.
humble /ˈhʌmb(ə)l/ adjective They lived in a humble two-roomed flat, but they were happy.
hyper- /haɪpə(r)/ prefix He’s hypersensitive and gets offended very easily.
iconic /aɪˈkɒnɪk/ adjective His photographs have become iconic images of that period in history.
in pursuit of /ˌɪn pə(r)ˈsjuːt ɒv/ phrase He is very determined in the pursuit of his goals.
in the know /ˌɪn ðə ˈnəʊ/ adjective Those in the know say that beards are no longer going to be fashionable
next year.
in the spotlight /ˌɪn ðə ˈspɒtlaɪt/ phrase They’re in the media spotlight both nationally and internationally.
in vogue /ɪn ˈvəʊɡ/ adjective Platform shoes are back in vogue. Lots of celebrities are wearing them.
incentivise /ɪnˈsentɪvaɪz/ verb The council are trying to incentivise people to shop on the high street by
offering free parking at the weekend.
increasingly /ɪnˈkriːsɪŋli/ adverb Her job has become increasingly difficult.
initiative /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/ noun A number of initiatives have been introduced in order to tackle the problem
of child poverty.
ironic /aɪˈrɒnɪk/ adjective It’s ironic that she became a swimming champion when she used to be
afraid of water.
irreversible /ˌɪrɪˈvɜː(r)səb(ə)l/ adjective The damage to the environment is likely to be irreversible.
jeopardy /ˈdʒepə(r)di/ noun The crisis put thousands of jobs in jeopardy.
keep up with the /kiːp ˌʌp wɪð ðə ˌleɪtɪst phrase It’s important for social media influencers to keep up with the latest
latest fashions ˈfæʃ(ə)nz/ fashions.
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kick off /ˌkɪk ˈɒf/ phrasal verb We are kicking off our event calendar with an evening social.
labour /ˈleɪbə(r)/ noun The demand for skilled labour in the building industry is high.
landfill /ˈlæn(d)ˌfɪl/ noun Too much clothing ends up in landfill rather than being recycled.
light sabre /ˈlaɪt ˌseɪbə(r)/ noun The light sabre is an iconic image from the Star Wars movies.
make a comeback /ˌmeɪk ə ˈkʌmbæk/ phrase Seventies styles have been making a comeback.
make a fashion /ˌmeɪk ə ˈfæʃ(ə)n phrase She often likes to make a fashion statement by wearing outrageous clothes.
statement ˌsteɪtmənt/
manufacture /ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃə(r)/ verb The firm manufactures women’s clothing.
mimic /ˈmɪmɪk/ verb The fashion designer wasn’t happy that some shops had been mimicking his
designs and selling them so cheaply.
must-have /ˈmʌst hæv/ noun Here is a list of this year’s fashion must-haves.
next-to-nothing /ˌnekst tə ˈnʌθɪŋ/ phrase These jeans cost next-to-nothing. I don’t know how they make them so
cheaply.
on the radar /ˌɒn ðə ˈreɪdɑː(r)/ adjective Have influencers promote your product if you want it to be on the radar of
young people.
on trend /ˌɒn ˈtrend/ adjective This bag is very on trend this season.
opt /ɒpt/ verb Many people are now opting to buy fewer clothes.
outdated /ˌaʊtˈdeɪtɪd/ adjective The office computer system is hopelessly outdated.
outweigh /ˌaʊtˈweɪ/ verb The possible benefits outweigh the risks involved.
painstakingly /ˈpeɪnzteɪkɪŋli/ adverb He painstakingly decorated about thirty small cakes for the party.
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panel /ˈpæn(ə)l/ noun I listened to an interesting podcast where a panel discussed the pros and
cons of lowering the voting age.
peer pressure /ˈpɪə preʃə(r)/ noun Peer pressure is the influence that other people of your own age or social
class have on the way you behave or dress.
penalise /ˈpiːnəlaɪz/ verb Women should not be penalised financially for looking after their children.
plummet /ˈplʌmɪt/ verb The president’s popularity has plummeted since she was elected.
polarise /ˈpəʊləraɪz/ verb The issue has polarised the entire community.
proposal /prəˈpəʊz(ə)l/ noun Proposals for a new constitution are under discussion.
purchase /ˈpɜː(r)tʃəs/ verb She purchased some new equipment for her business.
raise your profile /ˌreɪz jə(r) ˈprəʊfaɪl/ phrase Posting regularly on social media is a good way to raise your profile.
rating /ˈreɪtɪŋ/ noun The university consistently receives a high rating for the quality of its
research.
relic /ˈrelɪk/ noun My dad’s phone looks like a relic from the 1990s.
require /rɪˈkwaɪə(r)/ verb Working with these children requires a great deal of patience.
revisit /ˌriːˈvɪzɪt/ verb I think that’s a subject which will have to be revisited.
revolutionise /ˌrevəˈluːʃəˌnaɪz/ verb This will revolutionise the way we work.
ridicule /ˈrɪdɪˌkjuːl/ verb Oliver felt he was being ridiculed by the students.
screen print /ˈskriːnˌprɪnt/ noun Screen prints are made by forcing ink through a cloth net onto paper in
order to print a picture or design.
seduce /sɪˈdjuːs/ verb Seduced by the prospect of bigger profits, the company expanded too
rapidly.
14
seemingly /ˈsiːmɪŋli/ adverb Heidi was seemingly calm when she left to take the test, but in reality she
was very anxious.
self-esteem /ˌself ɪˈs ːm/ noun Constantly comparing yourself to other people is not good for your self-
esteem.
shallow /ˈʃæləʊ/ adjective I think he’s quite a shallow person. He only seems to care about his looks.
slang /slæŋ/ noun In some areas ‘scran’ is a slang word for food.
staple /ˈsteɪp(ə)l/ noun The black dress was an enduring staple of Diana’s wardrobe.
start a new trend /ˌstɑː(r)t ə njuː ˈtrend/ phrase The popstar started a new trend for tying hair up in a high ponytail.
stubble /ˈstʌb(ə)l/ noun My brother thinks his stubble looks trendy but I wish he would shave it all
off.
subject to /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt tuː/ phrase All train times are subject to change in bad weather conditions.
sustainable /səˈsteɪnəb(ə)l/ adjective We work with our farmers to promote sustainable agriculture.
the next big thing /ðə ˌnekst bɪɡ ˈθɪŋ/ noun Some fashion bloggers are predicting that baggy trousers are going to be
the next big thing.
tie-dye /ˌtaɪ ˈdaɪ/ noun I’m going to have a go at tie-dye. I’d love to make myself a very colourful t-
shirt.
time-consuming /ˈtaɪm kənsjuːmɪŋ/ adjective I wish there were a quicker way of doing the ironing. It’s so time-
consuming.
tip-toe /ˈtɪpˌtəʊ/ verb We tip-toed down the stairs so that they wouldn’t hear us leave.
trendsetter /ˈtrendˌsetə(r)/ noun He’s such a trendsetter – lots of people copy his style.
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UNIT 3
SPEECH
add up /ˌæd ˈʌp/ phrasal verb There’s something about his explanation that just doesn’t add up.
air /eə(r)/ verb The TV show was first aired in 2001.
alienate /ˈeɪliəneɪt/ verb Would they dare risk alienating public opinion?
analytical /ˌænəˈlɪtɪk(ə)l/ adjective I think you would be good at that job because you have a very analytical
mind.
applicant /ˈæplɪkənt/ noun Successful applicants will be notified by telephone.
artefact /ˈɑː(r)tɪˌfækt/ noun This museum has an amazing collection of ancient Roman artefacts.
as opposed to /ˌæz əˈpəʊzd tuː/ phrase The cost of these planes is £3 million, as opposed to the £2 million charged
by their competitors.
authentic /ɔːˈθentɪk/ adjective The film provides an authentic insight into working-class boyhood.
biodiversity /ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜː(r)səti/ noun The island is characterised by high biodiversity. There are many different
species of plants and animals there.
brooch /brəʊtʃ/ noun She wore a diamond brooch on her jacket.
burial /ˈberiəl/ noun The archaeologists found several skeletons in the ancient burial ground.
call for /ˈkɔːl fə(r)/ phrasal verb Several of the newspapers were calling for his resignation.
campaigner /ˌkæmˈpeɪnə(r)/ noun Campaigners against the new road have organised a public meeting.
carry out /ˌkæri ˈaʊt/ phrasal verb Scientists are carrying out research into the vaccine.
16
CGI /ˌsiː dʒiː ˈaɪ/ noun Computer-generated imagery, or CGI, is widely used in the film industry.
collective /kəˈlektɪv/ adjective They share a collective responsibility for improving standards in education.
come about /ˌkʌm əˈbaʊt/ phrasal verb The increase in production has come about through the use of technology.
consciousness /ˈkɒnʃəsnəs/ noun The need to tackle the problem of climate change is now very much in the
public consciousness.
contemporary /kənˈtemp(ə)r(ə)ri/ noun Most of his contemporaries regard him as a very talented songwriter.
coronation /ˌkɒrəˈneɪʃ(ə)n/ noun The new king will be crowned at the coronation ceremony next week.
count on /ˈkaʊnt ɒn/ phrasal verb You can always count on him for good advice.
cover up /ˌkʌvə(r) ˈʌp/ phrasal verb He got his powerful friends to cover up for him.
cutting-edge /ˌkʌtɪŋ ˈedʒ/ adjective The company is investing a lot of money into new cutting-edge technology.
cynical /ˈsɪnɪk(ə)l/ adjective I know that some of you are very cynical about the proposals.
dawn on /ˈdɔːn ɒn/ phrasal verb It was several months before the truth finally dawned on me
deduce /dɪˈdjuːs/ verb Finding fossils far inland, he deduced that the area had once been covered
by water.
deterioration /dɪˌtɪəriəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/ noun Bad weather has contributed to the deterioration of the roads.
dig /dɪɡ/ noun It was the archaeologist’s first dig, and she was both nervous and excited.
discrimination /dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n/ noun The new law will make discrimination in employment, housing, and
education illegal.
dissertation /ˌdɪsə(r)ˈteɪʃ(ə)n/ noun Jack is currently writing a dissertation on 19th century Russian literature.
draw a blank /ˌdrɔː ə ˈblæŋk/ phrase I tried to remember her name, but my mind drew a blank.
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drought /draʊt/ noun The region is experiencing a severe drought. There has been very little
rainfall for months.
encrusted /ɪnˈkrʌstɪd/ adjective Amongst the items being exhibited at the gallery was a very expensive
jewel-encrusted box.
endeavour /ɪnˈdevə(r)/ noun The business was built up largely through the endeavours of his mother.
engaged /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒd/ adjective Her team felt engaged in their work because they knew it was of great
importance.
endeavour /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒɪŋ/ adjective It’s a very engaging film that should hold people’s interest.
erosion /ɪˈrəʊʒ(ə)n/ noun Erosion of beaches has resulted in less space for the turtles.
erupt /ɪˈrʌpt/ verb The volcano hasn’t erupted for many years.
excavate /ˈekskəveɪt/ verb The team has been excavating the ancient site for many weeks.
excavation /ˌekskəˈveɪʃ(ə)n/ noun The excavation of the ruins is a long and slow process.
extinct /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/ adjective The Tasmanian tiger was declared extinct in 1936.
fascinate /ˈfæsɪneɪt/ verb It’s a subject that has always fascinated me.
first-hand /ˌfɜː(r)stˈhænd/ adverb He wants to see firsthand how the policies are affecting people.
fondness /ˈfɒndnəs/ noun He has a fondness for fast cars.
fossil /ˈfɒs(ə)l/ noun You can often find many fossils of shellfish along that stretch of the coast.
fossilised /ˈfɒsəlaɪzd/ adjective The fossilised remains of a huge dinosaur were found by a seven-year-old
girl playing on the beach.
foundations /faʊnˈdeɪʃ(ə)nz/ noun plural How long will it take to finish digging the foundations?
fragment /ˈfræɡmənt/ noun The archaeologists found several fragments from an ancient Roman vase.
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fundamental /ˌfʌndəˈment(ə)l/ adjective We shall have to make some fundamental changes in the way we do
business.
genuine /ˈdʒenjuɪn/ adjective It was a genuine mistake and we ought to forgive him.
get away with /ˌɡet əˈweɪ wɪð/ phrasal verb How can he get away with speaking to her like that?
get on with /ˌɡet ˈɒn wɪð/ phrasal verb We must get on with tackling these long-standing issues.
given that /ˈɡɪv(ə)n ðət/ phrase Given that she’s never seemed interested in dancing before, it’s surprising
that she’s started going to a dance class.
go around /ˌɡəʊ əˈraʊnd/ phrasal verb Why do you always go around without any shoes on?
go over /ˌɡəʊ ˈəʊvə(r)/ phrasal verb Sue’s going to help me go over my lines for the play.
gullible /ˈɡʌləb(ə)l/ adjective He’s so gullible – he’ll believe anything that people tell him.
gut /ɡʌt/ noun It takes several hours for food to pass through the gut.
hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/ noun Our findings support the hypothesis that these patients are at increased risk
of heart disease.
implication /ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ noun Some people believe that genetically modified crops will have serious
implications for the environment.
impression /ɪmˈpreʃ(ə)n/ noun It was possible to make out the faint impression of a fossil on the rock.
in awe of /ɪn ˈɔː ɒv/ phrase They were in awe of their hero and couldn’t stop staring at him.
innovation /ˌɪnəʊˈveɪʃ(ə)n/ noun Some of the latest innovations in technology will undoubtedly transform
the way we live.
insight /ˈɪnsaɪt/ noun The research should provide valuable insight into the nature of this complex
organisation.
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internship /ˈɪntɜː(r)nˌʃɪp/ noun Many students look for unpaid internships in order to gain some work
experience.
lay the foundations /ˌleɪ ðə faʊnˈdeɪʃ(ə)nz/ phrase We’re busy laying the foundations for another campaign.
legacy /ˈleɡəsi/ noun Perhaps her most important legacy was her programme of educational
reform.
life form /ˈlaɪf fɔː(r)m/ noun Do you think there may be other live forms in the universe?
make off with /ˌmeɪk ˈɒf wɪð/ phrasal verb The thieves made off with our television and my brother’s laptop.
make up /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ phrasal verb They made up a little poem and wrote it in the card.
mosaic /məʊˈzeɪɪk/ noun The mosaic floor of the Roman villa was in almost perfect condition.
mound /maʊnd/ noun There are several ancient burial mounds in this area, some of which you can
see from the road.
naïve /naɪˈiːv/ adjective He’s already 18 but he’s still quite naïve.
nominate /ˈnɒmɪneɪt/ verb Anyone can nominate a team for an award.
notable /ˈnəʊtəb(ə)l/ adjective He was a notable figure in the history of nineteenth-century Africa.
noteworthy /ˈnəʊtˌwɜː(r)ði/ adjective The actor gave a noteworthy performance.
palaeontologist /ˌpeɪliɒnˈtɒlədʒɪst/ noun A palaeontologist studies the history of the Earth using fossils.
pelvis /ˈpelvɪs/ noun The pelvis is the set of bones that support the lower part of your back and
are connected to the bones of your legs.
period drama /ˈpɪəriəd ˌdrɑːmə/ noun This hugely successful period drama is set in the early 20th century and
follows the lives of an aristocratic family and their servants.
piece together /ˌpiːs təˈɡeðə(r)/ phrasal verb The rugs are constructed by piecing together different coloured strips.
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plague /pleɪɡ/ noun The plague killed thousands of people in England in the 17th century.
plaster /ˈplɑːstə(r)/ noun The plaster is starting to crack on the ceiling of our living room.
portray /pɔː(r)ˈtreɪ/ verb He is a director with a talent for convincingly portraying human emotion.
propel /prəˈpel/ verb The film’s success propelled him to stardom.
prune /pruːn/ verb We’ll need to prune back the branches this year.
put up with /ˌpʊt ˈʌp wɪð/ phrasal verb I will not put up with your bad behaviour any longer!
read up on /ˌriːd ˈʌp ɒn/ phrasal verb I need to read up on my British history.
recite /rɪˈsaɪt/ verb He recited his poem in front of the whole school.
reconstruction /ˌriːkənˈstrʌkʃ(ə)n/ noun The digital reconstruction of the Mayan temple looked very realistic.
recur /rɪˈkɜː(r)/ verb The idea recurs throughout the text.
redundant /rɪˈdʌndənt/ adjective Computers have made our paper records redundant.
re-enactment /ˌriː ɪˈnæktmənt/ noun My cousin loves taking part in battle re-enactments at the weekend.
reformer /rɪˈfɔː(r)mə(r)/ noun She will be remembered in history as a great social reformer who improved
the lives of many people.
regardless of /rɪˈɡɑː(r)dləs əv/ phrase We will continue the race, regardless of the weather.
relatable /rɪˈleɪtəbl/ adjective Teenagers find this show about the lives of a group of high school students
very relatable.
reliable /rɪˈlaɪəb(ə)l/ adjective How reliable are these statistics?
renowned /rɪˈnaʊnd/ adjective The programme includes a performance by the world-renowned Berlin
Philharmonic Orchestra.
reveal /rɪˈviːl/ verb The wallet-sized system opens to reveal a keyboard and screen.
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revelation /ˌrevəˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ noun His piano-playing was a revelation. We had no idea he was so talented.
rewarding /rɪˈwɔː(r)dɪŋ/ adjective Do you find your work rewarding?
sauropod /ˈsɔːrəpɒd/ noun Sauropods were large plant-eating dinosaurs and had long necks and tails.
sceptical /ˈskeptɪk(ə)l/ adjective I’m very sceptical about the results of the survey. I don’t think they can be
very accurate.
see off /ˌsiː ˈɒf/ phrasal verb Anne saw Terry off at the station.
set out /ˌset ˈaʊt/ phrasal verb They set out to build their own house but they didn’t realise how stressful it
would be.
shift /ʃɪft/ verb The government has shifted its attention away from the fight against crime.
shorthand /ˈʃɔː(r)tˌhænd/ noun Jason wrote his notes in shorthand for speed.
shoulder blade /ˈʃəʊldə(r) bleɪd/ noun I’ve got a pain in my left shoulder blade and I’m finding it difficult to lift my
arm.
snake /sneɪk/ verb The path snakes through the trees and up the hill.
soundscape /ˈsaʊndˌskeɪp/ noun The soundscape brought the reconstruction of the medieval market to life.
stick at /ˈstɪk æt/ phrasal verb Just stick at it and I’m sure it’ll get easier.
suspend /səˈspend/ verb A huge light was suspended above the table.
take up /ˌteɪk ˈʌp/ phrasal verb The new head teacher will take up her post in May.
thought-provoking /ˈθɔːt prəˌvəʊkɪŋ/ adjective I thought it was a very thought-provoking documentary that raised many
questions.
trustworthy /ˈtrʌs(t)ˌwɜː(r)ði/ adjective Is he a trustworthy person? Can he keep a secret?
turbulent /ˈtɜː(r)bjʊlənt/ adjective That country has had a turbulent and sometimes violent history.
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unfailingly /ʌnˈfeɪlɪŋli/ adverb Staff were unfailingly friendly and helpful. The service was excellent.
unparalleled /ʌnˈpærəleld/ adjective He has an unparalleled knowledge of local history. No one knows more than
him.
vegetation /ˌvedʒəˈteɪʃ(ə)n/ noun The forest floor is covered in thick vegetation.
well-being /ˈwel biːɪŋ/ noun Laughter is taken as a sign of well-being.
widespread /ˈwaɪdˌspred/ adjective The project has received widespread public support.
UNIT 4
SPEECH
academic /ˌækəˈdemɪk/ adjective The college offers both academic and professional qualifications.
accessible /əkˈsesəb(ə)l/ adjective The city is easily accessible by road, rail, or air.
achievement /əˈtʃiːvmənt/ noun They are holding a party to celebrate the achievement of their first year’s
goals.
advantageous /ˌædvənˈteɪdʒəs/ adjective Researchers may find it advantageous to talk to experts in the field.
ambitious /æmˈbɪʃəs/ adjective She is an ambitious young lawyer. I’m sure she will have a very successful
career.
anxiety /æŋˈzaɪəti/ noun His anxiety can sometimes stop him from leaving the house.
believable /bɪˈliːvəb(ə)l/ adjective The leading character wasn’t very believable – he’s a terrible actor
bleak /bliːk/ adjective Unfortunately, things look very bleak for the future of the team.
breathless /ˈbreθləs/ adjective She was breathless after running up the stairs.
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browse /braʊz/ verb I’ve been browsing the Internet most of the evening.
cargo /ˈkɑː(r)ɡəʊ/ noun The ship and all its cargo sank.
clash with /ˈklæʃ wɪð/ phrase Morgan clashed with editors over whether to publish the story.
classify /ˈklæsɪfaɪ/ verb These cows are now classified as a rare breed.
collaborate /kəˈlæbəreɪt/ verb He still denies collaborating with the enemy.
collaborative /kəˈlæb(ə)rətɪv/ adjective This is a collaborative task so you will need to work in a small group.
collapse /kəˈlæps/ verb After the big storm, there was chaos everywhere and society was in danger
of collapsing.
come down to /ˌkʌm ˈdaʊn tuː/ phrasal verb In the end, it all comes down to who wants the job the most.
commentator /ˈkɒmənˌteɪtə(r)/ noun She’s a political commentator who regularly appears on the radio.
commercial /kəˈmɜː(r)ʃ(ə)l/ adjective This property is suitable for domestic or commercial use.
comprehensible /ˌkɒmprɪˈhensəb(ə)l/ adjective This is a clear and comprehensible document.
condemn /kənˈdem/ verb She was widely condemned for his behaviour after the match.
confidentiality /ˌkɒnfɪdenʃiˈæləti/ noun All personal information will be treated with complete confidentiality.
conform to /kənˈfɔː(r)m/ phrase He doesn’t like conforming to the rules.
contradict /ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkt/ verb Her account of the accident contradicts that of the other driver.
contradictory /ˌkɒntrəˈdɪkt(ə)ri/ adjective Their statements were contradictory, and we didn’t know who to believe.
convey /kənˈveɪ/ verb Music can convey different moods.
cookies /ˈkʊkiz/ noun plural Did you accept cookies when you visited that website?
crowd /kraʊd/ verb Hundreds of people crowded the streets.
24
cybercriminal /ˈsaɪbə(r)ˌkrɪmɪn(ə)l/ noun It can be difficult to catch cybercriminals because the Internet makes it
easier to do things anonymously.
defy /dɪˈfaɪ/ verb In the novel, a small group of rebels defy the president’s new laws and urge
others to do the same.
digital footprint /ˌdɪdʒɪt(ə)l ˈfʊtprɪnt/ noun Every time you go online, you leave a digital footprint.
disable /dɪsˈeɪb(ə)l/ verb Try disabling cookies if you don’t want your movements to be tracked
online.
discriminatory /dɪˈskrɪmɪnət(ə)ri/ adjective This policy is discriminatory against people with disabilities.
doom and gloom /ˌduːm ən ˈɡluːm/ phrase Despite all the doom and gloom about the economy, there are some signs
of recovery.
draw on /ˈdrɔː ˌɒn/ phrasal verb The online course I took was hard, and I had to draw on all my strength and
determination to finish it.
dystopian /dɪsˈtəʊpiən/ adjective The novel is set in an unrecognisable and dystopian future.
eagerness /ˈiːɡənəs/ noun Sam fell over in his eagerness to reach the telephone.
economic /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/ or adjective Economic growth is slowing down and there are fewer jobs.
/ˌekəˈnɒmɪk/
effective /ɪˈfektɪv/ adjective Humour is often far more effective than shouting.
environmental /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈment(ə)l/ adjective The environmental impact of fast fashion on the planet is huge.
eventful /ɪˈventf(ə)l/ adjective I’ve had an eventful morning. First, our car wouldn’t start so I had to catch a
bus but then the bus broke down!
evolve /ɪˈvɒlv/ verb Computer software continues to evolve in response to users’ needs.
explicitly /ɪkˈsplɪsɪtli/ adverb The text explicitly states that Edwin was killed in the battle.
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facilitate /fəˈsɪləteɪt/ verb We aim to facilitate constructive and positive dialogue between the groups
through mediation.
familiarise /fəˈmɪliəraɪz/ verb I need to familiarise myself with the subject first.
fearless /ˈfɪə(r)ləs/ adjective She was a fearless competitor who always pushed herself hard.
feasible /ˈfiːzəb(ə)l/ adjective There seems to be only one feasible solution.
fret /fret/ verb There’s no point in fretting about things you can’t change.
glimmer /ə ˌɡlɪmə(r) əv ˈhəʊp/ phrase The transplant offers the patient a new glimmer of hope.
gripping /ˈɡrɪpɪŋ/ adjective The film was gripping from start to end – I couldn’t stop watching!
habitat /ˈhæbɪtæt/ noun This is a rare bird that is in danger of losing its natural habitat.
harmless /ˈhɑː(r)mləs/ adjective You can hold this spider – it’s harmless.
identity theft /aɪˈdentəti θeft/ noun He was a victim of identity theft and had all his personal details stolen.
in the face of /ˌɪn ðə ˈfeɪs əv/ phrase They won in the face of stiff competition from all over the country.
(something)
infectious /ɪnˈfekʃəs/ adjective This disease is highly infectious and spreads quickly.
influential /ˌɪnfluˈenʃ(ə)l/ adjective He is one of the most influential figures in the government.
intelligence /ɪnˈtelɪdʒ(ə)ns/ noun Someone of your age is expected to show more intelligence than a child.
introductory /ˌɪntrəˈdʌkt(ə)ri/ adjective Beginners will start with two introductory lessons.
invariably /ɪnˈveəriəbli/ adverb Because he had to take his children to school, Ed was invariably late.
invasive /ɪnˈveɪsɪv/ adjective This type of plant is very invasive and will take over your garden.
law and order /ˌlɔː ən ˈɔːdə(r)/ phrase When law and order breaks down, there is chaos.
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likelihood /ˈlaɪklihʊd/ noun There’s a strong likelihood that he will run for president next year.
make a name for /ˌmeɪk ə ˈneɪm fə(r) phrase He’s made a name for himself as a very talented author.
yourself jə(r)ˌself/
make it /ˈmeɪk ˌɪt/ phrase She made it in films when she was still a teenager.
marsupial /mɑː(r)ˈsuːpiəl/ noun Kangaroos, koalas and Tasmanian devils are all types of marsupials.
medicate /ˈmedɪkeɪt/ verb Some people self-medicate rather than go to the doctor.
milestone /ˈmaɪlˌstəʊn/ noun This film was a milestone in the history of cinema.
mirror /ˈmɪrə(r)/ verb Does art mirror society or shape it?
monitor /ˈmɒnɪtə(r)/ verb Experts continually monitor the volcano for signs of activity.
narrative /ˈnærətɪv/ noun The basic narrative of the novel is about a personal journey to freedom.
non-intrusive /ˌnɒn ɪnˈtruːsɪv/ adjective This is a non-intrusive medical procedure so you won’t notice a thing.
nuance /ˈnjuːɒns/ noun A translator has to be alert to every nuance in meaning.
obey /əˈbeɪ/ verb Drivers are not obeying the new traffic laws.
obstruct /əbˈstrʌkt/ verb He disliked the project but didn’t actively obstruct it.
one-liner /ˌwʌn ˈlaɪnə(r)/ noun She’s very funny and often comes out with a good one-liner.
overthrow /ˌəʊvə(r)ˈθrəʊ/ verb In the film, the president is overthrown by a group of rebels.
partnership /ˈpɑː(r)tnə(r)ʃɪp/ noun The festival is being supported by the county council in partnership with
local businesses.
peaceful /ˈpiːsf(ə)l/ adjective The baby looks so peaceful when he’s sleeping.
perspective /pə(r)ˈspektɪv/ noun The film is made up of stories told by people with differing perspectives.
27
pipe dream /ˈpaɪp driːm/ noun Owning a horse is just a pipe dream I have. It will never happen!
post-apocalyptic /ˌpəʊst əpɒkəˈlɪptɪk/ adjective The film begins in a post-apocalyptic world where very few humans have
survived.
praise /preɪz/ verb Mayor Dixon praised the efforts of those involved in the rescue.
precaution /prɪˈkɔːʃ(ə)n/ noun Doctors recommend taking precautions to protect your skin from the sun.
privacy settings /ˈpraɪvəsi ˌsetɪŋz/ noun If I were you, I would check the privacy settings on your social media
account.
privileged /ˈprɪvəlɪdʒd/ adjective Cynthia had a very privileged upbringing.
procedure /prəˈsiːdʒə(r)/ noun Companies use a variety of testing procedures to select appropriate
candidates.
productive /prəˈdʌktɪv/ adjective The nineties were a very productive period in her life, and she wrote over
twenty novels.
protagonist /prəʊˈtæɡənɪst/ noun The novel’s protagonist appears on virtually every single page.
quarantine /ˈkwɒrən ːn/ noun Animals can be kept in quarantine for up to three months.
questionable /ˈkwestʃ(ə)nəb(ə)l/ adjective Their test results seem highly questionable – maybe they cheated.
reaffirm /ˌriːəˈfɜː(r)m/ verb The government has reaffirmed their commitment to tackling climate
change.
rebel against /rɪˈbel əˈɡenst/ phrase In the novel, the robots rebel against their human masters and try to take
over the world.
rebellion /rɪˈbeljən/ noun The book is a classic story about teenage rebellion.
receptive /rɪˈseptɪv/ adjective The company is receptive to new ideas at all times.
recognisable /ˈrekəɡˌnaɪzəb(ə)l/ adjective It is the most recognisable building in the city.
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regression /rɪˈɡreʃ(ə)n/ noun In the novel, a form of regression has caused plants and animals to become
more like they were in the prehistoric age.
reinforce /ˌriːɪnˈfɔː(r)s/ verb These latest figures reinforce the view that economic growth is slowing.
relevance /ˈreləv(ə)ns/ noun I don’t see the relevance of what you are saying.
remarkable /rɪˈmɑː(r)kəb(ə)l/ adjective Her mother made a remarkable recovery.
reserve /rɪˈzɜː(r)v/ noun We all have reserves of strength that we don’t realise we have.
resolve /rɪˈzɒlv/ verb The crisis was resolved by negotiation.
resonate /ˈrezəneɪt/ verb This issue has resonated with voters more than any other.
respective /rɪˈspektɪv/ adjective Jane and Patrick chatted about their respective childhoods.
revolt /rɪˈvəʊlt/ verb Several players revolted against their new coach.
sacrifice /ˈsækrɪfaɪs/ verb Would you sacrifice some of your salary for more holiday time?
sadden /ˈsæd(ə)n/ verb The events of the past week have shocked and saddened us all.
safeguard /ˈseɪfˌɡɑː(r)d/ verb The company was blamed for failing to safeguard workers against
dangerous chemicals.
scenario /səˈnɑːriəʊ/ noun The scenario portrayed in the film was frighteningly realistic.
scientific /ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk/ adjective The scientific evidence is encouraging.
sensational /senˈseɪʃ(ə)nəl/ adjective The team are still celebrating after their sensational victory in the FA Cup.
sensible /ˈsensəb(ə)l/ adjective This seems to be a sensible way of dealing with the problem.
serve /sɜː(r)v/ verb The decision should serve as a warning to companies that pollute the
environment.
setback /ˈsetˌbæk/ noun Diplomatic efforts to ease the crisis suffered a setback today.
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side effect /ˈsaɪd ɪfekt/ noun This technology could have some negative side effects on the environment.
simplify /ˈsɪmplɪfaɪ/ verb Simplify your life by shopping online.
spam /spæm/ noun I don’t get as many spam emails as I used to since I changed my email
address.
stake /steɪk/ verb The government has staked its reputation on improving the healthcare
system.
status quo /ˌsteɪtəs ˈkwəʊ/ noun Things are fine as they are. Let’s not upset the status quo.
storyline /ˈstɔːriˌlaɪn/ noun I didn’t find the storyline very believable in that film.
strengthen /ˈstreŋθ(ə)n/ verb Her objections only strengthened my determination to open my own
business.
support /səˈpɔː(r)t/ verb Everyone came together to support him in his campaign for justice.
take shape /ˌteɪk ˈʃeɪp/ phrase The idea began to take shape about two years ago.
technological /ˌteknəˈlɒdʒɪk(ə)l/ adjective Technological advances in medicine are saving lives.
territorial /ˌterəˈtɔːriəl/ adjective Sharks are extremely territorial towards other sharks.
thermal imaging /ˌθɜː(r)m(ə)l ˈɪmɪdʒɪŋ/ noun The emergency services are using thermal imaging to look for survivors.
tools /tuːlz/ noun plural Make sure you have the tools to stay safe online.
totalitarian /təʊˌtælɪˈteəriən/ adjective After many years living under a totalitarian regime, the people revolted.
transaction /trænˈzækʃ(ə)n/ noun There have been several suspicious transactions on your bank account.
try your hand at /ˌtraɪ jə(r) ˈhænd ət phrase I’ve always wanted to try my hand at writing a novel.
something ˌsʌmθɪŋ/
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undermine /ˌʌndə(r)ˈmaɪn/ verb Several countries were accused of undermining international efforts to
reduce pollution.
unfold /ʌnˈfəʊld/ verb We stood and watched the drama unfold.
upgrade /ʌpˈɡreɪd/ verb Existing users can upgrade from the previous version free of charge.
uprising /ˈʌpˌraɪzɪŋ/ noun In the novel, the main character leads an uprising against the government.
urge /ɜː(r)dʒ/ noun Jack fought the urge to fall asleep.
virus /ˈvaɪrəs/ noun Most viruses are spread over the Internet.
vulnerable /ˈvʌln(ə)rəb(ə)l/ adjective While feeding, the birds are vulnerable to predators.
weaken /ˈwiːkən/ verb If your facts are wrong, that’s going to weaken your case.
within reach /wɪðˌɪn ˈriːtʃ/ phrase Success seemed to be within reach.
UNIT 5
SPEECH
agenda /əˈdʒendə/ noun Let’s move to the last item on the agenda.
alleviate /əˈliːvieɪt/ verb A change in routine also alleviates boredom.
alter ego /ˌɔːltər ˈiːɡəʊ/ noun The singer has several alter egos, changing his appearance for each one.
at the top of your /æt ðə ˌtɒp əv jɔː(r) phrase She was singing at the top of her voice. She was very loud!
voice ˈvɔɪs/
attendee /əˌtenˈdiː/ noun How many attendees were on the video call?
awkward /ˈɔːkwə(r)d/ adjective It’s a bit awkward, because he’s my friend but I’m still his boss.
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be about to say /biː əˌbaʊt tə ˈseɪ/ phrase What a coincidence! I was about to say the same thing.
beforehand /bɪˈfɔː(r)hænd/ adverb If you do most of the cooking beforehand, you’ll enjoy the evening more.
breakdown in /ˌbreɪkdaʊn ɪn phrase They blamed the confusion on a breakdown in communication between
communication kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ departments.
compel /kəmˈpel/ verb I felt compelled to write to thank you.
compound /kəmˈpaʊnd/ verb Their problems are compounded by the fact that Mary’s just lost her job.
condescending /ˌkɒndɪˈsendɪŋ/ adjective He has a rather condescending manner that I don’t like.
convey /kənˈveɪ/ verb A good photograph can often convey far more than words.
cue /kjuː/ noun I took her tired face as my cue to leave.
discomfort /dɪsˈkʌmfə(r)t/ noun His behaviour caused us great discomfort and annoyance.
disruptive /dɪsˈrʌptɪv/ adjective Disruptive group members can stop other members from learning.
distraction /dɪˈstrækʃ(ə)n/ noun We have work to do and it is essential that there are no distractions.
dominate /ˈdɒmɪneɪt/ verb She tends to dominate the conversation.
drone on /ˌdrəʊn ˈɒn/ phrasal verb She’s been droning on about her holiday for ages. I wish she’d stop.
echo /ˈekəʊ/ noun We could hear the echo of footsteps in the alley.
empirical /ɪmˈpɪrɪk(ə)l/ adjective Is your conclusion based on any empirical research or is it just a theory?
engage in /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ ɪn/ phrasal verb They have been engaged in conversation for over an hour now.
exasperated /ɪɡˈzɑːspəˌreɪtɪd/ adjective She couldn’t get the printer to work and was getting increasingly
exasperated.
extra-curricular /ˌekstrəkəˈrɪkjʊlə(r)/ adjective Do you do any extra-curricular clubs after school?
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face-to-face /feɪs tə ˌfeɪs phrase I think face-to-face communication is better than sending a text or email.
communication kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/
familiarity /fəˌmɪlɪˈærəti/ noun He doesn’t have as much familiarity with that software as you do.
filter /ˈfɪltə(r)/ noun Social media networks make it easy for us to add a filter to our photos.
focused /ˈfəʊkəst/ adjective I’m much more focused on my studies this year.
go-ahead /ˈɡəʊ əhed/ phrase Rosenthal had been given the go-ahead by his doctor to resume training.
hate to say /ˌheɪt tə ˈseɪ/ phrase I hate to say this, but I think you’ve probably lost your money.
have nothing to say /hæv ˌnʌθɪŋ tə ˈseɪ/ phrase I find it difficult talking to people I don’t know. I often feel I have nothing to
say.
hear someone say /ˌhɪə(r) sʌmwʌn ˈseɪ/ phrase Did you hear him say he was going to try and get tickets for that concert?
hear someone speak /ˌhɪə(r) sʌmwʌn ˈspiːk/ phrase I’m sure I heard him speaking French the other day.
hesitation /ˌhezɪˈteɪʃ(ə)n/ noun After a brief hesitation, he answered ‘Yes’.
hieroglyphics /ˌhaɪərəˈɡlɪfɪks/ noun Hieroglyphics is a form of Ancient Egyptian writing.
hint /hɪnt/ noun Was this a hint that he was finding their conversation boring?
huff /hʌf/ verb ‘You never call me anymore,’ she huffed.
imply /ɪmˈplaɪ/ verb An off-road vehicle, as its name implies, is designed for use where there are
no roads.
in regular /ɪn ˌreɡjʊlə(r) phrase My best friend moved to another town, but we are still in regular
communication kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ communication with each other.
insist on /ɪnˈsɪst ˌɒn/ phrasal verb Why do you insist on leaving your dirty clothes all over the floor?
instinct /ˈɪnstɪŋkt/ noun It’s always best to trust your instincts.
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interpret /ɪnˈtɜː(r)prɪt/ verb This move was interpreted in two ways.
introvert /ˈɪntrəˌvɜː(r)t/ noun He is often very quiet during class discussions. I think he’s a bit of an
introvert.
irritation /ˌɪrɪˈteɪʃ(ə)n/ noun He could barely contain his irritation at their rudeness.
jarring /ˈdʒɑːrɪŋ/ adjective The car suddenly braked with a jarring thud.
label /ˈleɪb(ə)l/ verb Her latest movie has been labelled a disaster by the critics.
lifeline /ˈlaɪfˌlaɪn/ noun My weekly video calls with my best friend have been a lifeline for me.
like-minded /ˌlaɪk ˈmaɪndɪd/ adjective Joining a club can help you meet other like-minded people.
linguistic /lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪk/ adjective Unfortunately, some children have poor linguistic skills and find it hard to
communicate.
logic /ˈlɒdʒɪk/ noun I don’t understand the logic behind your decision. It doesn’t make any
sense.
lower your voice /ˌləʊə(r) jɔː(r) ˈvɔɪs/ phrase She lowered her voice so the others couldn’t hear what she was telling me.
maximise /ˈmæksɪmaɪz/ verb We aim to maximise profits over the next year.
means of /ˌmiːnz əv phrase What means of communication should we use for getting in touch? Phone
communication kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ or email?
mediation /ˌmiːdiˈeɪʃ(ə)n/ noun If they aren’t talking to each other anymore then mediation may help.
mic /maɪk/ noun We can’t hear you. I don’t think your mic is working.
(informal)
minimise /ˈmɪnɪmaɪz/ verb We can minimise the possibility of technical issues by checking everything
works before we do our presentation.
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misfit /ˈmɪsfɪt/ noun They made me feel like a social misfit just because I didn’t like the same
things as them.
multitask /ˌmʌltiˈtɑːsk/ verb I’m not very good at multitasking – I need to concentrate on one thing at a
time.
mumble /ˈmʌmb(ə)l/ verb He mumbled something about not wanting to go to work.
navigate /ˈnævɪɡeɪt/ verb This software is very easy to navigate. Anyone can use it.
nerve /nɜː(r)v/ noun There’s nothing really wrong with her, it’s just nerves.
non-verbal /ˌnɒn ˈvɜːb(ə)l/ adjective Non-verbal communication includes body language and facial expressions.
obsessive /əbˈsesɪv/ adjective He is the latest star to become the focus of obsessive fans.
on speaking terms /ɒn ˈspiːkɪŋ ˌtɜː(r)mz/ phrase They had a big argument and are no longer on speaking terms.
open-ended /ˌəʊpən ˈendɪd/ adjective Open-ended questions ask people for a comment or an opinion rather than
a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer.
overlook /ˌəʊvə(r)ˈlʊk/ verb Unfortunately, my brother has been overlooked for promotion yet again at
work.
peer /pɪə(r)/ noun Do you get on well with your peers at school?
perceive /pə(r)ˈsiːv/ verb The way she talks to people is often perceived as unfriendly.
persona /pə(r)ˈsəʊnə/ noun Eva’s public persona didn’t reveal much of her character.
pick up on /ˌpɪk ˈʌp ɒn/ phrasal verb This is something you would expect a skilled negotiator to pick up on.
pipe up with /ˌpaɪp ˈʌp wɪð/ phrasal verb Sam hadn’t said much for most of the video call, but he then suddenly piped
up with a good question.
platform /ˈplætˌfɔː(r)m/ noun Many platforms allow you to share your screen with other people on the
call.
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poster /ˈpəʊstə(r)/ noun The poster of that comment remained anonymous.
posture /ˈpɒstʃə(r)/ noun Exercise can improve your posture and stop you from getting back
problems.
protocol /ˈprəʊtəkɒl/ noun Did you follow the correct protocols?
quintessential /ˌkwɪntɪˈsenʃ(ə)l/ adjective They lived in a quintessential English village in the countryside.
raise your voice /ˌreɪz jɔː(r) ˈvɔɪs/ phrase Please don’t raise your voice at me. Let’s talk about this calmly.
reserved /rɪˈzɜː(r)vd/ adjective He’s very reserved and doesn’t show much emotion.
sarcastic /sɑː(r)ˈkæstɪk/ adjective She made some sarcastic comment about my clothes.
safe to say /ˌseɪf tə ˈseɪ/ phrase I think it’s safe to say that the crisis period is over.
say for certain /ˌseɪ fə(r) ˈsɜː(r)t(ə)n/ phrase I couldn’t say for certain, but I think the café opens at 10.
saying /ˈseɪɪŋ/ noun Well, as the saying goes, ‘A problem shared is a problem halved’.
screenshot /ˈskriːnˌʃɒt/ noun I’ll take a screenshot and send it to you.
scrutinise /ˈskruːtɪnaɪz/ verb Every fact he comes across is carefully scrutinised for accuracy.
self-consciousness /ˌself ˈkɒnʃəsnəs/ noun I experienced a lot of self-consciousness because I knew everyone was
watching me.
showcase /ˈʃəʊˌkeɪs/ verb The comedy sketch showcased their unique style of humour.
slump /slʌmp/ verb Don’t slump back in your chair – you’ll get backache.
speak on behalf of /ˌspiːk ɒn bɪˈhɑːf əv phrase His lawyer spoke on behalf of him outside the court.
someone sʌmwʌn/
speak out against /ˌspiːk ˈaʊt əɡenst/ phrase She has always spoken out against discrimination.
speak the truth /ˌspiːk ðə ˈtruːθ/ phrase You can always rely on him to speak the truth about any injustice.
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speak with one /ˌspiːk wɪð ˌwʌn ˈvɔɪs/ phrase I think I can say that we all speak with one voice when we say she has been
voice a brilliant teacher.
speak your mind /ˌspiːk jə(r) ˈmaɪnd/ phrase She was an assertive woman who always spoke her mind.
specific /spəˈsɪfɪk/ adjective Spectators are only allowed into specific areas of the stadium.
stamp /stæmp/ noun He has a chance to put his stamp on government policy.
stem /stem/ noun Finish the following question stem: ‘How long have you …?’
stereotype /ˈsteriəˌtaɪp/ noun The idea that all British people are very polite and drink lots of tea is just a
stereotype.
strive /straɪv/ verb We strive to be accurate, but some mistakes are inevitable.
substandard /ˌsʌbˈstændə(r)d/ adjective The building work carried out on the flat was substandard and needed to be
done again.
subtle /ˈsʌt(ə)l/ adjective He was being so subtle, I didn’t realise he liked me.
supportive /səˈpɔː(r)tɪv/ adjective His boss was very supportive when he was ill.
switched on /ˌswɪtʃt ˈɒn/ adjective The role is varied so you’ll need to be switched on and enthusiastic.
take on /teɪk ɒn/ phrasal verb Our website is taking on a new look.
tell someone what /ˌtel sʌmwʌn wɒt juː phrase Tell me what you think about my new hairstyle. Be honest!
you think ˈθɪŋk/
tell the difference /ˌtel ðə ˈdɪfrəns/ phrase How do you tell the difference between the kittens? They look identical.
tell the truth /ˌtel ðə ˈtruːθ/ phrase You need to tell him the truth about what happened.
told you so /ˈtəʊld juː ˌsəʊ/ phrase See, it broke! I told you so.
tone of voice /ˌtəʊn əv ˈvɔɪs/ phrase ‘Really?’ Simone said in a surprised tone of voice.
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trust yourself to /ˌtrʌst jə(r)ˌself tə ˈspiːk/ phrase If you can’t trust yourself to speak, then keep quiet!
speak
universally /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜː(r)səli/ adverb He’s universally known as Charlie.
unmute /ˌʌnˈmjuːt/ verb You need to unmute your mic. We can’t hear you!
vague /veɪɡ/ adjective She was rather vague about the details of the incident so we still don’t
know much.
UNIT 6
SPEECH
abseil /ˈæbseɪl/ verb Have you ever abseiled down a tall building?
affordable prices /əˌfɔː(r)dəb(ə)l ˈpraɪsɪz/ phrase This supermarket has a range of products at affordable prices.
alligator /ˈælɪˌɡeɪtə(r)/ noun Did you see any alligators when you visited Florida?
ample /ˈæmp(ə)l/ adjective Don’t worry, we’ve got ample time. Let’s have another coffee.
bargain for /ˈbɑː(r)ɡɪn fɔː(r)/ phrasal verb We got more than we bargained for when we volunteered to help.
blurry /ˈblɜːri/ adjective My photos weren’t very good. They were all a bit blurry.
burial ground /ˈberiəl ɡraʊnd/ noun Archaeologists have discovered an ancient burial ground.
bustling streets /ˈbʌs(ə)lɪŋ striːts/ phrase The old town area of the city is a maze of bustling streets.
cast /kɑːst/ verb The torch cast large shadows on the wall of the house.
cavern /ˈkævə(r)n/ noun The injured caver was carried out through several caverns.
chatty /ˈtʃæti/ adjective Rosie is certainly in a chatty mood today. She won’t stop talking!
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check out /ˌtʃek ˈaʊt/ phrasal verb Have you checked out the local sports centre yet?
consensus /kənˈsensəs/ noun Unfortunately, no consensus has been reached among the experts about
how to manage the disease.
cultural heritage /ˌkʌltʃ(ə)rəl ˈherɪtɪdʒ/ phrase It’s important to preserve our traditions and customs as these form an
essential part of our cultural heritage.
daybreak /ˈdeɪˌbreɪk/ noun Sometimes I get up at daybreak – I love the peace and quiet before anyone
else is awake.
deckchair /ˈdekˌtʃeə(r)/ noun We hired a couple of deckchairs, so we had something to sit on on the
beach.
detract from /dɪˈtrækt ˌfrɒm/ phrasal verb We should not allow her personal difficulties to detract from her public
achievements.
dismay /dɪsˈmeɪ/ noun He is leaving the department, much to the dismay of his colleagues.
dispute /dɪˈspjuːt/ or /ˈdɪspjuːt/ noun The vast majority of these disputes are resolved within months.
do justice /ˌduː ˈdʒʌstɪs/ phrase I don’t think your comments do justice to his efforts.
down-to-earth /ˌdaʊn tu ˈɜː(r)θ/ adjective Even though she has become a very successful singer, she is still down-to-
earth and friendly.
dreary /ˈdrɪəri/ adjective The weather is so dark and dreary today.
dusk /dʌsk/ noun The park closes at dusk.
enthusiast /ɪnˈθjuːziæst/ noun The company was started ten years ago by two young computer
enthusiasts.
flicker /ˈflɪkə(r)/ verb The flickering light made my head hurt.
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flora and fauna /ˌflɔːrə ənd ˈfɔːnə/ noun The island is rich in flora and fauna. There are many different species of
plants and animals here.
formation /fɔː(r)ˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/ noun The rock formations in the Zion National Park are amazing.
geological feature /dʒiːəˌlɒdʒɪk(ə)l ˈfiːtʃə(r)/ noun This part of the country has some stunning geological features such as lakes
and mountains.
get into /ˌɡet ˈɪntuː/ phrasal verb She’s really getting into cycling. She loves it.
glisten /ˈɡlɪs(ə)n/ verb His forehead was glistening with sweat.
glow /ɡləʊ/ noun He clicked on the lamp and the room was filled with a soft glow.
glow-worm /ˈɡləʊ wɜː(r)m/ noun A glow-worm is a small insect that produces light from its body at night.
hazard /ˈhæzə(r)d/ noun Broken glass is a hazard to bare feet.
hunter /ˈhʌntə(r)/ noun The Māori people were skilful hunters.
indigenous /ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/ adjective The indigenous peoples of Australia want to protect their cultural identity.
installation /ˌɪnstəˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ noun The artist has been working on a new installation for many months.
intriguing /ɪnˈtriːɡɪŋ/ adjective I think this is an intriguing period of history and I would love to find out
more.
ledge /ledʒ/ noun They were perched on a narrow ledge near the cliff top.
leisurely stroll /ˌleʒə(r)li ˈstrəʊl/ phrase I took a leisurely stroll along the beach.
limestone /ˈlaɪmˌstəʊn/ noun The limestone cliffs in the south-west of the country are spectacular.
lively atmosphere /ˌlaɪvli ˈætməsfɪə(r)/ phrase This part of the town has a very lively atmosphere at night.
local delicacy /ˌləʊk(ə)l ˈdelɪkəsi/ phrase You must try the soup. It’s a local delicacy.
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lure /ljʊə(r)/ noun The young actor couldn’t resist the lure of fame and money and decided to
move to Hollywood.
make out /ˌmeɪk ˈaʊt/ phrasal verb Can you make out a face here on the photograph?
mass /mæs/ adjective Mass tourism can be very harmful to the environment because of the huge
numbers of people that come into an area.
mesmerising /ˈmezməˌraɪzɪŋ/ adjective The Northern Lights are a mesmerising sight.
miss out on /ˌmɪs ˈaʊt ɒn/ phrasal verb He narrowly missed out on the world record.
murky /ˈmɜː(r)ki/ adjective I couldn’t make out the house number in the murky light.
native wildlife /ˌneɪtɪv ˈwaɪldlaɪf/ phrase Going on a safari is the one of the best ways to see the native wildlife.
natural wonder /ˌnætʃ(ə)rəl ˈwʌndə(r)/ phrase The Grand Canyon is one of the natural wonders of the world.
notable for /ˈnəʊtəb(ə)l fɔː(r)/ phrase Barcelona is notable for its amazing architecture.
ochre /ˈəʊkə(r)/ noun Ochre is a yellow, red, or brown type of earth that is used for making paint
for artists.
off limits /ˌɒf ˈlɪmɪts/ phrase The evacuated areas remained off limits to the public.
off the beaten track /ˌɒf ðə ˌbiːt(ə)n ˈtræk/ phrase We stayed in a quaint little village far off the beaten track.
opposition /ˌɒpəˈzɪʃ(ə)n/ noun Public opposition to the plans is growing.
other-worldly /ˌʌðə(r) ˈwɜː(r)ldli/ adjective The unusual landscape in front of us had an other-worldly quality to it.
outing /ˈaʊtɪŋ/ noun We went on a family outing to Bath at the weekend.
pick up /ˌpɪk ˈʌp/ phrasal verb The number of subscribers has picked up since the TV channel launched its
new advert.
pinprick /ˈpɪnˌprɪk/ noun The stars look like tiny pinpricks of light.
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pit /pɪt/ noun The pit is incredibly deep and only experienced cavers should go down it.
pebbly /ˈpeb(ə)li/ adjective I prefer sandy beaches to pebbly ones.
point out /ˌpɔɪnt ˈaʊt/ phrasal verb He pointed out the best beaches on the map.
prehistoric art /priːhɪˌstɒrɪk ˈɑː(r)t/ phrase The cave paintings are an example of prehistoric art.
primal /ˈpraɪm(ə)l/ adjective Humans have a deep primal need to connect with other humans.
primitive /ˈprɪmətɪv/ adjective There is evidence that primitive humans used very basic tools.
proponent /prəˈpəʊnənt/ noun Proponents for the scheme argue that it has many benefits.
provoke /prəˈvəʊk/ verb His speech has provoked a furious reaction.
put forward /ˌpʊt ˈfɔː(r)wə(r)d/ / phrasal verb He rejected all the proposals put forward by the committee.
remote location //rɪˌməʊt ləʊˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ phrase The campsite is situated in a very remote location. The nearest town is 20
miles away.
renewable /rɪˈnjuːəb(ə)l/ adjective They are at last beginning to invest in renewable energy and are building a
new wind farm off the coast.
revenue /ˈrevənjuː/ noun The magazine had been losing advertising revenue for months.
ritual /ˈrɪtʃuəl/ noun The whole tribe would perform a ritual before the hunters went to look for
food.
run /rʌn/ verb Many thanks to all the volunteers who helped make the competition run
smoothly.
run into /ˌrʌn ˈɪntuː/ phrasal verb I ran into our old maths teacher in town today.
run through /ˌrʌn ˈθruː/ phrasal verb Do you want me to run through the details with you?
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scenic route /ˈsiːnɪk ˌruːt/ phrase Shall we take the scenic route? We’ll see some amazing views if we go that
way.
scone /skɒn/ or noun I love eating fresh scones with jam and cream.
/skəʊn/
scrumptious /ˈskrʌmpʃəs/ adjective That apple pie was scrumptious! It’s one of the best things I’ve ever tasted.
skull /skʌl/ noun We found a sheep’s skull and some other bones in the field.
stalactite /ˈstæləktaɪt/ noun Several stalactites hung down from the roof of the cave.
stalagmite /ˈstæləɡmaɪt/ noun As we entered the cave, we saw hundreds of stalagmites rising from the
floor.
stargazer /ˈstɑː(r)ˌɡeɪzə(r)/ noun There’s no artificial light so it’s perfect for stargazers to look at the sky
start out /stɑː(r)t aʊt/ phrasal verb Some businesses start out as hobbies.
stop by /ˌstɒp ˈbaɪ/ phrasal verb Can you stop by the office and leave my keys on your way to work?
stumble upon /ˈstʌmb(ə)l əˌpɒn/ phrasal verb We stumbled upon the market while looking for somewhere to eat.
subterranean /ˌsʌbtəˈreɪniən/ adjective The subterranean river runs underground for many miles.
sustainability /səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/ noun Their aim is to promote sustainability among businesses and encourage
them to become carbon neutral.
swamp /swɒmp/ noun The swamps of the Everglades in Florida are home to many alligators.
take on /ˌteɪk ˈɒn/ phrasal verb They returned to their office feeling energised and ready to take on new
challenges.
terrain /təˈreɪn/ noun The terrain is hilly so you will need to have a good level of fitness.
thrill-seeker /ˈθrɪl siːˌkə(r)/ noun She’s a real thrill-seeker and loves extreme sports.
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turn out /ˌtɜː(r)n ˈaʊt/ phrasal verb It turns out that I was right all along.
twinkle /ˈtwɪŋk(ə)l/ verb We could see lights twinkling in the little town below.
undesirable /ˌʌndɪˈzaɪrəb(ə)l/ adjective This kind of attack is obviously undesirable.
unearth /ʌnˈɜː(r)θ/ verb After many days digging, the archaeologists finally unearthed an ancient
Roman pot.
vintage clothing /ˌvɪntɪdʒ ˈkləʊðɪŋ/ phrase My sister loves vintage clothing, especially 1960s dresses.
warm welcome /ˌwɔː(r)m ˈwelkəm/ phrase You’ll always get a warm welcome at the Chilli Bean café.
worthwhile trip /wɜː(r)θˌwaɪl ˈtrɪp/ phrase A visit to York is always a worthwhile trip – there’s so much to see and do
there.
UNIT 7
SPEECH
a little /ə ˈlɪt(ə)l/ adverb The whole situation makes me a little nervous.
accurately /ˈækjʊrətli/ adverb Have I described the situation accurately?
adversity /ədˈvɜː(r)səti/ noun We struggled on in the face of adversity.
agreeableness /əˈɡriːəb(ə)lnəs/ noun His agreeableness is his best characteristic.
algorithm /ˈælɡəˌrɪð(ə)m/ noun Many websites use algorithms to analyse people’s shopping habits.
altruistic /ˌæltruˈɪstɪk/ adjective He is a very altruistic and selfless person.
ambiguity /ˌæmbɪˈɡjuːə / noun Her stories are full of moral ambiguities.
assess /əˈses/ verb We tried to assess his suitability for the job.
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assumption /əˈsʌmpʃ(ə)n/ noun You shouldn’t make assumptions about people based on appearances.
at the mercy of /ˌæt ðə ˈmɜː(r)si əv/ phrase Our boat lost all power, and we were at the mercy of the waves.
bar chart /ˈbɑː(r) tʃɑː(r)t/ noun The bar chart shows the average monthly rainfall in the region throughout
the year.
be a shadow of your /biː ə ˌʃædəʊ əv jə(r) phrase After his long illness, he became a shadow of his former self.
former self ˌfɔː(r)mə(r) ˈself/
be full of yourself /biː ˈfʊl əv jə(r)ˌself/ phrase I can’t stand him. He’s too confident and full of himself.
be noticeable /biː ˈnəʊtɪsəb(ə)l əˌmʌŋ/ phrase This characteristic is more noticeable among younger people.
among
be wrapped up in /biː ˌræpt ˈʌp ɪn phrase She’s very wrapped up in herself these days and only cares about her own
yourself jə(r)ˌself/ life.
brutality /bruːˈtæləti/ noun The film is a shocking portrayal of the brutality of life in those times.
bully /ˈbʊli/ verb In one study, 75 per cent of students reported having been bullied at
school.
carve /kɑː(r)v/ verb He carved a statue of her out of a large log.
categorise /ˈkætɪɡəraɪz/ verb He categorised the words into verbs and nouns.
compassionate /kəmˈpæʃ(ə)nət/ adjective He was a brilliant doctor and a caring and compassionate person.
complexity /kəmˈpleksəti/ noun Most people do not appreciate the complexity of the problem.
conscientious /ˌkɒnʃiˈenʃəs/ adjective She’s a very conscientious student and always works hard.
conscientiousness /ˌkɒnʃiˈenʃəsnəs/ noun His conscientiousness and commitment to his studies is very impressive.
crater /ˈkreɪtə(r)/ noun During our trip to Iceland, we went on a trip to the edge of a volcanic crater.
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crude /kruːd/ adjective He made a crude desk for himself out of an old box.
defy /dɪˈfaɪ/ verb Their claims defy belief.
deteriorate /dɪˈtɪəriəreɪt/ verb The weather deteriorated rapidly so the game was abandoned.
difference /ˈdɪfrəns/ noun There’s a big difference in the attitudes of town and country people.
distant /ˈdɪstənt/ adjective Have I upset you? You seem very distant.
distinction /dɪˈstɪŋkʃ(ə)n/ noun Do other countries have the same distinction between amateur and
professional athletes that we do?
drift /drɪft/ verb The boat started to drift out to sea.
driftwood /ˈdrɪftˌwʊd/ noun They collected some driftwood from the beach to make a fire.
dunk /dʌŋk/ verb Do you ever dunk biscuits in your tea?
duty roster /ˈdjuː ˌrɒstə(r)/ noun We created a duty roster so that we could share out all the chores fairly.
egomaniacal /ˌiːɡəʊməˈnaɪək(ə)l/ adjective He became egomaniacal and started to insist that everyone obeyed him.
epic /ˈepɪk// adjective They were engaged in an epic struggle against poverty and ignorance.
evaluate /ɪˈvæljueɪt/ verb Students need to reflect on and critically evaluate their own work.
extroversion /ˌekstrəˈvɜː(r)ʃ(ə)n/ noun It is widely believed that people who display signs of extroversion are more
likely to be happy, but this isn’t always the case.
feral /ˈferəl/ or /ˈfɪərəl/ adjective There are several feral cats near my uncle’s farm that survive by catching
mice.
find yourself /ˈfaɪnd jə(r)ˌself/ phrase In the book, the main character leaves her home country to travel the world
in order to find herself.
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flow chart /ˈfləʊ tʃɑː(r)t/ noun This flow chart shows the process you need to follow and what choices you
can make.
fraught /frɔːt/ adjective The journey to the North Pole was fraught with danger.
fry-up /ˈfraɪ ʌp/ noun They treated themselves to a fry-up for breakfast.
grain of truth /ˌɡreɪn əv ˈtruːθ/ phrase There was more than a grain of truth in what he’d said.
greed /ɡriːd/ noun The planet is suffering from the disastrous effects of human greed.
hoard /hɔː(r)d/ verb People panicked and started hoarding food.
hollow /ˈhɒləʊ/ noun Rainwater collected in the hollows of the tree.
honourable /ˈɒn(ə)rəb(ə)l/ adjective The only honourable thing to do was to say nothing.
immeasurable /ɪˈmeʒərəb(ə)l/ adjective His impact on the art world was immeasurable.
important /ɪmˈpɔː(r)t(ə)nt/ adjective It is important to stress that the study only involved a small number of
people.
impose /ɪmˈpəʊz/ verb The government has imposed some new restrictions on the way businesses
operate.
inherently /ɪnˈherəntli/ or adverb Politics is an inherently risky career.
/ɪnˈhɪərəntli/
innate /ˌɪˈneɪt/ adjective His innate sense of justice made him popular.
keep yourself to /ˌkiːp jə(r)ˈself tə phrase They were a quiet couple who kept themselves to themselves.
yourself jə(r)ˈself/
label /ˈleɪb(ə)l/ noun He said he sometimes got tired of his ‘funny guy’ label.
lifeguard /ˈlaɪfˌɡɑː(r)d/ noun The lifeguard jumped into the water to help the surfer who had got into
difficulties.
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line graph /ˈlaɪn ɡrɑːf/ or /ˈlaɪn noun The line chart shows the increase in global temperatures over the last
ɡræf/ century.
look yourself /ˌlʊk jə(r)ˈself/ phrase Take a rest – you don’t look yourself today.
lose yourself in /ˈluːz jə(r)ˌself ɪn/ phrase There’s nothing I like more than losing myself in a good book.
(something)
make yourself at /ˌmeɪk jə(r)ˌself ət phrase Make yourself at home. I’ll put the kettle on.
home ˈhəʊm/
malnourished /ˌmælˈnʌrɪʃt/ adjective A lack of variation in diet can cause people to become malnourished.
manipulative /məˈnɪpjʊlətɪv/ adjective She can be quite manipulative and likes to get her own way.
mark /mɑː(r)k/ verb A ceremony was held to mark the occasion.
marooned /məˈruːnd/ adjective The survivors were marooned on a remote island.
mast /mɑːst/ noun The sailor climbed to the top of the mast to check the sails.
meagre /ˈmiːɡə(r)/ adjective They had a very meagre food supply which would only last them a couple of
days.
mess around /ˌmes əˈraʊnd/ phrasal verb Stop messing around – I’m serious about this!
multifaceted /ˌmʌltiˈfæsətɪd/ adjective She has led a varied and multifaceted life.
neuroticism /njʊˈrɒtɪˌsɪzəm/ noun He is showing clear signs of neuroticism and is getting extremely worried
about minor things.
observe /əbˈzɜː(r)v/ verb We observed 120 women interacting with their babies and compared them
with 120 men.
openness /ˈəʊpənnəs/ noun She has an openness to change.
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outcome /ˈaʊtˌkʌm/ noun He refused to comment on the outcome of the election.
parable /ˈpærəb(ə)l/ noun The parable had a clear moral message.
phenomenon /fəˈnɒmɪnən/ noun Home education of children is a growing phenomenon in the UK.
pie chart /ˈpaɪ tʃɑː(r)t/ noun The pie chart shows the popularity of different film genres in our class.
precisely /prɪˈsaɪsli/ adverb She spoke precisely without any vagueness.
principled /ˈprɪnsəp(ə)ld/ adjective She is a very principled person who believes in doing the right thing.
raft /rɑː / noun They made a simple raft to sail away on with several long pieces of wood.
rations /ˈræʃ(ə)nz/ noun plural Make sure to take some emergency rations with you when you go on your
trek.
record /rɪˈkɔː(r)d verb They were asked to record the time at which the attack happened.
reef /riːf/ noun The reef was made up of a long line of rocks just below the surface of the
sea.
resent /rɪˈzent/ verb The other children in the family resented all the attention that Peter was
getting.
reset /ˌriːˈset/ verb The doctor reset the child’s broken bone.
resilient /rɪˈzɪliənt/ adjective She’s very resilient and gets over disappointments quickly.
resourcefulness /rɪˈzɔː(r)sf(ə)lnəs/ noun You will need to call on all your resourcefulness to solve this problem.
rudder /ˈrʌdə(r)/ noun She moved the rudder to steer the boat towards the shore.
salvage /ˈsælvɪdʒ/ verb Terrified residents tried desperately to salvage belongings from their
devastated homes.
49
self-deprecation /ˌself prezə(r)ˈveɪʃ(ə)n/ noun Most people have an instinct for self-preservation and staying away from
danger.
self-doubt /ˌself ˈdaʊt/ noun I suffer a lot from self-doubt and never think I’m good enough.
self-esteem /ˌself ɪˈstiːm/ noun People on the course gain in confidence and self-esteem.
self-expression /ˌself ɪkˈspreʃ(ə)n/ noun Painting can be an important form of self-expression.
self-indulgence /ˌself ɪnˈdʌldʒ(ə)ns/ noun He treated himself to a hot chocolate for a bit of self-indulgence.
self-preservation /ˌself prezə(r)ˈveɪʃ(ə)n/ noun Most people have an instinct for self-preservation and staying away from
danger.
self-serving /ˌself ˈsɜːvɪŋ/ adjective Her friends are very self-serving and only care about themselves.
selfless /ˈselfləs/ adjective She is a very selfless person and always puts other people’s needs first.
shake /ʃeɪk/ verb She couldn’t shake her fear of snakes.
sight /saɪt/ verb The sailors sighted three whales about a mile away.
significant /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/ adjective There’s been some significant progress.
simultaneously /ˌsɪm(ə)lˈteɪniəsli/ adverb The film opened simultaneously in the US and in Europe.
slightly /ˈslaɪtli/ adverb I feel slightly better today.
snap /snæp/ verb When the rope snapped, Davis fell into the water.
sneak /sniːk/ verb While his parents were busy, Joe sneaked off to play.
spiteful /ˈspaɪtf(ə)l/ adjective They were quite spiteful towards the other children and didn’t let them play
with them.
stand out from /ˌstænd ˈaʊt frəm/ phrasal verb One country stood out from all the rest as a leader in environmental
reporting.
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stranded /ˈstrændɪd/ adjective Hundreds of passengers were left stranded at the airport as the bad
weather stopped all flights.
supposedly /səˈpəʊzɪdli/ adverb Supposedly the process causes no environmental damage.
tendency /ˈtendənsi/ noun You have a tendency to avoid arguments.
tolerant /ˈtɒlərənt/ adjective Perhaps you need to be more tolerant of your neighbours.
trait /treɪt/ noun Which personality trait do you admire the most?
uniformity /ˌjuːnɪˈfɔː(r)məti/ noun People are getting tired of uniformity on their high streets.
unruly /ʌnˈruːli/ adjective The children were very unruly. In fact, they were impossible to control.
vessel /ˈves(ə)l/ noun Several countries banned all vessels from their waters during the crisis.
wire /ˈwaɪə(r)/ verb Our brains are wired to look for patterns.
worthless /ˈwɜː(r)θləs/ adjective Constantly comparing yourself to other people can make you feel
worthless.
wrecked /rekt/ adjective They looked at the wrecked boat and realised they would have to find
another way of getting off the island.
UNIT 8
SPEECH
acknowledge /əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/ verb He never acknowledges his mistakes.
altruism /ˈæltruˌɪz(ə)m/ noun The billionaire gave away most of her money to an animal charity in an act
of altruism.
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altruistic /ˌæltruˈɪstɪk/ adjective He helps others for purely altruistic reasons.
ambiguous /æmˈbɪɡjuəs/ adjective The word he chooses here is deliberately ambiguous.
anonymous /əˈnɒnɪməs/ adjective The person who made the donation wishes to remain anonymous.
arduous /ˈɑː(r)djuəs/ adjective The journey was long and arduous.
be a roaring success /biː ə ˌrɔːrɪŋ səkˈses/ phrase The show was not the roaring success he had hoped for.
beneficial /ˌbenɪˈfɪʃ(ə)l/ adjective The course will be beneficial for those students who need to improve their
numeracy skills.
biofuel /ˈbaɪəʊˌ uːəl/ noun Using more biofuels can help to increase Finland’s energy security.
blood pressure /ˈblʌd ˌpreʃə(r)/ noun The doctor checked his blood pressure and said that it was a bit high.
campaign /kæmˈpeɪn/ noun Local people have launched a campaign against the hospital’s closure.
catalyst /ˈkætəlɪst/ noun The new development will act as a catalyst for growth in business and
tourism.
cause /kɔːz/ noun Please give as much as you can: it’s for a good cause.
charity /ˈtʃærəti/ noun The show raised thousands of pounds for charity.
consumption /kənˈsʌmpʃ(ə)n/ noun We need to reduce our total energy consumption.
contagious /kənˈteɪdʒəs/ adjective His laughter was contagious and soon everyone was laughing.
contented /kənˈtentɪd/ adjective I can’t imagine a more contented family anywhere.
contribute /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/ verb Many local businesses offered to contribute to the school rebuilding fund.
cut-off /ˈkʌt ɒf/ noun Is there a cut-off date for applications?
daunted /ˈdɔːntɪd / adjective I admit I’m daunted by the job, but I’m going to try my best.
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deed /diːd/ noun My grandma always told me to try and do a good deed every day.
detrimental /ˌdetrɪˈment(ə)l/ adjective The proposed motorway would have a large and detrimental impact on an
unspoiled area of forest.
dire /ˈdaɪə(r)/ adjective News reports portray the situation as dire.
diversity /daɪˈvɜː(r)səti/ noun We value the rich ethnic and cultural diversity of the group.
donation /dəʊˈneɪʃ(ə)n/ noun She made a generous donation to the children’s charity.
emission /ɪˈmɪʃ(ə)n/ noun New regulations are aimed at reducing vehicle emissions.
empathy /ˈempəθi/ noun Really understanding someone else’s needs requires genuine empathy and
respect.
empower /ɪmˈpaʊə(r)/ verb Education empowers people.
enable /ɪnˈeɪb(ə)l/ verb This will enable users to conduct live video conversations.
enterprise /ˈentə(r)ˌpraɪz/ noun They are involved in an exciting scientific enterprise.
enticing /ɪnˈtaɪsɪŋ/ adjective It was such an enticing offer that I couldn’t refuse!
envision /ɪnˈvɪʒ(ə)n/ verb When he built this house, he never envisioned how much the area would
change.
ethos /ˈiːθɒs/ noun Working 12-hour days seems to be part of the company ethos.
exploit /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/ verb We want companies to fully exploit the advantages that information
systems can offer.
fund /fʌnd/ verb The organisation is entirely funded by voluntary donations.
fundraising /ˈfʌndreɪzɪŋ/ noun How often does your school organise fundraising events?
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give and take /ˌɡɪv ən ˈteɪk/ phrase There needs to be a little bit of give and take in this partnership if it’s going
to work.
give someone a /ˌɡɪv sʌmwʌn ə ˈhænd/ phrase Can you give me a hand with my homework? I don’t understand it.
hand
give someone a/the /ˌɡɪv sʌmwʌn ə/ðə phrase This project will give people a chance to change their lives.
chance ˈtʃɑːns/
give someone your /ˌɡɪv sʌmwʌn jə(r) phrase You gave me your word that you would look after them, so why didn’t you?
word ˈwɜː(r)d/
give /ˌɡɪv sʌmwʌn/sʌmθɪŋ ðə phrase Mr Jones gave her the benefit of the doubt and believed her when she said
someone/something ˌbenɪfɪt əv ðə ˈdaʊt/ she had left her homework on the bus.
the benefit of the
doubt
give something a /ˌɡɪv sʌmθɪŋ ə ˈmɪs/ phrase I think I’ll give my art class a miss this week.
miss
give something back /ˌɡɪv sʌmθɪŋ ˈbæk (tə phrase My parents both volunteer in their spare time as they want to give
(to society) səˈsaɪəti)/ something back to society.
glare /ɡleə(r)/ verb They glared at each other across the table.
grassroots /ˈɡrɑːsruːts/ adjective It started off as a grassroots campaign to raise awareness in the local area.
grid /ɡrɪd/ noun The village will soon be connected to the national grid so it will have a more
reliable source of electricity.
headway /ˈhedˌweɪ/ noun They have made some headway towards solving the problem.
hefty /ˈhefti/ adjective He got a hefty fine for parking his car in the bus lane.
homelessness /ˈhəʊmləsnəs/ noun We need to do more to deal with the problem of homelessness.
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hypocrisy /hɪˈpɒkrəsi/ noun There is a degree of hypocrisy in getting angry at environmental disasters
while doing nothing to prevent them.
hypocrite /ˈhɪpəkrɪt/ noun The popstar was accused of being a hypocrite for flying in a private jet to
the climate conference.
imperative /ɪmˈperətɪv/ adjective It was imperative that the problem was dealt with quickly.
incentive /ɪnˈsentɪv/ noun The promise of a job will give Mary an incentive to pass the exam.
incredulous /ɪnˈkredjʊləs/ adjective ‘Why would you do that?’ Dan’s voice was incredulous.
initiative /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/ noun There are a number of initiatives designed to address the problem of child
poverty.
kerosene /ˈkerəsiːn/ noun In this remote village, people use kerosene to heat and light their homes.
liberate /ˈlɪbəreɪt/ verb I liberated the last cake from the plate to save you from eating it!
light-heartedness /ˌlaɪt ˈhɑː(r)tɪdnəs/ noun In a moment of light-heartedness, all the participants at the conference
sang a song.
loneliness /ˈləʊnlinəs/ noun Loneliness can affect people of all ages.
measure /ˈmeʒə(r)/ noun This is a temporary measure to stop the problem from getting any worse.
mindset /ˈmaɪn(d)ˌset/ noun The company will have to change its whole mindset if it is to survive.
misgiving /ˌmɪsˈɡɪvɪŋ/ noun Despite initial misgivings, I have come to like the book a lot.
motive /ˈməʊtɪv/ noun Her motive was a genuine desire to improve conditions.
overstay /ˌəʊvə(r)ˈsteɪ/ verb I got a parking ticket for overstaying.
oversubscribed /ˌəʊvə(r)səbˈskraɪbd/ adjective This popular course always gets oversubscribed.
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overwhelm /ˌəʊvə(r)ˈwelm/ verb I have been overwhelmed by the generosity and support of so many people.
paralysis /pəˈræləsɪs/ noun This inability to do anything about the problem has led to a feeling of
paralysis.
philanthropic /ˌfɪlənˈθrɒpɪk/ adjective Her motives were purely philanthropic.
placement /ˈpleɪsmənt/ noun The third term of this course is spent on placement in hotel or tourism
companies.
premature /ˈpremətʃə(r)/ adjective It’s rather premature to talk about spending the prize money. We haven’t
won yet!
profitable /ˈprɒfɪtəb(ə)l/ adjective Mumbai is the home of India’s hugely profitable movie-making industry.
protest /ˈprəʊtest/ noun Students will hold a climate protest this weekend outside the university.
pulse rate /ˈpʌls ˌreɪt/ noun Monitor your pulse rate before and after exercise.
raise awareness /ˌreɪz əˈweə(r)nəs/ phrase The charity aims to raise awareness of human rights issues.
raise money /ˌreɪz ˈmʌni/ phrase Her bike ride will help raise money for charity.
refreshing /rɪˈfreʃɪŋ/ adjective It makes a refreshing change to talk to someone who’s happy.
regenerative /rɪˈdʒenərətɪv/ adjective Regenerative farming is a more environmentally-friendly way of growing
crops.
register /ˈredʒɪstə(r)/ noun The register of your language should change depending on the situation you
are in, for example if it’s formal or informal.
running costs /ˈrʌnɪŋ ˌkɒsts/ noun plural The business has high running costs, so it doesn’t make a lot of profit.
shield /ʃiːld/ verb The actor is anxious to shield his children from the press.
spew /spjuː/ verb The car was spewing out black exhaust fumes.
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sponsored /ˈspɒnsə(r)d/ adjective We took part in a sponsored run to raise money for charity.
stand-out /ˈstændaʊt/ adjective His was the stand-out performance of the whole evening.
step /step/ noun This new law is the first step in making our city safer.
summon /ˈsʌmən/ verb A fire crew arrived, took one look, and summoned an ambulance.
take (the) time /ˌteɪk ðə ˈtaɪm/ phrase Receiving letters meant that someone had taken the time to write to you.
take effect /ˌteɪk ɪˈfekt/ phrase Measures to reduce costs are beginning to take effect.
take in /ˌteɪk ˈɪn/ phrasal verb He still hasn’t really taken in his father’s death.
take it upon yourself /ˌteɪk ɪt əˈpɒn jə(r) ˌself/ phrase She took it upon herself to help the teacher hand out the books.
take on board /ˌteɪk ɒn ˈbɔː(r)d/ phrase The committee will certainly take your opinions on board before making a
decision.
take something to /ˌteɪk sʌmθɪŋ tə ˈhɑː(r)t/ phrase You can’t take everything people say to heart.
heart
take the easy way /ˌteɪk ðə ˈiːzi ˌweɪ aʊt/ phrase He gets what he wants by hard work, never by taking the easy way out.
out
take the initiative /ˌteɪk ðə ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/ phrase She didn’t sit around waiting for someone else to take the initiative.
take the plunge /ˌteɪk ðə ˈplʌndʒ/ phrase He took the plunge and asked her to marry him.
take to /ˈteɪk tuː/ phrasal verb Recently he’s taken to wearing a cap.
tenant /ˈtenənt/ noun The tenants were unhappy that owner of the property was putting the rent
up.
transformation /ˌtrænsfə(r)ˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/ noun After three weeks, we noticed a total transformation in his behaviour.
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uplifting /ʌpˈlɪftɪŋ/ adjective Filled with the energy of joy, these uplifting songs are accompanied by
African harps and drums.
wipe out /ˌwaɪp ˈaʊt/ phrasal verb If we don’t act soon, some of these endangered species will be wiped out.
UNIT 9
SPEECH
appreciative /əˈpriːʃətɪv/ adjective He was very appreciative of their support.
aggression /əˈɡreʃ(ə)n/ noun This is a sign that the customer’s verbal aggression is about to become
physical.
advisedly /ədˈvaɪzɪdli/ adverb The situation is deadly serious, and I use the word ‘deadly’ advisedly.
array /əˈreɪ/ noun An array of solar panels supplies the site with electricity.
articulate /ɑː(r)ˈtɪkjʊlət/ adjective She’s a very articulate speaker and always gets her point across well.
aspiring /əˈspaɪərɪŋ/ adjective If you’re an aspiring writer, you should join this creative writing class.
benefit /ˈbenɪfɪt/ noun The musicians held a benefit concert to raise money for charity.
binge-watch /ˈbɪndʒ ˌwɒtʃ/ verb Why don’t you come and hang out with us and binge-watch all
five seasons?
blend in /ˌblend ˈɪn/ phrasal verb Security people were trying to blend in with the crowd.
blur /blɜː(r)/ noun The racing cars moved past us in a blur.
box office /ˈbɒks ɒfɪs/ noun Her last film took £20 million at the box office.
break into /ˌbreɪk ˈɪntuː/ phrasal verb It’s always been his ambition to break into broadcasting.
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brush up (on) /ˌbrʌʃ ˈʌp ɒn/ phrasal verb I took a class to brush up my German before the trip.
call for /ˈkɔːl fə(r)/ phrasal verb Skill and initiative are called for in this job.
cater for /ˈkeɪtə(r) ˌfɔː(r)/ phrasal verb The school canteen caters for all dietary requirements.
challenger /ˈtʃæləndʒə(r)/ noun He defeated his challenger by only two points.

charm /tʃɑː(r)m/ verb The children clearly charmed the audience with their enthusiastic singing.
choreography /ˌkɒriˈɒɡrəfi/ noun I love the choreography in this musical. There are some amazing dances.
cinematography /ˌsɪnəməˈtɒɡrəfi/ noun The cinematography in the film was beautiful.
come across /ˌkʌm əˈkrɒs/ phrasal verb She comes across as very self-confident.
come under /ˌkʌmˈʌndə(r)/ phrasal verb The department had come under criticism for poor performance.
comedy sketch /ˈkɒmədi ˌsketʃ/ noun The show combines songs, comedy sketches, and dance numbers.
comic relief /ˌkɒmɪk rɪˈliːf/ noun The scenes between these two characters provide some comic relief in an
otherwise serious film.
commission /kəˈmɪʃ(ə)n/ verb She’s been commissioned to write a symphony.
composition /ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃ(ə)n/ noun The composition in this photograph is excellent.
conservative /kənˈsɜː(r)vətɪv/ adjective She never lost her belief in the socially conservative society of the 1950s,
with its traditional family values.
contender /kənˈtendə(r)/ noun She’s one of three contenders for the vice-presidency.
contrast /kənˈtrɑːst/ verb When you contrast their work records, Julie is clearly more qualified.
controversy /ˈkɒntrəvɜː(r)si/, noun The decision to allow more cars on the ferry was sure to cause controversy.
/kənˈtrɒvə(r)si/
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credits /ˈkredɪts/ noun plural The song plays over the opening credits of the film.
cultivate ˈkʌltɪveɪt/ verb After several popular albums, she is trying to cultivate a more serious
image.
dated /ˈdeɪtɪd/ adjective These styles are beginning to look dated.
detached /dɪˈtætʃt/ adjective You seem quite detached. Is anything wrong?
discriminate /dɪˈskrɪmɪneɪt/ verb Employers are not allowed to discriminate on the basis of gender.
disturbing /dɪˈstɜː(r)bɪŋ/ adjective I found the book deeply disturbing.
drop /drɒp/ verb The network has dropped the entire series so you can watch all episodes
immediately if you want to.
dubbed /dʌbd/ adjective Was the film dubbed or did it have subtitles?
dupe /djuːp/ niun Almeria is Spain was often used as a dupe for the US south-west in classic
western films.
ellipsis /ɪˈlɪpsɪs/ noun Ellipsis is the practice of leaving a word or words out of a sentence when
they are not necessary for understanding it.
enthral /ɪnˈθrɔːl/ verb This is a story that enthrals listeners from beginning to end.
episode /ˈepɪsəʊd/ noun Did you watch last night’s episode?
equivalent /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/ noun The large carton is the equivalent of three small ones.
exceed /ɪkˈsiːd/ verb Wind speeds exceeded 90 miles per hour.
extreme /ɪkˈstriːm/ adjective He held some extreme and potentially dangerous views.
foresee /fɔː(r)ˈsiː/ verb Who could have foreseen such problems?
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get your foot in the /ˌɡet jə(r) ˈfʊt ɪn ðə phrase She got her foot in the door working as a researcher on a TV show.
door ˌdɔː(r)/
give rise to /ˌɡɪv ˈraɪz tuː/ phrase Delays could give rise to further problems.
good looks /ˌɡʊd ˈlʊks/ noun His good looks made him a popular candidate.
have something /hæv sʌmθɪŋ ˌʌndə(r) phrase She has several qualifications under her belt.
under your belt jə(r) ˈbelt/
hostile /ˈhɒstaɪl/ adjective These species live in the most hostile environments on the planet.
hub /hʌb/ noun Bombay is the financial hub of India.
indie /ˈɪndi/ adjective Indie films usually have very small budgets.
informed /ɪnˈfɔː(r)md/ adjective It is the job of a columnist to have an informed opinion.
instalment /ɪnˈstɔːlmənt/ noun The series is being broadcast in weekly instalments.
landmark /ˈlæn(d)ˌmɑː(r)k/ noun The event was a landmark in the history of the women’s movement.
life-cycle /ˈlaɪf saɪkl/ noun The life-cycle of a film has several stages including casting, filming and
editing.
live-streaming / ˈlɪv ˈstriːmɪŋ/ noun It’s common to see sporting and music events online via live-streaming.
lure /ljʊə(r)/ verb The campaign is designed to lure tourists back to the area.
make history /ˌmeɪk ˈhɪst(ə)ri/ phrase She made history by becoming the first British woman prime minister.
materialism /məˈtɪəriəˌlɪz(ə)m/ noun I think these kinds of programmes promote materialism – the idea that
money and possessions are the most important things in life.
marginalise /ˈmɑː(r)dʒɪnəlaɪz/ verb These groups of people are often marginalised and don’t have anyone to
speak up for them.
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medium /ˈmiːdiəm/ noun Radio was the medium for family entertainment before television.
needless to say /ˌniːdləs tə ˈseɪ/ phrase Needless to say, I was very upset about the whole thing.
nostalgic /nɒˈstældʒɪk/ adjective A lot of adults feel nostalgic about their childhood.
novelty /ˈnɒv(ə)lti/ noun In the 1950s, television was still a novelty.
on air /ˌɒn ˈeə(r)/ phrase The newsreader didn’t realise she was on air and continued looking at her
papers.
overtake /ˌəʊvə(r)ˈteɪk/ verb The women students seem to be overtaking the men and are getting better
marks.
prior to /ˈpraɪə(r) tuː/ phrase The questions had been asked prior to my arrival.
project /prəˈdʒekt/ verb Ending the talks early wouldn’t project a good image.
prop /prɒp/ noun We’ve been working on the props for the play all week. They look great.
put forward /ˌpʊt ˈfɔː(r)wə(r)d/ phrasal verb Your name was put forward as a possible team leader.
put on /ˌpʊt ˈɒn/ phrasal verb I think he was just putting on an act to get sympathy.
reboot /ˌriːˈbuːt/ noun Starsky & Hutch (2015) is another American crime comedy film reboot of
the iconic 70s TV series.
recurring /rɪˈkɜːrɪŋ/ adjective She has been a recurring cast member in the soap opera for over thirty
years.
reference /ˈref(ə)rəns/ noun The title is apparently a reference to the singer’s brother.
rerun /ˈriːˌrʌn/ noun They’re showing reruns from the old series every night next week.
roll /rəʊl/ verb When I go to the cinema I always stay in my seat until the very last credits
have stopped rolling.
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run through /ˌrʌn ˈθruː/ phrasal verb Let’s just run through your lines one more time.
screenwriter /ˈskriːnˌraɪtə(r)/ noun She is the screenwriter of several successful films.
serialise /ˈsɪəriəlaɪz/ verb They’re going to serialise the book on TV.
sermon /ˈsɜː(r)mən/ noun He preached a powerful sermon on forgiveness.
shift /ʃɪft/ noun Companies were reacting too slowly to shifts in consumer demand.
shy away from /ˌʃaɪ əˈweɪ frəm/ phrasal verb The film does not shy away from difficult issues.
sign up /ˌsaɪn ˈʌp/ phrasal verb The actor has signed up with another agent.
slave trade /ˈsleɪv treɪd/ noun The film is about the 18th century slave trade and follows the life of one
slave who tries to become a free man.
stamina /ˈstæmɪnə/ noun I don’t have the stamina to work all night.
stand out /ˌstænd ˈaʊt phrasal verb Her bright clothes always make her stand out in a crowd.
strategist /ˈstrætədʒɪst/ noun The politician’s key strategist has resigned.
stunt /stʌnt/ noun After racing professionally, he did some stunt driving for films.
subscription /səbˈskrɪpʃ(ə)n/ noun I have got subscriptions to several streaming services.
subtitles /ˈsʌbˌtaɪt(ə)lz/ noun plural I often put the subtitles on when I’m watching TV because I can’t always
hear very well.
subtlety /ˈsʌt(ə)lti/ noun Very few people truly appreciate the subtleties of her musical compositions.
suited /ˈsuːtɪd/ adjective She is ideally suited to the job.
take off /ˌteɪk ˈɒf/ phrasal verb Her business has really taken off and is going to make a considerable profit
in its first year.
takings /ˈteɪkɪŋz/ noun The restaurant manager is counting the night’s takings.
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theoretical /ˌθɪəˈretɪk(ə)l/ adjective The course is designed to be practical rather than theoretical.
transatlantic /ˌtrænzətˈlæntɪk/ adjective Mark took part in a transatlantic yacht race, sailing from the Canaries to the
Caribbean.
trauma /ˈtrɔːmə/ noun He never recovered from the trauma of that day.
tune in /ˌtjuːn ˈɪn/ phrasal verb Millions of people tuned in to watch the election results.
turn into /ˌtɜː(r)n ˈɪntuː/ phrasal verb Your new hairstyle has turned you into a completely different person. You
look great!
unfounded /ʌnˈfaʊndɪd/ adjective In the event, my fears were largely unfounded, and everything was OK.
unscripted /ʌnˈskrɪptɪd/ adjective It was an unscripted interview and the actor spoke very openly about his
life.
virtue /ˈvɜː(r)tʃuː/ noun Patience is not one of my virtues.
wane /weɪn/ verb As with many teen bands, their popularity eventually waned.
willpower /ˈwɪlˌpaʊə(r)/ noun I’m trying to give up chocolate but I’m afraid I don’t have much willpower.
whodunnit /ˌhuːˈdʌnɪt/ noun I love watching whodunnits, but I can rarely work out who the murderer is!
UNIT 10
SPEECH
abstain from /əbˈsteɪn frəm/ phrase I abstained from eating meat for a whole year.
accustomed /əˈkʌstəmd/ adjective She is accustomed to eating late, so having dinner at 9 pm won’t be a
problem for her.
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adoring /əˈdɔːrɪŋ/ adjective Adoring crowds lined the streets as their idol drove by.
adulation /ˌædjʊˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ noun His fans have a lot of adulation for him.
advocacy /ˈædvəkəsi ˌɡruːp/ noun She works for a climate advocacy group, campaigning for better action
against climate change.
attitude towards /ˈætɪtjuːd təˌwɔː(r)dz phrase Pupils showed positive attitudes towards all aspects of their school life.
back to the drawing /ˌbæk tə ðə ˈdrɔːɪŋ bɔːd/ phrase My plan didn’t work, so it was back to the drawing board.
board
bag /bæɡ/ verb He managed to bag another win at the championships last month.
beam /biːm/ noun The gymnast was performing in the beam event, but she unfortunately fell
off.
black and white /ˌblæk ən ˈwaɪt/ phrase This is a more complicated issue than if it’s black and white.
can-do /ˌkæn ˈduː/ adjective He’s got a very positive can-do attitude towards life.
capacity as /kəˈpæsəti ˌæz/ phrase He was at the meeting in his capacity as class representative.
claim /kleɪm/ noun Some of the early claims that were made were plainly false.
coal /kəʊl/ noun Is there a future for the coal industry?
comparison /kəmˈpærɪs(ə)n bɪˌtwiːn/ phrase Direct comparison between the two languages is not possible.
between
concentrate on /ˈkɒns(ə)nˌtreɪt ɒn/ phrase Stop talking and concentrate on your work.
convincing /kənˈvɪnsɪŋ/ adjective His argument was not very convincing as he didn’t back it up with any facts.
counter-argument /ˈkaʊntə(r)ˌɑː(r)ɡjʊmənt/ noun I think we provided a good counter-argument, arguing against the
proposition.
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cut across /ˌkʌt əˈkrɒs/ phrasal verb These problems cut across class boundaries.
decorated /ˈdekəreɪtɪd/ adjective He is one of the most-decorated athletes, having won several gold medals.
diagnosis /ˌdaɪəɡˈnəʊsɪs/ noun Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent serious problems.
drive /draɪv/ noun As a student, she was full of drive and ambition.
easy to say /ˌiːzi tə ˈseɪ/ phrase It’s easy to say but much more difficult to do.
elite /ɪˈliːt/ adjective Elite athletes have to follow very strict diets.
empowerment /ɪmˈpaʊəmənt/ noun There is a strong message of female empowerment in her artwork.
equate /ɪˈkweɪt/ verb These people seem to equate honesty with weakness.
exploratory /ɪkˈsplɒrət(ə)ri/ adjective They are sending a spacecraft on an exploratory mission to Mars.
fall short /ˌfɔːl ˈʃɔː(r)t/ phrase I think we have fallen short in dealing with the problem. We need to do
better.
flaw /flɔː/ noun His father definitely had his flaws and failings.
flawed /flɔːd/ adjective He may have been a flawed genius – but a genius nonetheless.
flexibility /ˌfleksəˈbɪləti/ noun I am self-employed, which gives me maximum flexibility in organising my
schedule around my other interests.
forerunner /ˈfɔːˌrʌnə(r)/ noun Her character is now recognised as the forerunner to many literary
heroines.
from scratch /frəm ˈskrætʃ/ phrase It took only three years to write it from scratch.
fulfil /fʊlˈfɪl/ verb They must have proper training if they are to fulfil their role as advisers
effectively.
function /ˈfʌŋkʃ(ə)n/ verb We need to get this department functioning efficiently.
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fusion /ˈ uːʒ(ə)n/ noun Leonardo represents the fusion of art and science.
game-changer /ˈɡeɪmˌtʃeɪndʒə(r)/ noun This new device will be a game-changer for the way we communicate with
each other.
gifted in /ˈɡɪftɪd ˌɪn/ phrase She’s exceptionally gifted in music.
halt /hɔːlt/ noun Work was brought to a halt by the appalling weather.
hard-edged /ˌhɑː(r)d ˈedʒd/ adjective This was a hard-edged documentary that examined a difficult issue in great
depth.
hardship /ˈhɑː(r)dʃɪp/ noun Many students face financial hardship.
hit the headlines /ˌhɪt ðə ˈhedˌlaɪnz/ phrase He hit the headlines last year when he became the first person to run a
marathon in under two hours.
household name /ˈhaʊsˌhəʊld ˌneɪm/ noun After being relatively unknown for many years, the singer is now
a household name.
humanitarian /hjuːˌmænɪˈteəriən/ noun/adjective This earthquake is the worst humanitarian crisis in the country’s history.
humble /ˈhʌmb(ə)l/ adjective He was a genuinely humble man.
iconoclast /aɪˈkɒnəˌklæst/ noun She is quite an iconoclast, often challenging other people’s beliefs and
opinions.
inability /ˌɪnəˈbɪləti/ noun Helen Keller was a deaf and blind girl who overcame her inability to
communicate.
innovate /ˈɪnəʊveɪt/ verb She is a very creative designer who loves to innovate using new design
techniques.
inspirational /ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃ(ə)n(ə)l/ adjective She is a truly inspirational leader who has many great ideas.
intention of /ɪnˈtenʃ(ə)n əv/ phrase We have no intention of giving up.
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interdependent /ˌɪntə(r)dɪˈpendənt/ adjective We live in an increasingly interdependent global economy.
key worker /ˌkiː ˈwɜːkə(r)/ noun It is the key workers such as teachers, shop assistants and lorry drivers that
are the real heroes I think.
legislation /ˌledʒɪˈsleɪʃ(ə)n/ noun Under current legislation, factories must keep noise to a minimum.
magnetism /ˈmæɡnəˌtɪz(ə)m/ noun Magnetism is the power that an object has to make other objects stick to it.
malaria /məˈleəriə/ noun Malaria is a serious disease.
mandatory /ˈmændət(ə)ri/ adjective It’s mandatory to wear a seat belt in the UK.
manoeuvre /məˈnuːvə(r)/ noun The gymnast performed some incredibly complicated manoeuvres in her
routine.
mental block /ˌment(ə)l ˈblɒk/ noun He suffered a mental block and couldn’t remember the boy’s name.
mentor /ˈmentɔː(r)/ noun She was my mentor when I got my first job. She taught me everything I
know.
microscopic /ˌmaɪkrəˈskɒpɪk/ adjective They will need to carry out a microscopic analysis of the blood sample to
see if there are any signs of disease.
networking skills /ˈnetˌwɜː(r)kɪŋ ˌskɪlz/ noun Building contacts is essential for a lot of careers so you will need to develop
good networking skills.
non-toxic /ˌnɒn ˈtɒksɪk/ adjective A non-toxic relationship is one that is caring and respectful.
object to /əbˈdʒekt tuː/ phrase I object to paying that much for milk.
oceanography /ˌəʊʃəˈnɒɡrəfi/ noun Oceanography, the scientific study of the sea, is a subject I’m very
interested in.
off guard /ˌɒf ˈɡɑː(r)d/ adjective The questions caught her completely off guard.
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optimism /ˈɒptɪˌmɪzəm/ noun We started the season with high hopes, and this optimism was soon
rewarded.
panellist /ˈpæn(ə)lɪst/ noun She has been invited to be a panelist on a radio show discussion.
persistence /pə(r)ˈsɪstəns/ noun His persistence was finally rewarded by a reply from the minister herself.
persuasive /pə(r)ˈsweɪsɪv/ adjective There is one piece of evidence that at first glance seems persuasive.
philanthropist /fɪˈlænθrəpɪst/ noun After he sold his company for billions, he became a philanthropist and gave
lots of money to charity.
pioneer /ˌpaɪəˈnɪə(r)/ noun He was a leading pioneer in early colour photography.
play to your /ˌpleɪ tə jə(r) ˈstreŋθs/ phrase You need to play to your strengths and apply to do a course in a subject that
strengths you’re good at.
portable /ˈpɔː(r)təb(ə)l/ adjective Computers become lighter, smaller, and more portable every year.
praise for /ˈpreɪz fə(r)/ phrase The company was widely praised for its response to the crisis.
prestigious /preˈstɪdʒəs/ adjective It is one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in Greece.
privilege /ˈprɪvəlɪdʒ/ noun It’s been a privilege to be involved in such an interesting project.
promote /prəˈməʊt/ verb Schools which have actively promoted cycling have been successful in
increasing the numbers of children who cycle to school.
proposition /ˌprɒpəˈzɪʃ(ə)n/ noun Do you agree with this proposition or are you against it?
prototype /ˈprəʊtətaɪp/ noun Designers have built a working prototype of the car.
pull out /ˌpʊl ˈaʊt/ phrasal verb He pulled out of the race because of an injury.
quest /kwest/ noun The book follows the characters as they go on their dangerous quest.
rally /ˈræli/ noun Environmental groups held a rally in London last week.
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refreshingly /rɪˈfreʃɪŋli/ adverb I find his humour refreshingly different.
reluctant /rɪˈlʌktənt/ adjective Although we were initially reluctant to go to the street party, it turned out
to be great fun.
resilience /rɪˈzɪliəns/ noun The report discusses other people’s resilience in the face of difficulties.
role model /ˈrəʊl mɒd(ə)l/ noun Do you think footballers are good role models for young people?
sample /ˈsɑːmp(ə)l/ noun Tests were performed on hair and blood samples.
satisfied with /ˈsætɪsfaɪd wɪð/ phrase Are they satisfied with the progress of the talks?
sensitive about / to /ˈsensətɪv əˌbaʊt/tə/ phrase Kyle takes his work seriously and is sensitive to criticism.
sidekick /ˈsaɪdˌkɪk/ noun He plays the humorous sidekick to the more serious hero.
spatial awareness /ˌspeɪʃ(ə)l əˈweə(r)nəs/ noun If you find it hard to park your car, it might mean that you don’t have very
good spatial awareness.
spokesperson /ˈspəʊksˌpɜːs(ə)n/ noun A spokesperson for the charity answered the questions from the press.
streamline /ˈstriːmˌlaɪn/ verb The new service will streamline and modernise the process of recruitment.
surgeon /ˈsɜː(r)dʒ(ə)n/ noun The surgeon performed a lifesaving operation on the patient.
suspicious of /səˈspɪʃəs əv/ phrase People are often suspicious of strangers.
the ability to /ðə əˌbɪləti tə ˌməʊtɪveɪt phrase A fitness coach should have the ability to motivate others.
motivate others ˈʌðə(r)s/
the ability to see the /ðə əˌbɪləti tə ˌsiː ðə ˌbɪɡ phrase It’s important that you have the ability to see the big picture and not just
big picture ˈpɪktʃə(r)/ focus on the details.
the ability to think /ðə əˌbɪləti tə ˌθɪŋk phrase Employees are encouraged to think outside the box and develop creative
outside the box aʊtˌsaɪd ðə ˈbɒks/ solutions.
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timely /ˈtaɪmli/ adjective In timely fashion, Di Canio scored just before half time.
toil /tɔɪl/ verb Farm labourers have to toil in the fields all day.
trailblazer /ˈtreɪlˌbleɪzə(r)/ noun He was a trailblazer, making several important discoveries in his field.
unsung /ʌnˈsʌŋ/ adjective They were the unsung heroes of this crisis.
vault /vɔːlt/ noun The gymnast performed a series of difficult vaults and managed to land on
his feet each time.
withdraw /wɪðˈdrɔː/ verb The injury has forced him to withdraw from the competition.
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C1 Student’s Book Wordlist

challenger /ˈtʃæləndʒə(r)/ noun He defeated his challenger by only two points.

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