(A. Gelb) Gibbs For Spherical Harmonics
(A. Gelb) Gibbs For Spherical Harmonics
(A. Gelb) Gibbs For Spherical Harmonics
ANNE GELB
Abstract. Spherical harmonics have been important tools for solving geo-
physical and astrophysical problems. Methods have been developed to effec-
tively implement spherical harmonic expansion approximations. However, the
Gibbs phenomenon was already observed by Weyl for spherical harmonic ex-
pansion approximations to functions with discontinuities, causing undesirable
oscillations over the entire sphere.
Recently, methods for removing the Gibbs phenomenon for one-dimensional
discontinuous functions have been successfully developed by Gottlieb and Shu.
They proved that the knowledge of the first N expansion coefficients (either
Fourier or Gegenbauer) of a piecewise analytic function f (x) is enough to
recover an exponentially convergent approximation to the point values of f (x)
in any subinterval in which the function is analytic.
Here we take a similar approach, proving that knowledge of the first N
spherical harmonic coefficients yield an exponentially convergent approxima-
tion to a spherical piecewise smooth function f (θ, φ) in any subinterval [θ1 , θ2 ],
φ ∈ [0, 2π], where the function is analytic. Thus we entirely overcome the
Gibbs phenomenon.
1. Introduction
Spherical coordinates arise in many problems studied by geophysicists and as-
trophysicists. Methods of representation of discrete functions on spheres have been
discussed in great detail, as there are many analytical and computational consider-
ations. One should refer to [10] and [11] for details. In this paper we consider
the spectral spherical harmonic representation. The spherical harmonics are a
two-dimensional basis set that automatically remedy the pole problem and offer
exponential convergence for analytic functions on the sphere. Also many numerical
algorithms in spherical harmonics already exist. Thus it seems natural to represent
a function in spherical coordinates with spherical harmonics.
The spherical harmonic expansion of a function f (θ, φ) defined on a sphere with
colatitude coordinate θ and longitude coordinate φ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π, is
defined as
Received by the editor October 26, 1995 and, in revised form, May 1, 1996.
1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 42A10, 41A10, 41A25.
Key words and phrases. Gibbs phenomenon, Gegenbauer polynomials, spherical harmonics,
exponential accuracy.
This work was supported in part by AFOSR grant F49620-95-1-0074, NSF grant DMS 95008
14, and DARPA/ONR AASERT grant N00014-93-1-0985.
699
Definition 1.1.
∞ X
X
(1.1) f (θ, φ) = aνq Yqν (θ, φ)
q=0 |ν|≤q
2. Preliminaries
2.1. Gegenbauer polynomials. In this section we present some properties of the
Gegenbauer polynomials and the associated Legendre functions which are necessary
to prove the results in Sections 3 and 4. One should see Bateman [2] for details.
Definition 2.1. The Gegenbauer polynomial Cnλ (x), for λ ≥ 0, is defined by
1 dn h 1
i
(2.1) (1 − x2 )λ− 2 Cnλ (x) = G(λ, n) n (1 − x2 )n+λ− 2 ,
dx
where G(λ, n) is given by
(−1)n Γ(λ + 12 )Γ(n + 2λ)
(2.2) G(λ, n) = .
2n n!Γ(2λ)Γ(n + λ + 12 )
Formula (2.1) is also called the Rodrigues’ formula [1, page 175].
Under this definition, for λ > 0,
Γ(n + 2λ)
(2.3) Cnλ (1) =
n!Γ(2λ)
and
(2.4) |Cnλ (x)| ≤ Cnλ (1), −1 ≤ x ≤ 1.
The Gegenbauer polynomials are orthogonal under the weight function
1
(1 − x2 )λ− 2 , thus
Z 1
1
(2.5) (1 − x2 )λ− 2 Ckλ (x)Cnλ (x)dx = δk,n hλn ,
−1
where the first m coefficients fˆλ (l) based upon the Gegenbauer polynomials Clλ (x)
1
with weight function (1 − x2 )λ− 2 for any constant λ ≥ 0 are defined by
Z 1
1 1
(3.6) fˆλ (l) = λ (1 − x2 )λ− 2 Clλ (x)f (x)dx, 0 ≤ l ≤ m,
hl −1
and the Gegenbauer polynomials Clλ (x) are defined by (2.1).
∞
X
(3.7) f (ξ + δ) = fˆλ (l)Clλ (ξ), −1 ≤ ξ ≤ 1,
l=0
Of course, fˆλ (l) is not known, but rather an approximation to fˆλ (l), denoted ĝλ (l),
based on the transformation in equation (3.4) of the spherical harmonic partial
ν
sum, gN (ξ + δ). These approximate coefficients ĝλ (l) are defined as
Z 1
1 1
(3.9) ĝλ (l) = λ (1 − ξ 2 )λ− 2 Clλ (ξ)gN
ν
(ξ + δ)dξ.
hl −1
The truncation error describes how well the coefficients ĝλ (l) approximate fˆλ (l).
Definition 3.3. The truncation error is defined by
Xm
(3.10) T E(λ, m, N, , ν) = max | (fˆλ (l) − ĝλ (l))Clλ (ξ)|,
−1≤ξ≤1
l=0
where fˆλ (l) and ĝλ (l) are defined in equations (3.8) and (3.9).
Lemma 3.1. The truncation error can be estimated by
s
X∞ X Clλ (1) X ν (2q + 1)(q − ν)!
m
T E(λ, m, N, , ν) ≤ | |aq |
hλl 4π(q + ν)!
q=N +1 l=0 |ν|≤N
Z 1
1
(3.11) × (1 − ξ 2 )λ− 2 Clλ (ξ)Pqν (ξ + δ)dξ|.
−1
Proof. Substituting equation (3.8) and equation (3.9) into equation (3.10) yields
(3.12)
Z 1
1 1
fˆλ (l) − ĝλ (l) = λ (1 − ξ 2 )λ− 2 Clλ (ξ)(f (ξ + δ) − gN
ν
(ξ + δ))dξ.
hl −1
Applying the estimate (2.4) on Clλ (ξ), and the equations (3.1) and (3.2), the esti-
mate (3.11) is obtained.
It must be shown now that the estimate (3.11) is small. For simplicity of nota-
tions denote
Z 1
1
(3.13) λ,l
Sq,ν = (1 − ξ 2 )λ− 2 Clλ (ξ)Pqν (ξ + δ)dξ
−1
and
λ,l
λ,l
Sq,ν
(3.14) Iq,ν = ,
G(λ, l)
where G(λ, l) is defined in (2.2).
λ,l
Sq,ν must be bounded effectively so that the truncation error is small. This is
λ,l
done by finding a recurrence relation for Iq,ν ∼ Sq,ν
λ,l
, and then an upper bound for
|ν| ≤ N .
λ,l
Lemma 3.2. Iq,ν satisfies the following recurrence relation
2 (ν + 1) (q + ν) λ−1,l+1 (q − ν + 1) λ−1,l+1
λ,l
Iq,ν = I − I
(2q + 1) (ν + 2) (q − ν) q−1,ν (q + ν + 1) q+1,ν
ν
(3.15) + I λ,l .
(q − ν)(q + ν + 1)(ν + 2) q,ν+2
See proof of Lemma 3.2 in the appendix.
λ,l
It is now possible to bound Sq,ν of (3.13) by applying Lemma 3.2.
λ,l
Lemma 3.3. For Sq,ν in (3.13) where 0 ≤ ν ≤ N ,
(3.16)
s
(q + ν)! (q − l)(λ−κ) Γ(q − λ) |G(λ, l)|
λ,l
Sq,ν ≤ max(ν ρ , 1) ,
(q − ν + 1)! λ Γ(q) |G(0, l + λ)|
4 ≤ λ ≤ q,
0 ≤ l ≤ m ≤ N,
0 ≤ ν ≤ N < q,
λ − 1 > κ > 2,
ρ > 3.
(3.17)
s
(q + ν − 1)! (q − l)(λ−κ) Γ(q − λ) |G(λ, l)|
λ,l
Sq,ν ≤ max(|ν| , 1) ρ
,
(q − ν)! λ Γ(q) |G(0, l + λ)|
4 ≤ λ ≤ q,
0 ≤ l ≤ m ≤ N,
0 ≥ ν ≥ −N,
λ − 1 > κ > 2,
ρ > 3,
|N | < q.
λ,l
Lemma 3.5. For Sq,|ν| in (3.13) we have the following estimate
(3.18)
s
λ,l (q + ν)! (q − l)(λ−κ) Γ(q − λ) |G(λ, l)|
Sq,|ν| ≤ max(|ν| , 1) ρ
,
(q − ν)! λ Γ(q) |G(0, l + λ)|
Equation (2.2) is used in the second inequality, the monotonicity with respect
to l in the fourth inequality, and Stirling’s formula (2.7) in the fifth inequality.
Theorem 3.1. Let the truncation error be defined in (3.10). Let λ = αN and
m = βN with 0 < α, β < 1, λ − 1 > κ ≥ 2, and ρ > 3. Then for |ν| ≤ N
N
(β + 2α)β+2α
(3.20) T E(αN, βN, N, ) ≤ A ,
2α αα β β
2
where A grows at most as N 1+ρ . In particular, if α = β < 27 , then
λ,l
Recalling the bound on Sq,ν in (3.19)
s
λ,l (m + 2λ)m+2λ 1 (q + ν)!
Sq,|ν| ≤A ,
(2λ)λ mm q κ (q − ν)!
|aνq | ≤ A,
4. Regularization error
For the one-dimensional case, as shown in [7], the second part of the error, called
the regularization error, is caused by the finite Gegenbauer expansion based on a
subinterval [α, β] ⊂ [−1, 1] approximation to a function f (x) which is assumed
analytic in this sub-interval. Instead of f (x) on a subinterval [α, β] ⊂ [−1, 1] as
in [7], we now have f (θ, φ) on a subinterval [θ1 , θ2 ] ⊂ [0, π], φ ∈ [0, 2π]. The
regularization error will be the same result as shown in [7]. We will thus just quote
the result (substituting f (θ, φ) for f (x)).
Assume that f (θ, φ) is an analytic function on [θ1 , θ2 ] ⊂ [0, π], φ ∈ [0, 2π], satis-
fying:
Assumption 4.1. There exist constants τ ≥ 1 and C(τ ) such that, for every k ≥ 0,
dk f k!
(4.1) max k
(θ, φ) ≤ C(τ ) k , 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π.
θ1 ≤θ≤θ2 dx τ
This is a standard assumption for analytic functions. τ is the distance from
[θ1 , θ2 ] to the nearest singularity of f (θ, φ) in the complex plane (see for example
[9]).
As in the case of the truncation error, the approximation expansion is in terms
of cos θ. Recall the transformation that was made previously from θ in [0, π] to the
local variable ξ in [−1, 1]:
x(ξ) = ξ + δ,
β−α
= ,
2
β+α
δ = m,
2
−1 ≤ α ≤ β ≤ 1,
where α = cos θ1 , β = cos θ2 , and θ2 < θ1 .
Consider the Gegenbauer partial sum of the first m terms for the function
f (ξ + δ):
X
m
(4.2) λ
fm (ξ) = fˆλ (l)Clλ (ξ),
l=0
with ξ, and δ defined above, and the Gegenbauer coefficients based on [α, β]
defined by
Z 1
1 1
(4.3) fˆλ (l) = λ (1 − x2 )λ− 2 Clλ (ξ)f (ξ + δ)dξ.
hl −1
The regularization error in the maximum norm is defined by:
X
m
(4.4) RE(λ, m, ) = max f (ξ + δ) − fˆλ (l)Clλ (ξ) .
−1≤ξ≤1
l=0
The following estimate of the regularization error, when λ ∼ m, is obtained:
Theorem 4.1. Assume λ = γm where γ is a positive constant. If f (θ, φ) is ana-
lytic in [θ1 , θ2 ] ⊂ [0, π], φ ∈ [0, 2π], and satisfies Assumption 4.1, then the regular-
ization error defined in (4.4) can be bounded by
(4.5) RE(γm, m, ) ≤ Aq m ,
where q is given by
(1 + 2γ)1+2γ
(4.6) q= ,
τ 21+2γ γ γ (1+ γ)1+γ
which is always less than 1. In particular, if γ = 1 and m = βN where β is a
positive constant, then
(4.7) RE(βN, βN, ) ≤ Aq N ,
with
β
27
(4.8) q= .
32τ
Combining the estimates for truncation error and regularization error it is pos-
sible to obtain the main theorem of this chapter, showing the complete removal of
the Gibbs phenomenon for a discontinuous function on a sphere.
Theorem 4.2. Consider a L1 function f (θ, φ) analytic in [θ1 , θ2 ] ⊂ [0, π], φ ∈
[0, 2π], and satisfying Assumption 4.1. Assume that the first N spherical harmonic
coefficients
Z 2π Z π
aνq = f (θ, φ)[Yqν (θ, φ)]∗ sin θ dθdφ,
0 0
for |ν| ≤ N ≤ q, are known. Let ĝλ (l), defined in (3.9) for 0 ≤ l ≤ m be the
Gegenbauer expansion coefficients of the Gegenbauer partial sum, defined in (3.5),
based on the subinterval [θ1 , θ2 ], φ ∈ [0, 2π]. Then for λ = m = βN with β < 27
2
,
X
m
(4.9) max f (ξ + δ) − ĝλ (l)Clλ (ξ) ≤ A qTN + qR
N
,
−1≤ξ≤1
l=0
where
β β
27β 27
qT = < 1, qR = < 1,
2 32τ
and A grows at most as N 1+ρ , where ρ > 3.
Proof. Just combine the results of Theorem 3.1 and Theorem 4.1.
5. Numerical results
In this section we show numerical results for one example. Suppose we are given
the function
2 + sin 4 , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2 ,
11φ
cos 3θ π
(5.1) f (θ, φ) =
sin φ, π
2 < θ ≤ π.
Note the discontinuity at θ = π2 . We use N = 20, 40, and 80 latitudinal points
θ ⊂ [0, π], and 36 longitudinal points φ ⊂ [0, 2π].
Notice in Figure 1 that the Gibbs phenomenon is prevalent at both boundaries
as well as in the middle. The spherical harmonic expansion of f (θ, φ) produce the
L1 errors displayed in Table 1. Although the errors away from the discontinuity
appear to slowly converge, oscillations can be seen all over the sphere.
π π
N average error error at 4 error at 2 error at 0
20 .16 6.3 × 10−2 .75 .96
−2 −2
40 9.7 × 10 1.3 × 10 .73 .96
80 6.1 × 10−2 1.9 × 10−2 .72 .96
π π
N λ m average error error at 4 error at 2 error at 0
20 1 2 1.9 × 10−2 1.1 × 10−3 8.6 × 10−2 .39
40 7 3 6.3 × 10−4 7.4 × 10−6 3.3 × 10−3 6.1 × 10−4
80 8 5 5.2 × 10−5 1.2 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−4 3.4 × 10−6
6. Notes
This paper did not address some important considerations, which will be ad-
dressed in future papers:
1. The parameters λ and m have not been optimized.
2. The approximation gets worse for large latitudinal N . The error seems
to occur in the spherical harmonic approximation, where there is a con-
siderable amount of computation taking place. We used the subroutines
from the NCAR library to compute the spherical harmonic partial sum.
3. The errors are an order of magnitude worse at the discontinuities than
anywhere else. This is of course to be expected, but there are possible
ways to improve upon this error that have not been addressed.
4. We are assuming exact knowledge of the points of discontinuity. When
this information is not available, methods for locating discontinuities
must be employed.
The author would like to acknowledge David Gottlieb for his enthusiastic support
and consistently helpful advice.
Appendix
λ,l
Lemma 3.2. Iq,ν
satisfies the following recurrence relation:
2(ν + 1) (q + ν) λ−1,l+1 (q − ν + 1) λ−1,l+1
λ,l
Iq,ν = I − I
(ν + 2)(2q + 1) (q − ν) q−1,ν (q + ν + 1) q+1,ν
ν
+ I λ,l
(q − ν)(q + ν + 1)(ν + 2) q,ν+2
Proof. Pqν (t), for t ∈ [−1, 1], is defined in [8] by
ν ν+ 1
(A.1) Pqν (t) = H(ν)(1 − t2 ) 2 Cq−ν2 (t),
where
(−1)ν (2ν)!
(A.2) H(ν) = .
2ν ν!
Also the following relations for the associated Legendre functions are given in [8]
(A.3)
νt ν ν(q + ν + 1)(q − ν) ν
√ Pqν+1 (t) = − Pqν+2 (t) + Pq (t) .
1 − t2 2(ν + 1) 2(ν + 1)
(A.4)
p 1
1 − t2 Pqν+1 (t) = (q − ν)(q − ν + 1)Pq+1
ν
(t) − (q + ν + 1)(q + ν)Pq−1
ν
(t) .
2q + 1
For clarification purposes, let x = x(ξ) = ξ + δ, and also
a = (q − ν),
b = (q + ν),
c = (q − ν + 1),
d = (q + ν + 1).
The definition of Pqν (t) in equation (A.1) is substituted into equation (3.13) to
obtain
Z 1
1 ν ν+ 1
λ,l
Sq,ν = H(ν) (1 − ξ 2 )λ− 2 Clλ (ξ)(1 − x2 ) 2 Cq−ν2 (x)dξ.
−1
Then applying the Rodrigues formula (2.1) and integrating by parts yields
Z 1
1 dq−ν
(1 − ξ 2 )λ− 2 Clλ (ξ)(1 − x2 )− 2
1 ν
= G(ν + , q − ν)H(ν) (1 − x2 )q dξ
2 −1 dxq−ν
Z
G(ν + 12 , q − ν)H(ν) 1
d h i
(1 − ξ 2 )λ− 2 Clλ (ξ)(1 − x2 )− 2
1 ν
= −
q−ν −1 dξ
dq−ν−1
× (1 − x2 )q dξ.
dxq−ν−1
The equation (2.9) is used and Rodrigues’ formula (2.1) is applied again to obtain
Z 1
H(ν)(2ν + 1) G(λ, l) 3 ν+ 32 ν
= (1 − ξ 2 )λ− 2 Cl+1
λ−1
(ξ)Cq−ν−1 (x)(1 − x2 ) 2 +1
ad G(λ − 1, l + 1) −1
Z
H(ν)(2ν + 1) 1 1 ν+ 32 ν
+ νx(1 − ξ 2 )λ− 2 Clλ (ξ)Cq−ν−1 (x)(1 − x2 ) 2 dξ.
ad −1
Applying the definition of G(λ, l) in (2.2) and the definition of Pqν (t) in (A.1) yields
Z 1 p
1 G(λ, l) 3
= − (1 − ξ 2 )λ− 2 Cl+1
λ−1
(ξ)Pqν+1 (x) 1 − x2 dξ
ac G(λ − 1, l + 1) −1
Z 1
1 νx
+ (1 − ξ 2 )λ− 2 Clλ (ξ)Pqν+1 (x) √ dξ.
−1 1 − x2
(A.5)
Z 1
G(λ, l) 3 b ν c ν
= (1 − ξ 2 )λ− 2 Cl+1
λ−1
(ξ) Pq−1 (x) − Pq+1 (x) dξ
(2q + 1)G(λ − 1, l + 1) −1 a d
(A.6)
Z 1
ν 2 λ− 12 λ 1 ν+2
+ (1 − ξ ) Cl (ξ) P (x) − Pq (x) dξ.
ν
2(ν + 1) −1 ad q
λ,l
Lemma 3.3. For Sq,ν in ( 3.13) where 0 ≤ ν ≤ N we have:
s
(q + ν)! (q − l)(λ−κ) Γ(q − λ) |G(λ, l)|
λ,l
Sq,ν ≤ max(ν ρ , 1) ·
(q − ν + 1)! λ Γ(q) |G(0, l + λ)|
4 ≤ λ ≤ q,
0 ≤ l ≤ m ≤ N,
0 ≤ ν ≤ N < q,
λ − 1 > κ > 2,
ρ > 3.
Upon defining
Z 1
1
λ,l
Fq,µ = (1 − ξ 2 )λ− 2 Clλ (ξ)Cqµ (ξ + δ)dξ,
−1
λ,l
Fq,µ is the integral evaluated in the Legendre case, [7]. Using Lemma 3.7 of [7]
where A grows at most as q 2µ−1 and G(λ, l) is defined in (2.2). Therefore for ν = 0
s
λ,l q! (q − l)(λ−κ) Γ(q − λ) |G(λ, l)|
Sq,0 ≤ .
(q + 1)! λ Γ(q) |G(0, l + λ)|
λ,l λ,l
Applying the recurrence relation for Iq,ν in (3.15) to Sq,ν yields
Thus
s
λ,l ν +2 ρ (q + ν)! (q − l)λ−κ
Sq,ν+2 ≤ (ν )(q − ν)(q + ν + 1)
ν (q − ν + 1)! λ
Γ(q − λ) |G(λ, l)|
×
Γ(q) |G(0, l + λ)|
1 (ν + 1)(ν ρ ) |G(λ, l)|
+
λ ν |G(0, l + λ)|
" s
(q − ν)(q − ν + 1) Γ(q + 2 − λ) (q + 1 + ν)!
× (q − l)λ−κ−1
q Γ(q + 1) (q + 2 − ν)!
s #
(q + ν)(q + ν + 1) Γ(q − λ) (q − 1 + ν)!
+ (q − l − 2) λ−κ−1
,
q Γ(q − 1) (q − ν)!
and therefore
" s #
λ,l (q + ν + 2)! (q − l)(λ−κ)
Γ(q − λ) |G(λ, l)|
Sq,ν+2 ≤ (ν + 2)ρ
(q − ν − 1)! λ Γ(q) |G(0, l + λ)|
" ρ−1
ν (q − ν)(q + ν + 1)
× p
ν +2 (q + ν + 2)(q + ν + 1)(q − ν + 1)(q − ν)
(ν + 1)ν ρ−1
+
(ν + 2)ρ−1
(q − ν)(q − ν + 1)(q − λ + 1)(q − λ)
× p
(q + ν + 2)(q − ν + 2)(q − ν + 1)(q − ν)(q − l)q 2
!#
(q + ν)(q + ν + 1)(q − 1)
+ p .
(q + ν + 2)(q + ν + 1)(q + ν)(q − ν)(q − l − 2)q
Hence
s
λ,l (q + ν + 2)! (q − l)(λ−κ) Γ(q − λ) |G(λ, l)|
Sq,ν+2 ≤ (ν + 2) ρ
.
(q − ν − 1)! λ Γ(q) |G(0, l + λ)|
λ,l
Lemma 3.4. For Sq,ν in (3.13) where −N ≤ ν ≤ 0 we have:
s
(q + ν − 1)! (q − l)(λ−κ) Γ(q − λ) |G(λ, l)|
λ,l
Sq,ν ≤ max(|ν|ρ , 1) ·
(q − ν)! λ Γ(q) |G(0, l + λ)|
where G(λ, l) is defined in (2.2) and subject to the conditions:
4 ≤ λ ≤ q,
0 ≤ l ≤ m ≤ N,
λ − 1 > κ > 2,
0 ≥ ν ≥ −N,
ρ > 3,
|N | < q.
References
1. M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Dover, 1970.
2. H. Bateman, Higher Transcendental Functions, v2, McGraw-Hill, 1953. MR 84h:33001b
3. E. Butkov, Mathematical Physics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1968.
4. D. Gottlieb and S. Orszag, Numerical Analysis of Spectral Methods: Theory and Applications,
SIAM-CBMS, Philadelphia, 1977. MR 58:24983
5. D. Gottlieb, C.-W. Shu, A. Solomonoff and H. Vandeven, On The Gibbs Phenomenon I: recov-
ering exponential accuracy from the Fourier partial sum of a non-periodic analytic function,
J. Comput. Appl. Math. 43 (1992), 81–92. MR 94h:42006
6. D. Gottlieb and C.-W. Shu, On The Gibbs Phenomenon III: recovering exponential accuracy
in a sub-interval from the spectral partial sum of a piecewise analytic function, SIAM J.
Numer. Anal., 33:1 (1996), 280–290. CMP 96:09
7. D. Gottlieb and C.-W. Shu, On The Gibbs Phenomenon IV: recovering exponential accuracy
in a sub-interval from a Gegenbauer partial sum of a piecewise analytic function, Math.
Comp. 64:211 (1995), 1081–1095. CMP 95:11
8. I. Gradshteyn and I. Ryzhik, Tables of Integrals, Series, and Products, Academic Press, 1980.
MR 81g:33001
9. F. John, Partial Differential Equations, Springer-Verlag, 1982. MR 87g:35002
10. S. Orszag, Fourier Series on Spheres, Mon. Wea. Rev. 102 (1978), 56–75.
11. P. N. Swarztrauber, On the Spectral Approximation of Discrete Scalar and Vector Functions
on a Sphere, Siam J. Numer. Anal., 16:6 (1979), 934–949. MR 81c:65011
12. H. Weyl, Die Gibbssche Erscheinung in der Theorie der Kugelfunktionen, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen, Springer-Verlag, 1968, 305–320.