Module in Introduction To Criminology 111
Module in Introduction To Criminology 111
Module in Introduction To Criminology 111
IN
INTRODUCTION
TO
CRIMINOLOGY
LESSON 1
UNDERSTANDING CRIMINOLOGY
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Define what is criminology and understand the common terminologies used in the study of
criminology
2. Understand the scopes, division, nature and object of interest of criminology.
3. Trace the history and development of criminology and be able to recognize the contributions of the
pioneers of criminology regarding the explanation of crime causation.
- In 19th century, Cesare Lombroso advocated the theory that crime can be attributed to heredity
predisposition. In addition, a criminal person by birth is a distinct type. It can be recognized through his
own personal stigmata or anomalies.
- In latter part of 19th century, criminology was accepted as a field of study by department of sociology in
the U.S.
In Philippines
- R.A. 6506- An Act Creating the board of Criminology in the Philippines. (1972)
- Republic Act 11131 (RA), otherwise known as The Philippine Criminology Profession Act 2018,
repeals RA 6506 that created the Board of Examiners for criminologists in the country.
- It originate from the word Crimen meaning crime/ accusation and logos/logia which means study.
- In 1889, Paul Topinard, French Anthropologist, used the term criminology in French Criminologie for
the first time.
DEFINITION OF CRIMINOLOGY
- The body of knowledge regarding crime as social phenomena. It includes within its scope the process
of making laws, of breaking laws and of reacting towards the breaking of the laws. (Edwin Sutherland)
- A scientific and humanistic study of the social process of identifying crimes, criminals and compatible
solution. (Mannle and Herschel)
SOCIOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY- the study of crime focused on the group of people and society as a
whole. It is primarily based on the examination of the relationship of demographic and group variables
to crime. Variables such as socioeconomic status, interpersonal relationships, age, race, gender, and
cultural groups of people are probed in relation to environmental factors that are most conducive to
criminal actions, such as time, place, and circumstances surrounding the crime.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY- the science of behavior and mental processes of criminal. It is
focused on the individual criminal behavior-how it is acquired, evoked, maintained, and modified. Both
the environmental and personality influences are considered, along with mental processes that
mediate the behavior.
PSYCHIATRIC CRIMINOLOGY- the science that deals with the study of crime through forensic
psychiatry, the study of criminal behavior in terms of motives and drives that strongly relies on the
individual.
CRITICAL CRIMINOLOGY- deals with the genesis of crime and the nature of social injustice and
inequalities. The study focus on law and punishment where crime is viewed as interconnected and part
of a system of social inequalities.
APPLIED CRIMINOLOGY- uses a variety of disciplines to examine criminality and the criminal justice
system and in the enforcement of laws directed towards influencing social policies.
EXPERIMENTAL CRIMINOLOGY- it relies on experimental methods of research. It focuses on
random selection of social issues directed to evidenced-based crime and justice policy.
COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY-deals with the study of crime problem by understanding the
differences and similarities of social cultures in order to understand crime patterns and trends.
Dr. Cesare Lombroso – The world famous authority in the field of criminology who advocated the
Positivist Theory that crime is essentially a social phenomenon and it cannot be treated and checked
by the imposition of punishment; and that a criminal is just any person who is sick, that he should be
treated in the hospital for his possible rehabilitation and reformation. Father of Modern Criminology
Dr. Charles Goring- An English Statistician, who studied the case histories of 3,000 convicts and found
that heredity is more influential as determiner of criminal behavior than environment.
Alphonse Bertillon- One who originated a system of classifying criminals according to body
measurements. Because the Human Skeleton is unchangeable after the 20 th year and because no two
individuals are alike in all dimensions; this method of identification received prominence in 1880’s.
George L. Wilker- argued that criminology couldn’t possibly become a science. Accordingly, general
propositions of universal validity are the essence science; such prostitutions can be made only
regarding stable and homogenous units but varies one time to another; therefore, universal proposition
cannot be made regarding crime, and scientific studies of criminal behavior are impossible.
Cesare Beccaria- Known for his book “An Essay of Crimes and Punishment” advocated and applied
doctrine of penology, that is to say-make punishment less arbitrary and severe; that all persons who
violated a specific law should receive identical punishment regardless of age, sanity, wealth, positions
or circumstance.
W.A. Bonger- An emotional authority in criminology, who classified crimes by motives of the offenders
as economic crimes, sexual crimes, political crimes, and miscellaneous crimes with vengeance as the
principle motives.
R. H. GODDARD- He advocated the theory that feeblemindedness causes crime for the reason that
feebleminded person is unable to appreciate the consequences of his behavior or appreciate the
meaning of the law.
DAVID W. MAURER- an American authority in police administration who, in his book, “The Big Con”
once said, that dominant culture control the predatory cultures, without difficulty, and what is more, it
would exterminate them, for no criminal subculture can operate continuously and professionally
without the connivance of the law.
PETER RENIZEL- a private person who in 1669, established a workhouse in Hamburge at his own
expense because he had observed that thieves and prostitutes were made worse instead of better by
pillory, and hoped that they might be improved by work and religious instruction in the work house.
JOHN HOWARD- The great prison reformer who wrote, “The State of Prison in England” in 1777, after
a personal investigation of practically all prison in England.
AGUSTE COMTE- A French sociologist firmly rooted the application of the modern methods of
physical science in the social science with his volume Coyurs de Philosophie Positive ( Course of
Positive Philosophy). He argued that these could be no real knowledge of social phenomena unless it
was based on a positivist (scientific) approach.
1. People from primitive societies believe that inanimate objects have life. Ex. Sun is God.
2. In later social stage, people embrace rational and scientific view of the world and this is what we called
positive stage.
GIAMBATTISTA DELLA PORTA and JOHNN KASPER LAVATER they founded the school of Human
Physiognomy- the study of facial features and their relation to human behavior.
- Physiognomy- the study of facial features of criminals to determine whether the shape of the ears,
nose and eyes and distances between them were associated with anti social behavior.
- Phrenology- the study of shape of the skulls and bumps of the head to determine whether these
physical attributes were linked to criminal behavior.
PHILIPE PINEL- One of the founders of French psychiatry, claimed that some people behave
abnormally even without being mentally ill, referred to as “Psychopathic Personality- a personality
disorder characterized by enduring antisocial behavior, diminished empathy and remorse, and
disinhibited or bold behavior”.
HENRY MAUDSLEY- English statistician believed that insanity and criminal behavior were strongly
linked.
CHARLES CALDWELL- an American physician who supported these views, he searched for evidence
that brain tissue and cells regulate human action.
MICHAEL QUERRY used criminal statistics to demonstrate that crime rates varied social factors.
GABRIEL TARDE- he formulated his theory in terms of laws of imitation- a principle that govern the
process by which the people became criminal.
-One of the earliest sociological theories of the criminal behavior Theory of Imitation- Suggestion,
delinquency and criminal matters are learned and adopted. The learning process may either be
conscious type of copying (imitation) or unconscious copying (suggestion) of confronting pattern of
behavior.
ERNEST HOOTON conducted a study involving comparison of a large sample of prisoners and non
prisoners in the US, Hooton concluded that criminals are biologically inferior.
- Found out that tall thin men tend to commit forgery and fraud, undersized men are thieves and burglar,
short heavy person commits assault, rape and other sex crimes and average struggle other crimes.
ELEANOR GLUECK stressed however that the built is not the direct cause of delinquency but rather a
person’s physical appearance may simply just affect his behavior. For example, the muscular boys
who look up to by friends may commit aggressive act to maintain their respect and admiration.
DIVISION OF CRIMINOLOGY
1. Criminal Etiology
- The scientific analysis of the causes of crime.
2. Sociology of Law
- The study of law, its nature and its application.
3. Penology or Correction
- The study that deals with punishment and the treatment of criminals.
4. Criminalistics or Forensic Science
- The study which deals with identification, examination, analysis and interpretation of
physical evidence.
NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
1. An Applied Science
- Anthropology, psychology, sociology and other natural sciences may be applied in
the study of the causes of crime while chemistry, medicine, physics, mathematics,
etc. maybe utilized in crime detection.
2. A Social Science
- In as much as crime is a societal creation and it exists in a society, its study must be
considered a part of social science.
3. Dynamic
- Criminology changes as social condition changes.
- It also means that the progress of criminology is concordant with the advancement
of other sciences that have been applied to it.
4. Nationalistic
- The study of crime must always be in relation with the existing criminal law with in
the territory.
The four major object of interest in criminology are crimes (criminal acts), criminals (perpetrators of
crime), criminal behavior and the study of victim.
1. CRIMES
b. An anti- social act, an act that is injurious, detrimental or harmful to the norms of the society. They
are the unacceptable acts in its social definition.
a. Offense- is an act or omission that is punishable by special laws such as Republic Acts, Presidential
Decrees, Executive Orders, Memorandum Circulars and Rules and Regulations.
b. Felony- is an act or omission that is punishable by the Revised Penal Code, the criminal law in the
Philippines.
c. Delinquency/Misdemeanor- acts that are in violation of simple rules and regulations usually referring
to acts committed by the minor offenders.
d. Infraction of Law- acts that are in violation of ordinances (e.g. city ordinances, municipal ordinances)
I. Service Crimes
Service crimes refer to the crimes committed through rendition of a service to satisfy desire of
another.
CRIMINAL
1. A person who has committed a crime and has been convicted by a court of the violation of a
criminal law. (Legal Definition)
2. A person who violated a social norm or one who did an anti-social act. (Social Definition)
3. A person who violated rules of conduct due to behavioral maladjustment. (Psychological
Definition)
A. Based on Etiology
1. Acute Criminal
- Is one who violates a criminal law because of the impulse or fit of passion
- They commit passionate crimes
2. Chronic Criminal
- Is one who commits crimes acted in consonance of deliberated thinking. They plan the crime
ahead of time.
- They are the targeted offenders.
1. Ordinary Criminal
- Is considered the lowest form of criminal in a criminal career
- Does not stick to crime as a profession but rather pushed to commit crimes due to great
opportunity
2. Organized Criminal
- Is one associates himself with another criminals to earn a high degree of organization to
enable them to commit crimes easily without being detected by authorities
3. Professional Criminal
- Is a person who is engaged in criminal activities with high degree
C. Based on Activities
1. Professional Criminals
- Are those who practice crime as a profession for a living
- Criminal activity is constant in order to earn skill and develop ability in their commission
2. Accidental Criminals
- Are those who commit crimes when the situation is conducive to its commission
3. Habitual Criminals
- Are those who continue to commit crime because of deficiency of intelligence and lack of self-
control
1. Active Criminals
- Are those who commit crimes due to aggressiveness
2. Passive Inadequate Criminals
- Are those who commit crimes because they are pushed to it by reward or promise
3. Social Delinquents
- Are criminals who are normal in behavior but defective in their socialization process or
development
1. Habitual Delinquent
- Is a person who, within a period of ten years from the date of his release or last conviction of
the crimes of serious or less serious physical injuries, robbery, Staffa or falsification is found
guilty of any of the said crimes or a third time offender
2. Recidivist
- Is one who at the time of his trial for one crime, shall have been previously convicted by final
judgment of another crime embraced on the same title of the Revised Penal Code
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
THE VICTIMS
Victimology
- Is simply the study of victims of crimes and contributory role, if any, in crime causation
- It is also the scientific process of gaining substantial amounts of knowledge on offender
characteristics by studying the nature of victims
LESSON 2
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Comprehend the various theories of crime causation and be able to explain the reason in the occurrence of
crime in the community through it.
3. Recognize the contribution of the broad school of thoughts in the formulation of the criminal justice system
1. SUBJECTIVE APPROACH- deals with the biological(genetic) explanation of crimes, focused on the
forms of abnormalities that exist in an individual before and after the commission of crime.
a. Anthropological – deals with the study of physical characteristics of an individual offender with non-
offenders in an attempt to discover difference covering criminal behavior.
b. Medical approach- Application of medical examination for the explanation of mental and physical
condition of the individual prior and after the commission of the crime.
c. Biological Approach- according to Taft, heredity is one of the major factor why a person commits
crime.
d. Physiological- Maslow explained that the deprivation of the primary needs is a strong factor in the
commission of crime.
e. Psychological- Concerned in the deprivation of psychological needs of man which constitute the
development of deviations of normal behavior resulting to repulsive sentiment and action.
f. Psychiatric- this approach explains that mental disease is the reason why a person violates norms
and laws of the land.
g. Psychoanalytical- according to Freud, the imbalance condition of id, ego and superego causes
deviation of the individual to the norms of the society.
2. OBJECTIVE APPROACH- deals with the study of groups, social processes and institutions as
influenced to behavior.
a. Geographical Approach- considers topography, natural resources, geographical location and climate
lead an individual to commit crime.
Quetelet, “Thermic Law of Delinquency” stated that crimes against person prevail in the South
Pole and during warm season while crimes against property predominate in the North Pole and cold
countries.
b. Ecological Approach- according to Park, this is concerned with the biotic grouping of men resulting
to migration, competition, social discrimination, division of labor and social conflicts as factor to crime.
c. Economic Approach- Merton believed that poverty or economic difficulty pushes a person to commit
crime in order to support his needs.
d. Socio-Cultural- Cohen affirms that institutions, education, politics and religion are major factors in
the commission of crimes.
Theory is any system of ideas arranged in rational order that produce general principles which
increase our understanding and explanations. It is the foundation of criminology and of criminal justice, and we
study theory to know why we are doing what we do (Bohm, 1985)
* EARLY BEGINNINGS
DEMONOLOGICAL THEORY- it asserts that a person commits wrongful acts due to the fact that he
was possessed by demons.
1. Classical
2. Neo-Classical
3. Positivist
- The advocates are CESARE BECCARIA ( Cesare Bonesa Marchese de Beccaria) who is known as
the Founder of Classical School of Thought and JEREMY BENTHAM.
- Beccaria in his book “ An Essay of Crime and Punishment” presented key ideas on the abolition of
torture as legitimate means of extracting confession.
- Beccaria believed that:
- The Classicist believed in the absolute free will of men to choose between pleasure and pain. The
person is always totally responsible for the consequences of his acts. On the other hand, the Neo-
Classicists argued that it is not always, since the free will of a person is not absolute.
- This school of thought emphasizes scientific treatment of criminals, not on penalties to be imposed
because it is believed that man is subdued occasionally by a strange and morbid phenomenon which
constrains him to do wrong in spite of or contrary to his own volition.
- Maintains that crime as any act is a natural phenomenon and is comparable to disaster or calamity.
That crime as a social and moral phenomenon which cannot be treated and checked by the imposition
of punishment rather rehabilitation or the enforcement of individual measures.
- An Italian, born 1856, author of “ THE THEORY OF IMPUTABLE AND THE DENIAL OF FREE WILL”
published in 1878.
- He agreed with Lombroso on the biological basis of Criminal behavior but his interest in socialism led
him to recognize the importance of social, economic and political determinants.
- His greatest contribution was his attack on the classical doctrine of free will, he believed that
criminals could not be held morally responsible because they did not choose to commit crimes, but
rather were driven to commit crimes by conditions in their lives.
* RAFFAELE GAROFALO
-He treated the roots of the criminal behavior not to physical features but to their psychological
equivalence, which he referred to as moral anomalies.
-He classify criminals as Murderers, Violent Criminals, Deficient Criminals and Lascivious Criminals.
PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY
- -It was developed by Sigmund Freud (Father of Psychoanalysis)
- -Criminality is manifestation of psychological conflict and a criminal behavior is a form of neurosis.
- -Crimes happened due to poor moral development, inadequate childhood socialization, defective
conscience or emotional maturity.
- -Freud suggested three elements of personality, Id, Ego, Superego which if not developed properly
may result to commission of crimes.
SOMATOTYPING THEORY
Ernest Kretschmer, a German Psychiatrist originated the idea of somatotyping
3 Major Types of Physique
1. Asthenic- skinny and slender with lean, slightly built and narrow shoulders. Prone to commit fraud and
theft.
2. Athletic- tall, strong and muscular who are usually evolved in crimes against person because they are
generally violent.
3. Pyknic- broad face, massive neck, medium height, and with rounded bodies. Generally commit crimes
related to trickery, swindling and violence.
SOMATOTYPING THEORY
- William Sheldon believed that heredity is the principal determinant of behavior and the physique is a
dependable and unswerving indicator of personality.
- Sheldon combines the biological and psychological explanation to understand deviant behavior which
classified body physique.
Sheldon’s Classification of Body Physique
1. Endomorphy- relaxed and comfortable person with predominance of soft and roundedness throughout
the different regions of the body with short tapering limbs, small bones and loves luxurious things and
conditions in life. Essentially extroverts.
2. Mesomorphy- commonly called as the athletic type of person who behave, act and talk aggressively,
characterized by predominance of muscles, large wrists and hands. Tend to commit crime of violence.
3. Ectomorphy- introvert person who is poorly muscled and characterized by the thin physique, flat chest,
fragile and delicate bones.
CONTAINMENT THEORY
This theory is a form of control which suggests that a series of both internal and external factors contributes
to criminal behavior.
According to Walter Reckless, external forces are composed of outer structures like blocked opportunities,
poverty and unemployment while the internal structures are the individual self control ensured by strong
ego, good self image, well developed conscience, high frustration tolerance and high sense of
responsibility.
STRAIN THEORY
Robert King Merton is the leading sociologist of the late 20th century who also related criminality to lack or
absence of norms. He asserted that a man who failed to achieve higher status/goals in life caused him to
commit crimes in order for that status/goals to be attained.
SUB-CULTURE THEORY
According to Albert Cohen, the lower class cannot socialize effectively to the middle class and higher
classes because the latter would not accept the behavior of the former. Thus, the members of the lower
class gather together to share their common concerns which subsequently form a subculture that rebuts
the middle class values.
NEUTRALIZATION THEORY
Gresham Sykes believes that a person will follow or break law depending upon whether he will be
benefited or not. Such that if the societal rules are favorable to him, the latter are very much willing to
obey it, otherwise, he will transgress.
INSTRUMENTALIST THEORY
Earl Richard Quinney claimed that the upper classes are using the existence of the state to exploit the
lower classes by making laws for their own benefits, protection and interest.
THEORY OF EVOLUTION
According to Charles Darwin, humans like other animals are parasite. Man has animalistic behavior, man
kills and steals to live.
CHICAGO SCHOOL
The founders are Robert Ezra, Ernest W. Burgess, and Louis Wirth- Professors of Sociology Department at
University of Chicago.
They found that children who grow in old home wracked by conflict, attend inadequately in schools or
associated with deviant peers and become exposed to pro crime forces.
GABRIEL TARDE- he formulated his theory in terms of laws of imitation- a principle that govern the process by
which the people became criminal.
-One of the earliest sociological theories of the criminal behavior Theory of Imitation- Suggestion, delinquency
and criminal matters are learned and adopted. The learning process may either be conscious type of copying
(imitation) or unconscious copying (suggestion) of confronting pattern of behavior.
GIAMBATTISTA DELLA PORTA and JOHNN KASPER LAVATER they founded the school of Human
Physiognomy- the study of facial features and their relation to human behavior.
Physiognomy- the study of facial features of criminals to determine whether the shape of the ears, nose and
eyes and distances between them were associated with anti social behavior.
PHILIPE PINEL- One of the founders of French psychiatry, claimed that some people behave abnormally even
without being mentally ill, referred to as “Psychopathic Personality- a personality disorder characterized by
enduring antisocial behavior, diminished empathy and remorse, and disinhibited or bold behavior”.
ERNEST HOOTON conducted a study involving comparison of a large sample of prisoners and non prisoners
in the US, Hooton concluded that criminals are biologically inferior.
Found out that tall thin men tend to commit forgery and fraud, undersized men are thieves and burglar, short
heavy person commits assault, rape and other sex crimes and average struggle other crimes.
DR. CHARLES GORING- An English Statistician, who studied the case histories of 3,000 convicts and found
that heredity is more influential as determiner of criminal behavior than environment. He accepted tha criminals
are physically inferior to normal individuals in the sense that criminals tend to be shorter and have less weight
than non-criminals.
MENTAL DEFICIENCY THEORY- group of theories which are primarily focused on the Psychiatric make-up of
the individual criminal, sating among others that human intelligence is the big factor in criminality.
Early researches found out that majority of criminals tested for intelligence were shown to have low IQ.
(Adler,1998)
Recent investigation revealed that:
1. The effect of low IQ on criminal behavior is more significant than those educated with high IQs
2.IQ is more closely related to crime rather than that of social class.
LESSON 3
STUDY OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Freud postulated the existence of a three-part personality consisting of id, ego and superego which
operated in instant conflict with one another producing the basic problem of guilt which required the use of one
or more defense mechanisms.
Id
- Is a part of the unconscious that contains all the urges and the impulses including what we called
libido, a kind of generalized sexual energy that is used for everything from survival instincts to
appreciation of art? The id is also kind of stubborn, for it responds only to what Freud called the
pleasure principle (if it feels good, do it), and nothing else.
Ego
- Is the only part of the conscious personality? It’s what the person is aware of when they think about
themselves, and is what they usually try to project toward others. The ego is dominated by what Freud
called the reality principle (an orientation to the real world in which the person lives). It is continually
trying to mediate the demands of the id and prohibitions of the superego.
Superego
- Is a part of the unconscious that is the voice of conscience (doing what is right) and the source of self-
criticism? It reflects society’s moral values to some degree, and a person is sometimes aware of their
own morality and ethics, but the superego contains a vast number of codes, or prohibitions, that are
issued mostly unconsciously in the form of commands or “don’t” statements.
Defense Mechanism
Freud also provided a theory of human development. These ideas revolved around his terms for the
three stages of early childhood. The oral stage (age 0-2) is when a person develops their sense of satisfaction
or satiation, of figuring out how much is enough (e.g. of food and drink) which has implications for much of an
eater, drinker, or smoker a person is in adulthood. The anal stage (age 2-30) is when a person develops their
sense of orderliness, of figuring out their preferred levels of cleanliness (e.g. as in toilet training). The genital
stage (age 3-4) is when a person develops their sexuality, of figuring out their sexual preferences and whether
they are capable of real love or not. Male children go thru what is called an Oedipus complex (with a
comparable Electra complex). Dual complexes involve sexual feelings for the parent of the opposite sex (and
are called “inverted” complexes in case of homosexuality), and how these feelings are resolved determines how
capable the person is of real love later in life.
Classification of Behavior
- The standard behavior, the totally accepted behavior because they follow the standard norms of
society.
- A group of behaviors that is deviant from social expectations because they go against the norms or
standard behavior of society.
KINDS OF BEHAVIOR
Behaviors that are outwardly manifested or those that are directly observable are overt behaviors. On
the other hand, covert behaviors are behaviors that are hidden-not visible to the naked eye.
Behavior is conscious when acts are within the level of awareness. It is unconscious when acts are
embedded in one’s subconscious-unaware.
These are acts categorized according to the number of neutrons involved in the process of behaving.
Simple behavior involves less number of neutrons while complex behavior involved more number of neutrons, a
combination of simple behavior.
These is rational behavior when a person acted with sanity or reason and there is irrational behavior
when the person acted with no apparent reason or explanation-as when a man loses his sanity and laugh out
loud at nobody or nothing in particular.
ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR
Intellectual Aspect
- This aspect of behavior pertains to our way of thinking, reasoning, solving problem,
processing info and coping with the environment.
Emotional Aspect
- This pertains to our feelings, moods, temper and strong motivational force.
Social Aspect
- This pertains to how we interact or relate with other people.
Moral Aspect
- This refers to our conscience and concept on what is good or bad.
Psychosexual Aspect
- This pertains to our being a man or woman and the expression of love.
Political Aspect
- This pertains to our ideology towards society/ government.
Value/Attitude
- This pertains to our interest towards something, our likes and dislikes.
THE CRIMINAL FORMULA
In explaining the birth of criminal behavior, we must consider three factors: criminalistics tendency (T),
the total situation (S), and the person’s mental and emotional resistance to temptation (R).
DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR
- This refers to the genetic influences, those that are explained by heredity, the characteristics
of a person acquired from birth transferred from one generation to another
- It is the primary basis of the idea concerning criminal behavior, the concept that “criminals are
born”
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
- This refers to anything around the person that influences his action. James Coleman in his
book mentioned some environmental factors such as:
Family Background
- It is a basic consideration because it is in the family whereby an individual first experiences how
to relate and interact with another. The family is said to be the cradle of personality development
as a result of either a close or harmonious relationship or a pathogenic family structure: the
disturbed family, broken family, separated or maladjusted relations.
Childhood Trauma
- The experiences, which affect the feeling of security of a child undergoing developmental
processes. The development processes are being blocked sometimes by parental deprivation as
a consequence of parents or lack of adequate maturing at home because of parental rejection,
overprotection, restrictiveness, over permissiveness, and faulty discipline.
Pathogenic Family Structure
Need. According to a drive reduction theory, is a biological requirement for well-being of the individual.
This need creates drives – a psychological state of arousal that prompts someone to take action.
Motivation
- Refers to the influences that govern the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behavior.
- Refers to the causes and “why’s” of behavior by a need.
- Is a hypothetical concept that stands for the underlying force impelling behavior and giving its
direction
A. Biological Needs
B. Psychological Needs
- Are influenced primarily by the kind of the society in which the individual is raised. Psychological
motives are those related to the individual’s happiness and well-being, but not for the survival,
unlike the biological motives that focuses on basic needs – the primary motives.
Frustration
- Refers to the unpleasant feelings that result from the blocking of motive satisfaction
- It is form of stress, which results tension
Conflict
- Refers to the simultaneous arousal of two or more incompatible motives resulting to unpleasant
emotions.
Types of Conflicts
Anxiety
Stress
- Is the process of adjusting to or dealing with circumstances that disrupts, or threatens to disrupt a
person’s physical or psychological functioning
Common Sense
- Is a commonly health notion where truth is not dependent on judgment which is based purely on
observation, thus it lacks the organization of thoughts and jumps to conclusion immediately.
PATTERNS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
Neurotic/Psychoneurotic Behaviors
- Are groups of mild functioning personality disorders in which there is no gross personality
disorganization, the individual does not lose contact with reality, and hospitalization is not required
- Neurosis embraces a wide range of behaviors that are the core of most maladaptive life style.
Basic to this neurotic life style are:
1. Neurotic Nucleus
- The faulty evaluation of reality and the tendency to avoid rather than to cope with stress. It is
characterized by anxiety, avoidance instead of coping, and blocked personal growth.
2. Neurotic Paradox
- The tendency to maintain the life style despite its maladaptive nature. It is characterized by
unhappiness and dissatisfactions.
A. Anxiety Disorders
- Are commonly known as “neurotic fear” , when it is occasional but intense, it is called “panic”;
when it is mild but continuous, it is called “worry”.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
- Is characterized by chronic mental and physical fatigue and various aches and pains
- Its symptoms include spending too much sleep to avoid fatigue but no to avail, even feel worse
upon awake, headaches, indigestion, back pains and dizziness.
Phobic Disorders
- This refers to the persistent fear on some objects or situation that present no actual danger to the
person.
Examples of Phobia
B. Somatoform Disorders
- Complaints of bodily symptoms that suggest the presence of physical problem but no organic
basis can be found
- The individual is pre-occupied with his state of health or diseases
Hypochondriasis
- This refers to the excessive concern about state of health or physical condition
- A hypochondriacally person tends to seek medical advises, but his fear is not lessened by his
doctor’s reassurances, and he may be disappointed when no physical problem is found.
- It is characterized by the report of severe and lasting pain. Either no physical basis is apparent
reaction greatly in excess of what would be expected from physical abnormality.
- It is a neurotic pattern in which symptoms of some physical malfunction or loss of control without
any underlying organic abnormality.
1. Choking sensation
2. Coughing spells
3. Difficulty in breathing
4. Cold clammy extremities
5. Nausea
C. Dissociative Disorders
- A response to obvious stress characterized by amnesia, multiple personality and
depersonalization.
Amnesia
- It is the partial or total inability to recall or identify past experiences following a traumatic incident
1. Brain pathology amnesia
- Total loss of memory and it cannot be retrieved by simple means
- It requires long period of medication
2. Psychogenic amnesia
- Failure to recall stored information and still they are beneath the level of consciousness but
“forgotten material”
Multiple Personality
- It is called “dual personalities”. The reason manifests two or more symptoms of personality usually
dramatically different.
Depersonalization
- The loss of sense of self or the so-called out of body experience
- There is a feeling of detachment from one’s mental processes or body or being in a dream state
- Somnambulism (sleepwalking) is one examples of this.
Depressive Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder - Patients with depressed mood have a loss of energy and interest, feeling
of guilt, difficulty in concentrating, loss of appetite and thoughts of death or suicide; they are not affected with
manic episodes.
Bipolar Disorders -those experienced by patients with both manic and depressive episodes
Psychopathic Behaviors
This pertains to the second group of abnormal behaviors, which typically stemmed from immature and
distorted personality development, resulting in persistent maladaptive ways of perceiving and thinking.
They are generally called “personality or character disorder”. These groups of disorders are composed
of the following:
A. Personality Disorders
- They are called disorders of character; the person here is characterized as a “problematic” without
psychoses. This disorder is characterized disrupted personal relationship, dependent or passive,
aggressive behavior.
- The classifications of personality disorders as cited by Coleman(1980) are:
Paranoid Personality Disorder
- It is characterized by suspicious, rigidity, envy, hypersensitivity, excessive self-importance,
argumentativeness and tendency to blame others of one’s own mistakes.
Schizoid Personality Disorder
- This is characterized by the inability to form social relationship and lack of interest in doing so. The
person seem to express their feeling, they lack social skills. They are the so-called “loners”
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- It is characterized by seclusiveness, over sensitivity, avoidance of communication and
superstitious thinking is common.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
- It is characterized by immaturity, excitability, emotional instability and self-dramatization.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- It is characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance and pre-occupation with receiving
attention. The person usually expects and demands special treatment from others and
disregarding the rights and feeling of others.
Borderline Personality Disorder
- It is characterized by instability reflected in drastic mood shifts and behavior problems. The person
usually displays intense anger outburst with little provocation and he is impulsive, unpredictable,
and periodically unstable.
Avoidant Personality Disorder
- It is characterized by hypersensitivity to rejection and apprehensive alertness to any sign of social
derogation. Person is reluctant to enter into social interaction.
Dependent Personality Disorder
- it is characterized by extreme dependence on other people- there is acute discomfort and even
panic to be alone. The person lacks confidence and feels helpless.
Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder
- It is characterized by being hostile expressed in indirect and non-violent ways. They are so called
“stubborn”.
Compulsive Personality Disorder
- It is characterized by excessive concern with rules, order and efficiency that everyone does things
their way and an ability to express warm feeling. The person is over conscientious, serious, and
with difficulty in doing things for relaxation.
Anti-social Personality Disorder
- It is characterized by continuing violation of the rights of others through aggressive, anti-social
behavior without remorse or loyalty to anyone.
- Anti-social Personality is actually the “psychopathic personality disorder”
As to Sexual Reversals
Homosexuality
- It is a sexual behavior directed toward the same sex
- It is also called “lesbianism/tribadism” for female relationship
Transvestism
- Refers to the achievement of sexual excitation by dressing as a member of the opposite sex such
a man who wears female apparel
Fetishism
- Sexual gratification is obtained by looking at some body parts, underwear of the opposite sex or
other objects associated with the opposite sex
As to Sexual Urge
Satyriasis
- An excessive desire of men to have sexual intercourse
Nymphomania
- A strong sexual feeling of woman with an excessive sexual urge
Oralism
- It is the use of mouth or the tongue as a way of sexual satisfaction
a. Fellatio – male sex organ to the mouth of the woman coupled with the act of sucking that
initiates orgasm
b. Cunnilingus – sexual gratification is attained by licking the external female genitalia
c. Anilism – licking the anus of the sexual partner
Sado-Masochism
- Pain/cruelty for sexual gratification
Sadism
- Achievement of sexual stimulation and gratification through the infliction of physical
pain on the sexual partner
Masochism
- Infliction of pain to oneself to achieve sexual pleasure
Sodomy
- Is a sexual act through the anus of the sexual partner
Uranism
- Sexual gratification is attained through fingering, holding the breast or licking parts of the body
Frottage
- The act of rubbing the sex organ against body parts of another person
Partialism
- It refers to the sexual libido on any part of the body of a sexual partner
As to Visual Stimulus
Voyeurism
- The person is commonly called “ the Peeping Tom”, an achievement of sexual pleasures through
clandestine peeping such as peeping to dressing room, couples room, toilets etc. and frequently
the person masturbate during the peeping activity
Scoptophilia
- The intentional act of watching people undress or during sexual intimacies
Triolism
- Three persons participate in sex orgy such as two woman versus on man or vise verse
Pluralism
- Group of persons in sexual orgies such as couple to couple sexual relations
- It is called “sexual festival”
Exhibitionism
- It is called “indecent exposure”, intentional exposure of genitals to members of the opposite sex
under inappropriate conditions
Coprolalia
- The use of obscene language to achieve sexual satisfaction
Don Juanism
- The act of seducing women as a career without permanency of sexual partner or companion
LESSON 4
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
ORGANIZED CRIME
1. An Enforcer
- One who make arrangements for killing and injuring the members or non-members.
2. A Corrupter
- One who bribes, buys, intimidates, threatens, negotiates and “sweet talks” into a relationship with
the police and public officials who can help the members security and maintain immunity from
arrest, prosecution and punishment.
3. A Corruptee
- A public official, usually not a member of the organization family, who can wield influence on
behalf of the organization’s interest,
Professional Crimes
- Refers to the occupation or their incumbents which possesses various traits in including useful
knowledge that requires lengthy training.
White Collar Crimes
- Criminal act committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his
occupation.
1. Corporate Crimes
- Violation of criminal statute either by a corporate entity or by its executive, employees or agents.
2. Environmental Crimes
- Violation of criminal law which although typically committed by business or by business officials.
3. Occupational Crimes
- An act punishable by law and is committed through opportunity created in the course of an
occupation that is legal
1. Ethical Reforms
- Reforms include such things as working to establish stronger and more persuasive codes of
business ethics.
2. Enforcement Reforms
- Better funding for enforcement agencies dealing with white-collar crime, and insulation of
enforcement personnel from undue political violations.
3. Structural Reforms
- Involves basic changes in corporate structure to make white collar crime more difficult to commit
such as selective nationalizations.
4. Political Reforms
- Focus on eliminating campaign contributions from corporations and business.
Conventional Crimes
- Group of crimes categorized as violent crimes and property crimes.
Violent Crimes
- Are criminal acts, which in the threat of or actual physical harm by an offender to a victim
1. Interpersonal Violence
- Forcible Rape, Murder
- Serious Assault, Family Violence, Robbery
2. Political Violence
- Terrorism
3. Collective Violence
- Riots, Mobs, Crowds
- Urban Violence
Property Crimes
- Are crimes of economic interest
A. Murder
- Is the unlawful killing of human being with malice and with the “act of violence”
Types of Murder
1. Serial Murder
- An act involving killing of several victims in three or more separate incidents
over a week, month or a year.
2. Mass Murder
- It is the killing of four or more victims at one location with one event.
3. Spree Murder
- The killing of in two or more locations with almost no time break between
murders
Homicide
- Is the unlawful killing without the qualifying circumstances of murder
Assault
- It is called “unlawful attack” to another person to harm or inflict physical injuries.
C. Robbery
- Defined as “violent theft”
- It is taking of property belonging to another with intent to gain by means of force upon things,
violence or intimidation against person.
Kinds of Robbery
Types of Robbers
Categories of Rape
1. Real Rape
- Aggravated rape involving violence, weapons and attackers.
2. Simple Rape
- Anything else not fall as “real rape” such as the victims viewed as suspicious
particularly if the victim did not physically resist.
- Refers to the adverse psychological impacts of rape victims continue to suffer long after the
incidents. It includes”
a. Sexual Anxiety
b. Pervasive fear to the opposite sex
c. Problems in interpersonal relationship
d. General problem of unhappiness
E. Family Violence
- Is a violent crime involving physical assault by a family member to other family members such as:
a. Child Abuse
- An attack or assault of an adult against the defenseless or people who cannot
defend themselves, usually by a parent to a child.
b. Spouse Abuse
- “husband vs. wife battering”
Types of Vandalism
1. Wanton Vandalism
- Destructive acts, which have no monetary gain or purpose in mind.
2. Predatory Vandalism
- Destructive acts of gain such as destroying machines in order to gain contents.
3. Vindictive Vandalism
- Acts as an expression of hatred.
Arson
- Unlawful burning of property on another.
Types of Arson
1. Profit – Motivated Arson
- Illustrated by insurance fraud.
2. Revenge Arson
- Burning of properties due to hatred or spell jealousy.
3. Vandalism Arson
- Fire is employed as a means of expressing vindictive vandalism toward the property of a
group of people or an individual.
4. Excitement Arson
- Those set by “pyromaniacs”.
5. Sabotage Arson
- Fires during civil disturbances.
Victimless Crimes
- Refers to those crimes in which no clear is readily identifiable.
- The only injured party is the offender, who engages in self- destructive behavior.
Drug Addiction
- Is the state of mind in which a person has lost the power of self-control in respect of
a drug
Compulsion/Uncontrollable Craving
- The addict feels a compulsive craving to take repeatedly and tries to procure the
same by any means.
Tolerance
- Is the tendency to increase the dose of the drug to produce the same effect as to
that of the original effect
Addiction
- The addict is powerless to quit drug abuse.
Physical Dependence
- The addict’s physiological functioning is altered.
Psychological Dependence
- Emotional and mental discomfort exist to an individual.
Withdrawal Syndrome
- The addict becomes nervous and restless when he does not get drug.
Alcoholism
- Term used to refer to a person or the person’s behavior with life problem related to alcohol drinking.
Effects of Alcoholism
Gambling
- Is usually defined as wagering or events which chance largely determines the outcome.
LESSON 5
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND VICTIMOLOGY
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
I. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
DELINQUENCY refers to any action; course or conduct that deviates from acts approved by the majority of
people. It is a description of those acts that do not conform to the accepted rules, norms and mores of the
society. It is a general term for any misconduct or misbehavior that is tantamount to felony or offense. It is
however distinct from crime in the sense that the former may be in form of violation of law, ordinance or rule but
it is punishable only by a small fine or short-term imprisonment or both. Legally speaking, delinquency means
the failure to perform an act required by law, or non-performance of duty or obligation that is mandated by
existing law or rule.
JUVENILE CRIME denotes various offenses committed by children or youths under the age of 18. Such acts
are sometimes referred to as juvenile delinquency.
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY is used to describe a large number of disapproved behaviors of children or youth.
Acts of juvenile delinquency include violation of laws such as those defined by juvenile code and laws.
- An anti-social act or behavior of a minor which deviates from the normal pattern of rules and
regulations, customs and culture which society does not accept and which there justifies some kind of
punishment or corrective measures.
- Youth behavior which against norms and regulations of society which if left unchecked would give
rise to criminality.
- An act or omission committed by a minor which is not in conformity with the norms of society.
- Any act, behavior or conduct of a minor which might be brought to court and judged whether such,
is a violation of a law.
DELINQUENCY refers to the failure to perform an act required by law, or the non-performance of a duty or
obligation that is mandated by existing law or rule.
DELINQUENT isone whose behavior has brought a minor or child in repeated conflict with the law.
- one who has committed an offense that violated the approved norms of conduct is guilty of misdeed.
STATUS OFFENSE- an act or omission which committed by an adult may not be considered punishable
but which are generally considered wrong once committed by a minor such as:
STAGES OF DELINQUENCY
A. EMERGENCE. The child begins with petty larceny between 8 and sometime during the 12th year
B. EXPLORATION. He then may move on to shoplifting and vandalism between ages 12 to 14.
C. EXPLOSION. At age 13, substantial increase in variety and seriousness.
D. CONFLAGRATION. At around 15, four or more types of crime are added.
E. OUTBURST. Those who continue on adulthood will progress into more sophisticated or more violent
forms of criminal behavior.
II. VICTIMOLOGY
Victimology is the study of victims and their patterns of victimization. From this perspective, the
question is not why certain individuals (or groups) engage in criminal behavior; instead, the emphasis is on
explaining why certain people (or groups) experience victimization at certain times and in certain places.
Similarly, research on criminal justice has focused on how offenders are processed through the criminal justice
system. Victimologists, in contrast, examine the dynamics
The Demographics of Criminal Victimization Like criminal offending, criminal victimization is not randomly
distributed among the populace. Patterns of victimization show a high degree of consistency with respect to
where and when they occur and who is victimized.
Men are victimized at higher rates than women are. For every offense except sexual assault or rape and
simple assault, men have higher victimization rates than women. Males report that they are almost as likely to
be victimized by someone known to them (51%) as they are bystanders (49%).
Females most often are victimized by someone they know. Females report that more than three fourths
(78%) of those who violently victimize them are known to them. Women are much more likely to be violently
victimized by family members, spouses, boyfriends, or other persons known to them. The relational
phenomenon is known as intimate victimization.
Violent victimization of women is more likely to be repetitive and occurring over a period of time rather than
as an isolated event, a random attack by a stranger, or a secondary consequence of being a crime victim (i.e. a
robbery victim who is assaulted by the assailant. Even when women are the offenders rather than the victims,
the data suggests that more than half of the incidences in which women were arrested for killing a male intimate
partner were precipitated by some sort of physical attack by their victim or claims of self-defense.
Victimization is more likely to occur in places where there is a high density of high-risk social groups. Urban
centers hold the bulk of those living at or below the poverty level in in the United States, and the victimization
rate for cities reflects this fact. In 2002, urban residents had a rate of violent victimization nearly 1.5 times that of
rural residents. Suburban and rural residents were victimized at similar rates.
National data support the observation that crime victimization is not random. If this is the case then what
are the factors that influence who is victimized and when the victimization occurs?
Scholars who study victimization construct theories to explain why some people are victims and others are
not. The two most prominent explanations as to the cause of victimization are victim-precipitation theories and
lifestyle theories of victimization.
Victim-Precipitation Theories. These theories are based on the concept that victims themselves precipitate,
contribute to provoke, or actually cause the outcome. These theories assume that some crimes, especially
violent crimes are interactions, or transactions, between victims and offenders. Victim precipitation means that
the victim is not simply an object
Marvin Wolfgang’s 1958 study of Philadelphia homicides, taken from police records for the years 1948 to
1952, brought the concept of victim provocation into the mainstream of criminological thought. Wolfgang found
that in a significant proportion of criminal homicide incidents (26 percent), the victim had actually initiated the
confrontation, either verbally or through physical force.
Lifestyle Theories of Victimization. These theories seek to explain why victimization can differ in quantity but
remain the same in quality. In cities being researched, it was found that youths were at a much greater risk of
victimization than older persons, and men had substantially higher rates of victimization than women. The
researchers found that the following conditions were met: The victim and offender had the opportunity to come
in contact with one another. There was some dispute between the two. The offender was willing to use force or
stealth to achieve his or her goal.
Theory of Personal Victimization. Lifestyle stands at the centerpiece of the theory of personal victimization
because it is the patterned routines of a person’s everyday activities that predict the chances of exposure to
high-risk situations. Differential association refers to the concept that people who associate regularly with others
engaged in unlawful behavior are more likely to be victimized because of their increased exposure to high-risk
situations and environments.
Routine Activities Theory. Another theory of victimization focuses on the contexts of crime in the terms of the
opportunities for victimization. In 1979, Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson developed an approach for
analyzing changes in the level of crime over time known as routine activities theory. Like lifestyle theories, it
recognizes the importance of people’s everyday actions in an explanation for criminal victimization. Routine
activities theorists assume that all humans are motivated by the desire to have things that give them pleasure or
benefit and to avoid those things and situations that inflict pain.
Differential Opportunities. Differential opportunities are determined by the structure of our everyday lives: the
time we leave home, the route we take to work, our mode of transportation, our favorite places for
entertainment, and other routines of contemporary existence. Routine activities theory focuses on the
circumstances in which crime occurs.
Routine Activities Approach. The routine activities approach to crime is limited to an explanation for predatory
crime. Cohen and Felson define predatory crime as “acts involving direct physical contact between at least one
offender and at least one person or object which that offender attempts to take or damage.” This theory is not
limited to interpersonal offenses such as assault, robbery, and rape. Property offenses such as burglary and
larceny are considered predatory crimes as well.
Predatory Victimization. Predatory victimization depends on the interaction of three variables in a social
situation:
1. the presence of at least one likely offender
2. the presence of at least one suitable target
3. the absence of capable guardians (who might prevent the crime)
Routine Activities Theory.
Offender(Rational Thinker) Suitable Target(Person or Thing) Capable Guardian. Cohen and Felson’s theory
emphasizes that crime does not occur in a vacuum. In other words, crime requires the interaction of an offender
and a victim at a particular time and place. Thus, the lifestyle choices of a victim play an important role in
whether or not a crime occurs. Also, the presence of a “capable guardian” may prevent a crime from occurring.
In modern society, many believe that video surveillance cameras can act as a “guardian” to deter crime. As a
result, video surveillance of entire metropolitan areas is common. The suitable target arrives in the social space
through lifestyle behaviors. The likely offender arrives through rational choices. The opportunity for crime is
enhanced as the potential guardian departs or is absent from space.
Rational Choice Theory of Crime. The key assumption of routine activities theory is the idea that crime is
motivated through rational choice. Rational choice theory is based on the fundamental belief that human
behavior is directed toward those things that bring pleasure or benefit or that minimize painful, unpleasant
experiences. If rational choice theorists are correct, altering the balance of costs and benefits for likely offenders
can reduce victimization. One way to do this is called target hardening.
Target Hardening. Target hardening is the foundation for many popular crime-reduction programs. Crime-
prevention programs, such as Neighborhood Watch programs, programs to increase the level of lighting in
streets and neighborhoods, and surveillance cameras, are based on the assumption that these changes will
cause the potential criminal to reevaluate the risk of committing a crime in these target-hardened environments.
Another example of target hardening is vehicles that have integrated ignition-steering wheel locking systems,
antitheft alarms, built-in global tracking devices, and satellite-activated ignition cut-off systems.
Target hardening is one of the key components of defense against terrorist attacks in the United States.
Particularly attractive targets of terrorism –such as commercial aviation, nuclear reactors, federal building,
infrastructure (e.g. bridges and tunnels), and symbolic targets (e.g. famous monuments and symbols of
government and business) –have been examined for the vulnerability, and additional security measures have
been taken to make it more difficult to attack these targets.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Investigate
- It comes from the Latin word investigare which means “to look into for traces” and vestigium which
means “footprint”.
Criminal Investigation
- An art which deals with the identity, location, apprehension of guilty party and provide evidence of
guilt through criminal proceedings.
Information
- It is the knowledge or data that the investigator acquired in person and record.
Format of Interview
Identity
- The investigator should give his name, rank and agency.
Rapport
- It is building up a positive feeling between the investigator and the subject.
Opening Statement
- Indicate the reason why the subject is being contracted.
Narration
- Allows the subject to give the story
- It utilizes an “open-ended question”-question not answerable with yes or no.
Inquiry
- Clarification of information.
Conclusion
- Give an utmost courtesy.
Purpose of Interrogation
1. Obtain confession – total and direct acknowledgement of guilt
2. Induce him to make an admission – partial or indirect acknowledgement of guilt
3. To learn the facts of the crime.
4. To know the identity of the accomplice.
5. To develop information for the recovery of fruits of the crime.
6. To discover the details of other crime committed by the suspect.
R.A 7438
- it is the rights of the accused – he should only give statements voluntarily and not by means of
threat, coercion, force etc.
Techniques of interrogation
1. Mutt and Jeff- Sweet and Sour
2. Pretense of Physical Evidence
3. Bluff on Split Pair
Instrumentation
- It is the application of instruments and methods of physical science to the detection of crimes.
1. Physical line-up
- It is the means of selecting a suspect from a group of innocent persons.
- It is usually compose of 7-10 persons.
2. Physical show-up
- One person is being shown to the witness right after the crime was committed.
Definition of Terms
Corpus Delicti
- Body of crime or fact of specific loss or injury sustained.
- Not limited to the body of the victim or cadaver but it also refers to the facts of the crime.
- Body of the victim (cadaver)- literal meaning
Modus Operandi
- Method or mode of operation that enables the investigators to recognize the pattern of criminal
behavior to predict approximately the next target of the suspect by means of recorded information
concerning the characteristics of criminal activities.
Crime Scene Investigation
- Conduct of processes, more particularly the recognition, handling, preservation and
documentation of physical evidence, to include the identification and interview of witnesses and
the arrest of the suspect in the crime scene.
Crime Scene
- Include all areas which the criminal, any possible victim and any eye witness move during the time
the crime was committed.
Physical Evidence
- Articles and materials found in connection with the investigation and aid in establishing the identity
of the suspect.
Chain of Custody
- The number of person who handle the evidence between the time of commission of the offense
until the ultimate disposition of the case and should be kept in minimum.
Introduction to Criminalistics
Criminalistics
Or forensic sciences , is the application of criminalistics sciences in the field of law enforcement
A subfield in criminology that deals with the study of “criminal things”
Criminal Things
Those that are left behind by the criminal perpetrator in the scene of the crime which have
significance in criminal investigation.
Criminalistics
Criminology
Division of Criminalistics
1. Scientific Divisions
a. Chemistry
b. Physics
c. biology
2. Technological Divisions
a. Fingerprinting (Forensic Dactyloscopy)
b. Forensic Photography
c. Questioned Document Examination
d. Polygraphy (Lie Detection)
e. Forensic Medicine
f. Forensic Ballistics
Fingerprint
It is a production of pattern or designed formed by the ridges on the inside of the joint of a finger
Dactylography
Is the scientific study of fingerprints as a means of identification
Dactyloscopy
The practical identification of dactylography
Making of identifications by fingerprints comparison and the classification of fingerprints
Francis Galton
“Let no one despise the ridges on account of their smallness, for they are in some respect, the
most important of all Anthropological Data”
Fingerprint Ridges
Are definite contours and appear in several general pattern types, each with general specific
variations of the pattern, dependent on the shape and relationship of the ridges.
Fingerprint is one of the most infallible or reliable means of personal identification in view of the following
reasons:
The characteristics of fingerprints that are formed by collections of curved, straight, long, short and
other various friction ridges never change naturally throughout body ages
Fingerprints are unique throughout the world and permanent throughout life
Police agencies throughout the world accept, adopt and utilize the fingerprint system as a means of
absolute identification
No two individual persons have exactly the same fingerprint patterns in their individual characteristics
The court and other authorities since time immemorial recognized its importance and reliability as a
means of identification
1. Criminal Investigation
2. Proving a suspects identity and criminal record
3. Proving an unidentified dead person identity
4. Finding a wanted and missing person
Fingerprint Patterns
1. Ulnar Loop
- Is a type of fingerprint pattern which possesses a delta, core, and one and more of the ridges
with the pattern area formed a sufficient re-curved, part which crosses or touches a straight
line when drawn between the delta and core, then follow out or terminate to the same side of
its point of origin. The slope or downward flow of the innermost sufficient re-curve is towards
the little finger or ulna bone of the hand of origin.
2. Radial Loop
- is a type of fingerprint pattern which possesses a delta, core, and one or more of the ridges
with in the pattern area formed a sufficient re-curved, part of which crosses or touches a
straight line when drawn between the delta and core, then follow out or terminate to the same
side of its point of origin. The slope or downward flow of the innermost sufficient re-curved is
towards the thumb or the radius bone of the hand of origin.
3. Plain Arch
- This is a pattern in which the ridges enter on one side of the pattern then flow toward the
other side, with a rise at the center, and without a delta, core or re-curving ridge.
4. Tented Arch
-This type of pattern where the majority of the ridges forms as arch and one or more ridges at the
center shape a tent in outline giving an angle of 90 degrees or less, or one with an upward thrust
having an angle of 45 degrees or more, or 2 pattern similar to a loop but lacking one or two of its
essential elements.
5. Plain Whorl
-This is a pattern consisting of two deltas and in which at least one ridge makes a turn through
one complete circuit. An imaginary line drawn between the two deltas must touch one complete
circuit. An imaginary line drawn between the two deltas must touch or cross at least one of the re-
curving ridges within the pattern area. The pattern could be a spiral, oval, circular, or any variant
of a circle.
6. Central Pocket Loop Whorl
- This is a pattern possesses two deltas with one or more ridges forming a complete circuit
which maybe oval, spiral, circular or any variant of a circle. Pattern consisting of two deltas,
with one or more re-curving ridges with an obstruction at right angles to the inner line of flow,
between which an imaginary line would touch or cross no re- curving ridge within the inner
pattern area.
7. Double Loop Whorl
- This is a pattern consisting of two separate and distinct loop formations, two sets of
shoulders, and two deltas the loop necessarily do not have to be the same length and size.
The loop of a double loop whorl does not have to possess the requirements of the plain loop.
It is enough that the elements mentioned are found in such pattern.
8. Accidental Whorl
- A type of fingerprint pattern which is combination of two or more different types with the
exception of the plain arch, or a pattern which has some of the basic element of two or more
types or a pattern which does not conform to the other seven other types.
Doctrine of Fingerprinting
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
Police Photography
Is most obviously useful in police work when photographs serves as evidence that can and often
does prove facts
It is invaluable to investigators, attorneys, judges, witnesses, juries and defendants
Photographs
Helped in the reconstruction of crime and the identity of suspects as well as victims
Identification Files
- Photography is used to identify criminals, missing persons, lost property, licenses,
anonymous letters, bad checks, laundry marks, and civilian personal fingerprint. In the case
of atomic attack or a catastrophe such as an airplane crash, the fingerprints from a civilian file
are proving helpful in making positive identification.
Communication and Microfilm Files
- Photography is also useful as investigate reports files, accident files, and transitions of photos
as supplement to reports. With modern day electro photography machines accident reports
can be made in seconds.
Evidence
- Crime scenes, traffic accidents, homicides and suicides, fires, object of evidence, latent
fingerprints traces, etc. can be presented in courts as evidences by means of large
photographic images or pictures, motion pictures and the like.
Offender Detection
- Photographic instruments can be used to detect offenders through surveillance and other
similar activities. One of the newest applications of the police photography is to record on
motion picture film arrest in which the suspect offers assistance. The practice has been
instituted by at least one metropolitan law enforcement agency to counter charges of police
brutality.
Court Exhibits
- Demonstration enlargements, individual photos, rejection slides, motion and pictures are
accepted as court exhibits.
Reproduction of Copying
-Questionable checks and document, evidential papers, photographs, official records and
notices can be photographed to show alternations and/or changes useful in questioned
document examinations.
Personal Training
- Photographs and films relating police tactics, investigation techniques, mob control, and
catastrophe situations are useful in police training.
Crime and Fire Prevention
- Hazards lectures, security clearance, detector devices, photos of hazardous fire, condition
made when fire prevention inspection are made.
Public Relations
- Films pertaining to safety programs, juvenile delinquency, traffic education, public cooperation
and civil defense.
In Accident Investigation
Tire impression
In most vehicular accidents, photographs of the tire impression will suffice and casting will no
longer required
Any skid marks should be photographed to show the direction the vehicle was travelling; slides on
to show their length
Photograph will not only show the speed of the vehicle but will also show when the driver applied
brakes as he perceived danger
Hit and Run
In vehicular versus pedestrian case, a photograph of the trial of the pedestrian’s on the blood on
the thread marks will not only establish the direction the hit in run vehicle is travelling but also
makes the trend pattern more conspicuous and identifiable
photography should begin even before the arrival of the fire trucks
a particular problem of the photographer will be fogging of the lenses, at best he should take
photos at a distance and use a telephoto lens
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
is one in which facts appearing are not true, and are contested either in whole or in part with
respect to its authenticity identity, or origin
Document
is every deed or instrument executed by a person by which some disposition or agreement is
proved, evidenced or set forth
Kinds of Document
Public Document
is any document notarized by the public or a competent public official with solemnities required by
the law
Official Document
any instrument issued by the government or its agents or its officers having the authority to do so
and the offices which are in accordance with their creation, they are authorized to issue
Private Document
every deed or instrument executed by a private person without the intervention of a notary or any
person legally authorized
Commercial Document
any instrument executed in accordance with the Code of Commerce, containing disposition of
commercial rights or obligations
is the scientific method of detecting deception with the use of a polygraph instrument
new name of lie detection
Polygraph Instrument
is a scientific diagnostic instrument used to record physiological changes in the blood pressure,
pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance
Polygraph
in Greek, it means “many writings”
the other name is “Truth Verifier”
is a branch of medicine, which deals with the application of medical knowledge to the purpose of
law and in the Administration of justice
1. Real Evidence
This is evidence made known or addressed to the sense of the court
It is not limited to that which is known through the sense of vision but it is extended to what the
sense of hearing, taste, smell and touch of perceived
2. Testimonial Evidence
A person maybe commanded to appear before the court to give his testimony
His testimony must be given orally and under oath or affirmation
a. Ordinary Witness
A physician who testifies in course of physician – patient relationship is considered as an ordinary
witnesses
b. Expert Witness
A physician on account of his training and experience can set medical facts
3. Documentary Evidence
A document is an instrument on which is recorded by means of letter, figure or make intended to
be used to the purpose of recording that matter may be evidentially used
This include evidences such as medical certification, or reports on Medical Examination, Physical
Examination, Autopsy, Laboratory, Exhumation, Birth and Death
4. Experimental Evidence
A medical witness maybe allowed by the court to confirm his allegation or as a corroborated proof
to an opinion he previously stated
5. Physical Evidence
These are articles and materials which are founded in connection of the evidences and which aid
in establishing the identity of the perpetrator or the circumstances under which the crime was
committed
FORENSIC BALLISTICS
Ballistics
Is defined as the “science and motion of projectiles”- motion refers to the movement or mobility;
and projectiles refer to metallic or non-metallic objects propelled from a firearm
It also refers to the “science of firearm identification”
It is derived from the Greek word “ballo or ballein” which means literally to throw
It was also been derived from the name of an early Roman war machine called “ ballista” – a
gigantic bow or catapult which was then used to throw missiles or large objects at a distance like
stones against enemy forces
Firearm Identification
deals with the study, comparison and identification of weapons alleged to have been used in the
commission of crime
it involves the examination of ballistics exhibits such as fired bullets, shells, firearms and other
related matters which have been used in crimes
Branches of Ballistics
c. Terminal Ballistics
Is the branch of this science that deals with the effect of the impact of the projectile on the target
It involves the following:
Terminal Accuracy
Size of the bullet grouping on the target
Terminal Energy
Energy of the projectile when it strikes on the target
Terminal Penetration
Depth of entry of the bullet upon striking the target
d. Forensic Ballistics
this branch of this science involves the investigation and identification of firearms by means of the
ammunitions fired through them
it include the following:
Field Investigation
This is the job done by the first officers on the case in the field or a case under
investigation involving firearms
It involves recognition, collection, marking, preservation and transmittal of ballistics
exhibits
Technical Examination of Ballistics Exhibits
This is the job performed by the firearm examiner within the laboratory involving
marking of evidence fired bullets, evidence fired shells evidenced firearms and other
related laboratory works involving firearms such as photomicrography
“Thou shall not touch, move nor alter anything in the crime scene unless it is properly photographed, measured
and sketched or otherwise preserved as not to destroy or contaminate the important criminal things”
LESSON 7
CORRECTION
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
PENAL MANAGEMENT is the manner or practice of managing or controlling places of confinement as in jails or
prisons
CORRECTION is a branch of the CJS concerned with the custody, supervision and rehabilitation of criminal
offenders
CORRECTION AS A PROCESS is the reorientation of the criminal offender to prevent him or her from repeating
his delinquent actions without the necessity of taking punitive action but rather introduction of individual
measures of reformation
CORRECTION ADMINISTRATION is the study and practice of a systematic management if jails or prisons and
other institutions concerned with the custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders
Retaliation (Personal Vengeance) is the earliest remedy for the wrong act to any one
Fines and Punishment refers to the acceptance of vengeance in a form of payment
Punishment is the redress that the state takes against an offending member of society that usually involves pain
and suffering
- it is the penalty imposed on an offender for a crime or wrongdoing
1. Death Penalty is affected by burning, beheading, hanging, breaking of the wheels, pillory and other forms
of medieval executions
2. Physical Torture is affected by maiming, mutilation, whipping and other inhumane or barbaric forms of
inflicting pain
3. Social Degradation is putting the offender into shame or humiliation
4. Banishment or Exile- the sending or putting away of an offender which was carried out either by
prohibition against coming into a specified territory
5. Other similar forms of punishment like transportation and slavery.
1. Imprisonment- Putting the offender in prison for the purpose of protecting the public against criminal
activities
- Rehabilitating the prisoners by requiring them to undergo institutional treatment programs
2. Parole- A conditional release of a prisoner after serving part of his sentence in prison for the purpose of
gradually re-introducing him to free life under the guidance and supervision of a parole officer
3. Probation- A disposition whereby a defendant after conviction of an offense, the penalty of which does
not exceed six years imprisonment, is released subject to the conditions imposed by the releasing court
and under the supervision of a probation officer
4. Fine- An amount given as a compensation for a criminal act
5. Destierro- The penalty of banishing a person from the place where he committed a crime, prohibiting
him to get near or enter the 25-km perimeter
JUSTIFICATION OF PUNISHMENT
1. Retribution- the punishment should be provided by the state whose sanction is violated
- offenders should be punished because they deserve it
2. Expiation or Atonement- It is punishment in a form of group vengeance where the purpose is to appease
the offended public or group
3. Deterrence- Punishment gives lesson to the offender
- Punishment is imposed to warn potential offenders that they cannot afford to do what the
offender has done
4. Incapacitation and Protection- The public would be protected if the offender has being held in conditions
where he cannot harm others especially the public
5. Reformation or Rehabilitation- It is the establishment of the usefulness and responsibility of the offender
- It is helping the prisoners to become a law abiding citizen and productive upon his return to the
community
PIONEERS OF REFORMATION
William Penn- He is responsible for the abolition of death penalty and torture as a form of punishment.
Charles Montesiquieu- He believe that harsh punishment would undermine morality and that appealing to moral
sentiments as a better means of preventing crime.
Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet)- He believes that fear of shame was a deterrent to crime.
Cesare Bonesa, Marchese de Beccaria- He wrote an essay entitled “An Essay on Crimes and Punishment”-it
represented. the humanistic goal of law
Jeremy Bentham- He believes that whatever punishment designed to negate whatever pleasure or gain the
criminal derives from crime; the crime rate would go down.
- He was the one who devise the ultimate PANOPTICAN PRISON – a prison that consists of a
large circular building containing multi cells around the periphery.
John Howard- He recommended the single cell for sleeping, segregation of women, segregation of youth,
provision of sanitation facilities and abolition of fee system.
Alexander Mochanochie- He introduced the “Mark System”- a system in which a prisoner is required to earn a
number of marks based on proper department, labor and study in order to entitle him for a ticket for leave or
conditional release which is similar to parole.
Manuel Montesimos- The one who divided the number of prisoners into companies and appointed certain
prisoners as petty officers in charge, which allowed good behavior to prepare the convict for gradual release.
Domets of France- He established an agricultural colony for delinquent boys in 1839 providing housefathers as
in charge of these boys.
Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise- The one who opened the Borstal Institution – the one considered as the best reform
institution for young offenders today.
Walter Crofton- He introduced the Irish System that was modified from the Mocanochie’s mark system.
Zebulon Brockway- He introduced certain innovational programs like training school type, compulsory education
of prisoners, casework methods, extensive used of parole, indeterminate sentence.
Elmira Reformatory- Is considered forerunner of modern penology because it had all the elements of a modern
system.
PENALTY- Is defined as the suffering inflicted by the state against an offending member for the transgression of
law.
PENALTIES AS TO GRAVITY
1. Detention Prisoners. Those detained for investigation, preliminary hearing or awaiting trial. They are
detainee in a lockup jail or prisoners under the jurisdiction of the courts.
2. Sentenced Prisoners. Offenders who are committed to the jail of prison in order to serve their sentence
after final conviction by a competent court. They are under the jurisdiction of penal institution.
3. Prisoners who are on Safekeeping. Includes non-criminal offenders who are detained in order to protect
the community against their harmful behavior.
1. Insular or National Prisoners. Those sentenced to suffer a term of sentence of 3 years and 1 day to life
imprisonment.
2. Provincial prisoners. Those persons sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment from 6 months and 1
day to 3 years.
3. City Prisoners. Those sentenced to suffer a term of imprisonment from 1 day to 3 years.
4. Municipal Prisoners. Those confined in Municipal jails to serve an imprisonment from 1 day to 6 months.
Super Maximum Security Prisoners. A special group of prisoners composed of incorrigible, intractable and
highly dangerous persons who are source of constant disturbances even in a maximum-security prison. They
wear orange color uniform.
Maximum Security Prisoners. It is the group of prisoners whose escape could be dangerous to the public or to
the security of the state. They wear orange color uniform. A prisoner includes those sentenced to serve
sentence 20 years or, more or those who’s sentenced are under the review of the Supreme court
-
Medium Security Prisoners. Those who cannot be trusted in opened conditions and pose lesser danger than
maximum-security prisoners in case they escape. Prisoners who maybe allowed working outside the fence or
walls of the penal institution under guards or with escorts. They wear blue color uniform.
Minimum Security Prisoners. It is a group of prisoners who can be reasonably trusted to serve sentence under
“under conditions”. They wear brown color uniform.
Jail. It is a place for locking – up of person who are convicted of minor offense or felonies that are to serve a
short sentence imposed upon them by a component court. They wear blue color uniform.
TYPES OF JAILS
1. Lock-up Jail. Is a security facility, common to police station, used for temporary confinement of an
individual held for investigation
2. Ordinary Jails. Is the type of jail commonly used to detain a convicted criminal offender to serve sentence
less than three years.
3. Workhouse, Jail Farms or Camp. Those who are undergoing constructive work programs. It provides full
employment of prisoners, remedial services and constructive leisure time activities.
Regional Office
- At the Regional level, each Region shall have a designated Assistant Regional Director for Jail
management and Penology.
Provincial Level
- In the Provincial Level, there shall be designated a Provincial Jail Administrator to perform the
same functions as the ARDs province wide.
District Office
- In the District Level, where there are large cities and municipalities, a district jail with
subordinate jails, headed by a District warden may be established as necessary.
City and Municipal Office
- In the City and Municipal Level, a city or municipal Warden shall head each jail
Rank and Classification of the BJMP
Rank Position/Title Appointing Authority
Director Chief to the BJMP Sec. of DILG
C/Supt. Asst. Regional Director Same
Sn. Supt. Asst. Regional Director Same
Supt. Asst. Regional Director Same
Chief Insp. Warden Under Secretary
Sn. Insp. Warden Same
Inspector Warden Same
Jo1 to SJo4 Jail guards Chief BJMP
CRIMINAL LAW is that branch or division of law, which defines crimes, treats of their nature and provides for
their punishment
Criminal law has three main characteristics namely: (1) general, (2) territorial and (3) prospective.
General Application
- It has general application because criminal law is binding on all persons who reside or sojourn in
Philippine territory.
- Art. 2 of the Revised Penal Code states that the provisions of this Code shall be enforced within the
Philippine Archipelago, including its atmosphere, interior waters and maritime zone, without reference
to the person or persons who might violate any of its provisions.
- Art. 14 of the Civil Code provide that penal laws shall be obligatory upon all who live or sojourn in
Philippine territory.
- There are cases where our Criminal Law does not apply even if the crime is committed by a person
residing or sojourning in the Philippines. They constitute the exceptions.
1. The opening sentence of Art. 2 of the Revised Penal Code say that the provisions of this Code
shall be enforced within the Philippine Archipelago, “except as provided in the treaties and laws of
preferential application.”
2. Art. 14 of the Revised Penal Code provides that penal laws and those of public security and safety
shall be obligatory upon all who live or sojourn in Philippine territory, subject to the principles of
public international laws and to treaty stipulations.
- An example of treaty or treaty stipulation, as an exception to the general application of our Criminal
Law in the Base Agreement entered into by and between the Philippines and the USA on March 14,
1947 stipulating that “the Philippines consents that the US have the right to exercise jurisdiction over
some particular offences. However, the said Military Bases Agreement already expired on September
16, 1991.
- Republic Act No. 75 may be considered a law of preferential application in favor of diplomatic
representatives and their domestic servants.
- It is a law to penalize acts which would impair the proper observance by the Republic and inhabitants
of the Philippines of the immunities, rights, and privileges of duly accredited foreign diplomatic
representatives in the Philippines.
- Persons exempt from the operations of our criminal laws by virtue of the principles of public
international law:
- It is well established principle international law that diplomatic representatives, such as ambassadors
or public ministers and their official retinue, possess immunity from the criminal jurisdiction of the
country of their sojourn and cannot be sued, arrested or punished by the law that country.
Territorial Application
- It is territorial, in that criminal law undertakes to punish crimes committed within the Philippine territory.
- Art.2 of the Revised Penal Code states that the provisions of this Code shall be enforced within the
Philippine Archipelago, including its atmosphere, its interior waters and marine zone, which constitute
the Philippine territory.
- It is prospective, in that a penal code cannot make an act punishable when committed
- Crimes are punished under the laws in force at the time of their commission
- Art. 21 of the Revised Penal Code provide that no felony shall be punishable by any penalty not
prescribed by law prior to its commission.
- Art. 366 of the Revised Penal Code provide that felonies are punishable under the laws enforced at the
time of their commission.
FELONIES
- Felonies are act and omissions punishable by law (Art. 3, 1st par., RPC)
Dolo (deceit)
- There is deceit when the act is performed with deliberate intent.
Culpa (fault)
- There is fault when the wrongful act results from imprudence, negligence, lack of foresight or lack of
skill.
Requisites of Culpa
1. The offender must have FREEDOM while doing the act or omitting to do the act;
2. The offender must have INTELLIGENCE while doing the act or omitting to do the act; and
3. The offender must have IMPRUDENT, NEGLIGENT OR LACK OF FORESIGHT OR SKILL while
doing the act or omitting to do the act.
Classification of Felonies
Felonies are classified according to the means by which they committed into:
Criminal Liability
Criminal Liability shall be incurred;
1. By any person committing a felony (delito) although the wrongful act done be different from that which
he intended.
2. By any person performing an act which would an offense against persons or property, were it not for
the inherent impossibility of its accomplishment or on account of the employment of inadequate or
ineffectual means.
1. Justifying Circumstances- These are the defenses in which the accused is deemed to have acted in
accordance with the law and therefore the act is lawful. Since the act is lawful, it follows that there is no
criminal, no criminal liability and no civil liability
2. Exempting Circumstances-These are defenses where the accused committed a crime but is not
criminally liable. There is a crime, and there is civil liability but no criminal.
3. Mitigating Circumstances-Those which when present results either to: (i) the penalty being reduced by
at least one degree or (ii) the penalty shall be imposed in its minimum period.
4. Aggravating Circumstances-Those which when present will result either to: (i) a change in the nature
of the offense as to make it more serious and result to the imposition of a higher penalty (ii) the
penalty being imposed in its maximum period.
5. Alternative Circumstances-those which may either be appreciated as mitigating or aggravating
REFERENCES
1. Peckley, M.F., et.al., 2010, Essentials of Criminology, Wiseman’s Books Trading ,Inc
2. Guevara, R.M., et.al., 2010, Criminology 101, Wiseman’s Books Trading ,Inc
3. Soriano, O.G., 2008, Introduction to Criminology with Psychology of Crimes, Great Books Publishing
4. Kalalang, S.S., 2011, Introduction to Criminology and Psychology of Crimes, Wiseman’s Books
Trading ,Inc
5. Manwong, R.K., 2008, Fundamentals of Criminology,3rd edition, Wiseman’s Books Trading ,Inc
6. Manwong, R.K., 2006, Fundamentals of Criminology,revised edition, Thomson Learning Asia
7. Manwong, R.K., 2013, Fundamentals of Criminology,4th edition, Wiseman’s Books Trading ,Inc