Assumptions

• Assume the isentropic efficiency of turbine is 85%

• Assume the boiler has thermal efficiency of 80%
• Steam is fully saturated at the outlet of turbine
• Neglect pump work

Solution
By using table (71 bar 50°C)
𝒉𝒉𝟏𝟏 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲/𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲
𝑆𝑆1 = 6.798 𝐽𝐽/𝐾𝐾
At (41 bar 39°C)
𝑆𝑆𝑔𝑔 < 6.798
So,
ℎ2 = 3187𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾/𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝜂𝜂 = ℎ1 − ℎ2 / ℎ1 − ℎ2𝑠𝑠
ℎ2𝑠𝑠 = 3410 – (3410 − 3187) / 0.85
𝒉𝒉𝟐𝟐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲/𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲
Now for h3
Here
𝑆𝑆1 = 𝑆𝑆3
𝑥𝑥 = (6.798 − 1.892) / 4.9002
𝑥𝑥 = 1.001
&
ℎ3 = 653.79 + 1.001(2098)
ℎ3 = 2753.88 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾/𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝜂𝜂 = ℎ2𝑠𝑠 − ℎ3/ ℎ2𝑠𝑠 − ℎ3𝑠𝑠
𝒉𝒉𝟑𝟑𝒔𝒔 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲/𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲
Also,
ℎ4 = ℎ𝑓𝑓 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 5.43 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏)
𝒉𝒉𝟒𝟒 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲/𝑲𝑲𝑲𝑲
steam bleed at point 2
100 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡/ℎ𝑟𝑟 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
Part 1
By energy balance equation
ṁ1ℎ1 = ṁ2ℎ2 + ṁ3ℎ3 + 𝑃𝑃
ṁ1ℎ1 = ṁ2ℎ2 + (ṁ1 − ṁ2)ℎ3 + 𝑃𝑃
ṁ1 = [10000 + 27.78(3147.64 − 2684)] / 3410 − 2684
ṁ1 = 31.51 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑠𝑠
ṁ1 = 113.43 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡/ℎ𝑟𝑟

Part 2
Boiler efficiency = 80%

Coal consumption
CV of coal = 23.9MJ/Kg
𝜂𝜂 = ṁ1 (ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 – ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) / ṁ𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝜂𝜂 = 31.51 (3410 − 653.79) / 0.8 𝑥𝑥 23.9𝑥𝑥103
ṁ𝑓𝑓 = 4.54 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑠𝑠
ṁ𝑓𝑓 = 16.344 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡/ℎ𝑟𝑟
&
= ṁ𝑓𝑓 / ṁ1
= 16.344 / 113.43
= 0.144 (𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 / 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
Diesel consumption
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 45 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀/𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
ṁ𝑓𝑓 = 111.43 (3410 – 653.79) / 0.8 𝑥𝑥 45𝑥𝑥103
ṁ𝑓𝑓 = 8.68 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡/ℎ𝑟𝑟
&
= ṁ𝑓𝑓 / ṁ1
= 0.076 (𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 / 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
= 20.25 (𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 / 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
Baggas consumption
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 17 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀/𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
ṁ𝑓𝑓 = 22.98 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡/ℎ𝑟𝑟
&
= ṁ𝑓𝑓 / ṁ1
= 22.98 / 113.43
= 0.20 (𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 / 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
Part 3:
𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 × 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 × 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
From United States Environmental Protection Agency
𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 270 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐿𝐿
𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 2.24 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐿𝐿
𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 1.51 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐿𝐿
Carbon Emissions for Diesel (𝐶𝐶12 𝐻𝐻23 ):
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 12
𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 = (8.4414)(1.2 × 2.70) = 273.219 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2

Carbon Emissions for Coal:

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 0.98
𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 = (11)(0.98 × 2.24) = 24.14 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑂𝑂2
Carbon Emissions for Bagasse:
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 0.50
𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 = (93)(0.50 × 1.51) = 70.215 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑂𝑂2
Part 4:
Scope 1 Emissions
Carbon Emissions for Diesel (𝐶𝐶12 𝐻𝐻23 ):

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 1 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
= 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 × 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 × 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹

Diesel:
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑂𝑂2
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷1 = (8.4414)(1.46.65𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 × 0.2778) = 343.38
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘ℎ
Coal:
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑂𝑂2
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶1 = (0.011)(29541.56𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 × 0.2778) = 90.2
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘ℎ

Bagasse:
It has negative carbon footprints because it absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during its
growth.

Scope 2 Emissions
Scope 2 Emissions are considered to be zero because we are producing power in house.

Scope 3 Emissions
Diesel:
Diesel is transferred from Russia to Karachi using this route
Yard—Truck—Ship—Truck—Location
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 4332 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 307 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 /𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 16.14 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2 /𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 × 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 × 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 × 0.0002727
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑂𝑂2
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷2 = (1000 × 307 + 3332 × 16.14)(100𝑇𝑇 × 0.0002727) = 9741.0
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘ℎ
Coal:
Coal is Transported from South Africa
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 8359 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑂𝑂2
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷2 = (2000 × 307 + 8359 × 16.14)(100𝑇𝑇 × 0.0002727) = 19349.12
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘ℎ
Collective CFP emission
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷1 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷2
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑂𝑂2
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝐷𝐷 = 343.38 + 9741 = 10084.38
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘ℎ

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶1 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶2

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑂𝑂2
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶 = 90.2 + 1934.2 = 19439.2
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘ℎ