Algebra 1 Chapter 7

Polynomial Equations
7
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and Factoring
7.1 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials
7.2 Multiplying and Dividing Polynomials
7.3 Special Products of Polynomials
7.4 Solving Polynomial Equations in Factored Form
7.5 Factoring x2 + bx + c
7.6 Factoring ax2 + bx + c
7.7 Factoring Special Products
7.8 Factoring Polynomials Completely
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER

Jedidah Isler
Dr. Jedidah Isler is an award-winning astrophysicist and an advocate
for inclusive science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)
education. Her research explores hyperactive black holes at the centers
of distant galaxies that create powerful particle jets oriented toward
Earth.
• What is a light year? What is the speed of light in miles per hour?
Can anything travel faster than light?
• Which star is closest to Earth? How far away is it?
• If you could travel 100 times the speed of light, how long would it
take you to travel from Earth to the nearest star?
STEM
Astronomers study the effects
of gravity to learn about the
universe. In the Performance
Task, you will create a display
that demonstrates how gravity
affects objects on each planet
in our solar system.
Astronomy
Algebra 1 Chapter 7.indb 360 5/1/20 7:41 PM

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Preparing for Chapter

Chapter Learning Target
7
Understand polynomial equations and factoring.
Chapter Success Criteria I can classify polynomials by degree and number of terms.
I can add, subtract, multiply, and divide polynomials.
I can solve polynomial equations.
I can factor polynomials and use factoring to Surface
solve real-life problems. Deep
VOCAB Chapter Vocabulary

Work with a partner. Discuss each of the vocabulary terms.
monomial trinomial
binomial leading coefficient
Mathematical Practices
Look for and Make Use of Structure
Mathematically proficient students are able to see complicated things as single
objects or as being composed of several objects.
Work with a partner. The expression −16t(t − 13) represents

the height (in feet) of a model rocket t seconds after it is launched.
1. Complete the table of values for each expression below.

What do you notice?
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−16t
t − 13
t 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
−16t
t − 13
2. Use the completed table to find the values of t that make

sense in this context. Explain your reasoning.
3. When can it be helpful to view an expression as a product

of individual factors? When can it be helpful to view an
expression as a single object?
361

7
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Prepare WITH
Simplifying Algebraic Expressions

Example 1 Simplify 6x + 5 − 3x − 4.
WATCH
6x + 5 − 3x − 4 = 6x − 3x + 5 − 4 Commutative Property of Addition

= (6 − 3)x + 5 − 4 Distributive Property
= 3x + 1 Simplify.
Example 2 Simplify − 1—2 (10y − 3) + 2y.

WATCH
( )
−—12(10y − 3) + 2y = −—12 (10y) − −—12 (3) + 2y Distributive Property
= −5y + —32 + 2y Multiply.
= −5y + 2y + —32 Commutative Property of Addition
= (−5 + 2)y + —32 Distributive Property
= −3y + —32 Simplify.
Simplify the expression.
1. 3x − 7 + 2x 2. 4r + 6 − 9r − 1 3. −5t + 3 − t − 4 + 8t
3
4. 3(s − 1) + 5 5. 2m − 7.25(3 − m) 6. 4(h + 6) − —4 (h − 2)
Finding the Greatest Common Factor

Example 3 Find the greatest common factor (GCF) of 42 and 70.
WATCH
To find the GCF of two numbers, first write the prime factorization of each number.
Then find the product of the common prime factors.
⋅ ⋅
42 = 2 3 7
⋅ ⋅
70 = 2 5 7
⋅
The GCF of 42 and 70 is 2 7 = 14.
Find the greatest common factor.
7. 20, 36 8. 42, 63 9. 54, 81
10. 72, 84 11. 28, 64 12. 30, 77
13. LOGIC Your friend says that two prime numbers do not have a GCF because the prime
factorizations of the numbers do not have any common factors. Is your friend correct? Explain.
362 Chapter 7 Polynomial Equations and Factoring

Adding and Subtracting
7.1 GO DIGITAL
Polynomials
Learning Target Add and subtract polynomials.
Success Criteria • I can classify polynomials.

• I can add and subtract polynomials.
• I can model real-life situations using sums and differences
of polynomials.
A monomial is a number, a variable, or the product of a number and one or

more variables with whole number exponents. A polynomial is a monomial
or a sum of monomials.
EXPLORE IT Adding and Subtracting Polynomials

Work with a partner. You can use algebra tiles to find sums and differences
of polynomials.
1 −1 x −x x2 −x 2
a. Write each expression modeled below. Then use algebra tiles to find
each sum or difference.
( )( )
i.
( )( )
ii.
( )(
iii.
)
Math Practice b. Explain how to add and subtract polynomials without using algebra tiles.
View as Components
c. Write two polynomials of the form ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, and c are
When finding a sum or
rational numbers. Find the sum and difference of the polynomials.
difference of polynomials,
why is it useful to view
the expression as a sum d. Is the sum or difference of two polynomials also a polynomial? Explain
of monomials? your reasoning.
7.1 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials 363

Finding Degrees of Monomials
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A monomial is a number, a variable, or the product of a number and
Vocabulary one or more variables with whole number exponents.
monomial, p. 364 The degree of a monomial is the sum of the exponents of the variables in the
degree of a monomial, monomial. The degree of a nonzero constant term is 0. The constant 0 does not
p. 364 have a degree.
polynomial, p. 365
binomial, p. 365 Not a
Monomial Degree Reason
trinomial, p. 365 monomial
degree of a polynomial,
p. 365 10 0 5+x A sum is not a monomial.
standard form, p. 365 2 A monomial cannot have a
leading coefficient, p. 365 3x 1 —
n variable in the denominator.
closed, p. 366
1 A monomial cannot have a
—2 ab2 1+2=3 4a variable exponent.
The variable must have a
−1.8m5 5 x−1
whole number exponent.
EXAMPLE 1 Finding Degrees of Monomials
Find the degree of each monomial.

1
a. 5x2 b. −—2 xy3 c. 8x3y3 d. −3
SOLUTION
a. The exponent of x is 2.
So, the degree of the monomial is 2.
b. The exponent of x is 1, and the exponent of y is 3.

So, the degree of the monomial is 1 + 3, or 4.
c. The exponent of x is 3, and the exponent of y is 3.

So, the degree of the monomial is 3 + 3, or 6.
d. You can rewrite −3 as −3x 0.

So, the degree of the monomial is 0.
SELF-ASSESSMENT 1 I do not understand. 2 I can do it with help. 3 I can do it on my own. 4 I can teach someone else.
Find the degree of the monomial.

1. −3x 4 2. 7c3d 2 3. —53 y 4. −20.5
5. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which monomial does not belong with the other three?
Explain your reasoning.
a3b2 a4b ab5 a2b3
6. REASONING A monomial contains four variables. What is the least possible degree
of the monomial? Explain.

Classifying Polynomials
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KEY IDEA
Polynomials
A polynomial is a monomial or a sum of monomials. Each monomial is called
a term of the polynomial. A polynomial with two terms is a binomial. A
WORDS AND MATH polynomial with three terms is a trinomial.
You may know other Binomial Trinomial
words with the prefixes 5x + 2 x2+ 5x + 2
bi- and tri-, such as bicycle,
bidirectional, tricycle, and The degree of a polynomial is the greatest degree of its terms. A polynomial in
triathlon. A bicycle has two one variable is in standard form when the exponents of the terms decrease from
wheels and bidirectional left to right. When you write a polynomial in standard form, the coefficient of the
indicates two directions. A first term is the leading coefficient.
tricycle has three wheels
leading degree constant
and a triathlon is a race
coefficient term
composed of three events.
2x3 + x2 − 5x + 12
EXAMPLE 2 Writing a Polynomial in Standard Form
Write 15x − x3 + 3 in standard form. Identify the degree and leading coefficient
of the polynomial.
SOLUTION
Consider the degree of each term of the polynomial.
Degree is 1. Degree is 3. Degree is 0.
15x − x3 + 3
You can write the polynomial in standard form as −x3 + 15x + 3. The
greatest degree is 3, so the degree of the polynomial is 3, and the leading
coefficient is −1.
EXAMPLE 3 Classifying Polynomials
Write each polynomial in standard form. Identify the degree and classify each
polynomial by the number of terms.
a. −3z 4 b. 4 + 5x2 − x c. 8q + q5
SOLUTION
Polynomial Standard Form Degree Type of Polynomial
a. −3z 4 −3z 4 4 monomial
b. 4 + 5x2 − x 5x2 − x + 4 2 trinomial
c. 8q + q5 q5 + 8q 5 binomial
Write the polynomial in standard form. Identify the degree and leading coefficient
of the polynomial. Then classify the polynomial by the number of terms.
7. 4 − 9z 8. t 2 − t 3 − 10t 9. 2.8x + x3

Adding and Subtracting Polynomials
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A set of numbers is closed under an operation when the operation
performed on any two numbers in the set results in a number that is also in the set. For
example, the set of integers is closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication.
This means that if a and b are two integers, then a + b, a − b, and ab are also integers.
The set of polynomials is closed under addition and subtraction. So, the sum or
difference of any two polynomials is also a polynomial.
To add polynomials, add like terms. You can use a vertical or a horizontal format.
EXAMPLE 4 Adding Polynomials
STUDY TIP Find the sum.

When a power of the a. (2x 3 − 5x 2 + x) + (2x 2 + x3 − 1) b. (3x2 + x − 6) + (x2 + 4x + 10)
variable appears in one
polynomial but not the SOLUTION
other, leave a space in that
a. Vertical format: Align like terms vertically and add.
column, or write the term
with a coefficient of 0. 2x3 − 5x2 + x
+ x3 + 2x2 −1
3x3 − 3x2 +x−1
The sum is 3x3 − 3x2 + x − 1.
b. Horizontal format: Group like terms and simplify.
(3x2 + x − 6) + (x2 + 4x + 10) = (3x2 + x2) + (x + 4x) + (−6 + 10)
= 4x2 + 5x + 4
The sum is 4x2 + 5x + 4.
To subtract a polynomial, add its opposite. To find the opposite of a polynomial,

multiply each of its terms by −1.
EXAMPLE 5 Subtracting Polynomials
Find (4n2 + 5) − (−2n2 + 2n − 4).
ANOTHER WAY SOLUTION

You can also subtract Vertical format: Align like terms vertically and subtract.
polynomials using a
horizontal method. 4n2 +5 4n2 +5
− (−2n2 + 2n − 4) + 2n2 − 2n + 4
6n2 − 2n + 9
The difference is 6n2 − 2n + 9.
Find the sum or difference.

10. (b − 10) + (4b − 3) 11. (x2 − x − 2) + (7x2 − x)
12. (p2 + p + 3) − (−4p2 − p + 3) ( 3
) (
13. −—4 k + 5 − —3 k 2 − 6
1
)

Solving Real-Life Problems
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EXAMPLE 6 Modeling Real Life
A red water balloon is thrown straight down

from a height of 200 feet. At the same time, −16t 2 − 40t + 200
a blue water balloon is dropped from a height
of 100 feet. The polynomials represent the
heights (in feet) of the balloons after t seconds.
a. Write a polynomial that represents −16t 2 + 100

the distance between the water balloons
after t seconds.
b. Interpret any coefficients and constants
of the polynomial in part (a). Not drawn to scale
SOLUTION
a. To find the distance between the water balloons after t seconds, subtract
the polynomials.
Red Balloon −16t 2 − 40t + 200 −16t 2 − 40t + 200

Blue Balloon − (−16t 2 + 100) + 16t 2 − 100
−40t + 100
Math Practice
Interpret Results The polynomial −40t + 100 represents the distance between the water
balloons after t seconds.
Notice that each term of
the resulting expression b. To find the distance between the water balloons when both begin to fall, let t = 0.
has special meaning
in the context of the −40t + 100 = −40(0) + 100 = 100 feet
problem. Analyzing So, the constant term 100 represents the distance between the balloons when both
the terms helps you begin to fall.
understand the problem
in greater depth.
As the value of t increases by 1, the value of −40t + 100 decreases by 40.
This means that the balloons become 40 feet closer to each other each second.
So, −40 represents the amount that the distance between the balloons changes
each second.
14. WHAT IF? The polynomial −16t 2 − 25t + 200 represents the height
of the red water balloon after t seconds. What is the distance between
the balloons when both begin to fall? How does the distance between
the balloons change over time?
15. You shoot a basketball to try to knock your friend’s shot away from
the hoop. The height (in feet) of your friend's basketball t seconds
after he shoots is represented by −16t 2 + 25t + 6.25. The height
(in feet) of your basketball t seconds after you shoot is represented
by −16t 2 + 20t + 5.5. You and your friend shoot at the same time.
Is it possible for the basketballs to collide? Explain.
367

7.1 Practice WITH AND
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In Exercises 1–8, find the degree of the monomial.

Example 1
25. ( — a − a − 3 ) + ( 2a − — a + 8 )
1
4
3 3 1 2
2
1. 4g 2. −—9
4 26. ( s − — s − 9 ) + ( 2s − —s + s )
3 1
2
2 1 3
3
In Exercises 27–34, find the difference. Example 5

3. −1.75k2 4. 23x 4
27. (d − 9) − (3d − 1)
5. s 8t 6. 8m2n4
28. (6x + 9) − (7x + 1)
7. 9xy3z7 8. −3q 4rs 6
29. ( y2 − 4y + 9) − (3y2 − 6y − 9)
In Exercises 9–16, write the polynomial in standard
form. Identify the degree and leading coefficient of 30. (4m2 − m + 2) − (−3m2 + 10m + 4)
the polynomial. Then classify the polynomial by the
number of terms. Examples 2 and 3 31. (k3 − 7k + 2) − (k2 − 12)
—
9. 3t 8 10. √ 7 n4 32. (−r − 10) − (−4r 3 + r 2 + 7r)
11. 7 + 3p2 12. 4w11 − w12 33. (t 4 − 1.5t 2 + t) − (12 − 9.5t 2 − 7t)
13. 6c2 + 2c 4 − c 14. 8d − 2 − 4d 3 34. (4.5d − 6d 3 + 3d 2) − (10d 3 + 7d − 2.5)
16. πr 2 − —7 r 8 + 2r 5
5
15. 5z + 2z3 + 3z 4
ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 35 and 36, describe and
correct the error in finding the sum or difference.
17. REASONING The expression
—3 πr 3 represents the volume of a
4
✗
35.
sphere with radius r. Explain why (x2 + x) − (2x2 − 3x)
this expression is a monomial. = (x2 + x) + (−2x2 − 3x)
Then identify its degree. = (x2 − 2x2) + (x − 3x)
= −x2 − 2x
18. MODELING REAL LIFE The amount of money you
have after investing $400 for 8 years and $600 for
6 years at the same interest rate is represented by
✗
36.
400x 8 + 600x6, where x is the growth factor.
x3 − 4x2 + 3
a. Classify the polynomial by the number of terms.
+ −3x3 + 8x − 2
b. Interpret the coefficients and the exponents
of the polynomial. −2x3 + 4x2 + 1
In Exercises 19–26, find the sum. Example 4

37. MODELING REAL LIFE The cost (in dollars) of
19. (5y + 4) + (−2y + 6) making b bracelets is represented by 4 + 5b. The cost
(in dollars) of making b necklaces is represented by
20. (−8x − 12) + (9x + 4) 8b + 6. Write a polynomial that represents how much
more it costs to make b necklaces than b bracelets.
21. (2n2 − 5n − 6) + (−n2 − 3n + 11)
22. (−3p3 + 5p2 − 2p) + (−p3 − 8p2 − 15p)
23. (3g2 − g) + (3g2 − 8g + 4)
24. (9r2 + 4r − 7) + (3r2 − 3r)

38. MODELING REAL LIFE The number of individual 45. WRITING Explain how you know that
memberships at a fitness center in m months is the set of polynomials is closed under GO DIGITAL
represented by 142 + 12m. The number of family addition and subtraction.
memberships at the center in m months is represented
by 52 + 6m. Write a polynomial that represents the 46. COLLEGE PREP Which of the following expressions
total number of memberships at the fitness center. is not a polynomial?
A a3 + 4a
○ B x2 − 8x
○
In Exercises 39–42, find the sum or difference.
π
39. (2s2 − 5st − t2) − (s2 + 7st − t2) C b − 2−1
○ D −— + 6y8z
○ 3
40. (a2 − 3ab + 2b2) + (−4a2 + 5ab − b2)

REASONING In Exercises 47–50, complete the
statement with always, sometimes, or never. Explain
41. (c2 − 6d 2) + (c2 − 2cd + 2d 2)
your reasoning.
42. (−x2 + 9xy) − (x2 + 6xy − 8y2) 47. The terms of a polynomial are ________ monomials.
48. The difference of two trinomials is _________ a

trinomial.
43. MODELING REAL LIFE A water
rocket is launched straight into 49. A binomial is ________ a polynomial of degree 2.
the air from a height of 6 feet
with an initial velocity of 60 feet 50. The sum of two polynomials is _________ a
per second. At the same time, a polynomial.
second water rocket is launched
straight into the air from the 51. CONNECTING CONCEPTS
ground with an initial velocity Write the polynomial 3x − 2
of 50 feet per second. The in standard form
polynomials −16t 2 + 60t + 6 2x 2x + 1
that represents
and −16t 2 + 50t represent the the perimeter of
heights (in feet) of the rockets the quadrilateral. 5x − 2
after t seconds. Example 6
a. Write a polynomial that 52. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?
represents the distance The right side of the equation of each line is a
between the heights of the polynomial.
rockets after t seconds.
y
b. Interpret any coefficients and 4
constants of the polynomial
in part (a).
y = −2x + 1
−4 −2 2 4 x
44. MODELING REAL LIFE During a 7-year period, the y=x−2

amounts (in millions of dollars) spent each year on
buying new vehicles N and used vehicles U by −4
United States residents are modeled by the equations
a. The absolute value of the difference of the
N = −0.028t3 + 0.06t2 + 0.1t + 17
two polynomials represents the vertical distance
U = −0.38t2 + 1.5t + 42 between points on the lines with the same
x-value. Write this expression.
where t = 1 represents the first year in the
7-year period. b. When does the expression in part (a) equal 0?
How does this value relate to the graph?
a. Write a polynomial that represents the total
amount spent each year on buying new and
used vehicles in the 7-year period. 53. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Does the order in which
you add polynomials matter? Justify your answer.
b. How much is spent on buying new and used
vehicles in the fifth year?

54. You drop a 56. THOUGHT PROVOKING
ball from a height of 98 feet. Write two polynomials whose sum is GO DIGITAL
−16t 2 + 98 x2 and whose difference is 1.
At the same time, your friend
throws a ball upward. The
polynomials represent the 57. ABSTRACT REASONING A polynomial h(x) for
heights (in feet) of the balls which h(x) ≥ 0 for all real numbers x is called a
after t seconds. Write an nonnegative polynomial.
expression that represents the
a. Determine which of the following polynomials
distance between your ball
−16t 2 + 46t + 6 are nonnegative.
and your friend’s ball after
t seconds. Find the distance x2 + 1 x3 x3 + x2 ax + b
between the balls after Not drawn to scale
2.25 seconds. b. Can a nonnegative polynomial have any negative
coefficients? Explain.
55. PRECISION Determine whether the set of
c. Is it possible for all of the coefficients of a
negative integers is closed under addition, subtraction,
nonnegative polynomial to be negative? Explain.
and multiplication. Explain.
REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 58–61, solve the equation. Check your 70. (b4 + 1 − 2b2) + (−2b + 3b2 + 3)
solution.
71. (−d + 6d 3 + 4d 2) − (12 − 4d + 5d 2)
58. 4x+ 2 = 43x − 2 59. 2x = 128
72. Tell whether the data in the table can be modeled
60. 34x + 6 = 9x
1
61. 56x = —
125 by a linear equation. Explain. If possible, write a
linear equation that represents y as a function of x.
62. STRUCTURE Find the
value of the variable. Then 2k° x 10 8 6 4 2
find the angle measures of
the triangle. 45° k° y −5 −2 1 4 7
Sum of angle
measures: 180° In Exercises 73 and 74, write a recursive rule for the
explicit rule.
In Exercises 63–66, determine whether the sequence
1
is arithmetic, geometric, or neither. 73. an = —2 n + 1
63. −3, 9, −27, 81, ... 64. 2, 3, 5, 8, ... 74. an = −3(5)n − 1
65. 25, 22.5, 20, 17.5 75. Does the graph represent a linear or nonlinear
function? Explain.
66. 1880, 940, 470, 235, ...
y
2
67. MODELING REAL LIFE You order a cell phone case
and 2 screen protectors online for a total of $18.95.
−2 2 4x
Your friend orders 2 cell phone cases and 5 screen
protectors at the same unit prices for a total of −2
$41.40. What is the cost of each cell phone case?

each screen protector?
In Exercises 68–71, find the sum or difference. In Exercises 76 and 77, simplify the expression.
68. (−4x2 + x − 12) + (2x3 + 3x2 − 4) 76. 5(2r + 1) − 3(−4r + 2)
1 1
69. (3y3 + 5y + 8) − (y3 − 4y2 + 3y) 77. —2 (4c + 10) + —3 (2c − 6)

Multiplying and Dividing
7.2 GO DIGITAL
Polynomials
Learning Target Multiply and divide polynomials.
Success Criteria • I can multiply and divide polynomials by monomials.

• I can multiply binomials using the Distributive Property.
• I can multiply binomials using the FOIL Method.
• I can multiply binomials and trinomials.
EXPLORE IT Multiplying Polynomials Using Algebra Tiles

Work with a partner. You can use algebra tiles to find products of
polynomials.
a. Write the equation modeled by the rectangular array of algebra tiles
shown. What types of polynomials are being multiplied? What type of
polynomial is the product?
b. Write the product modeled by each array of algebra tiles. Use additional
algebra tiles to complete the model. Then write each product as a polynomial.
i. ii.
iii. iv.
Math Practice
Consider Similar
Problems
Consider some of the
strategies you have
previously learned
to multiply numbers.
Which of these might be c. Explain how you can multiply two polynomials without using algebra tiles.
useful when multiplying
polynomials? d. Does multiplying two polynomials result in an expression that is also a
polynomial? Explain your reasoning.
7.2 Multiplying and Dividing Polynomials 371

Multiplying and Dividing by Monomials
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and Binomials
The product of two polynomials is always a polynomial. So, like the set of integers,
Vocabulary the set of polynomials is closed under multiplication. You can use the Distributive
FOIL Method, p. 374 Property to multiply polynomials.
EXAMPLE 1 Multiplying Polynomials and Monomials
Find (a) −2x(3x + 7) and (b) 3x2(5x2 − 2x + 6).
SOLUTION
Distribute −2x to each
a. −2x(3x + 7) = −2x(3x) + (−2x)(7)
term of (3x + 7).
= −6x2 − 14x Multiply.
Distribute 3x2 to each

b. 3x2(5x2 − 2x + 6) = 3x2(5x2) − 3x2(2x) + 3x2(6)
term of (5x2 − 2x + 6).
= 15x4 − 6x3 + 18x2 Multiply.
EXAMPLE 2 Dividing Polynomials
x4 + 4x3 + 11x2 6y − 30
Find (a) —— and (b) —.
x2 y−5
STUDY TIP
Notice in Examples 2(a) and SOLUTION
2(b) that the denominators
a. Divide each term in the numerator by the monomial in the denominator.
cannot be equal to 0. So,
x ≠ 0 in part (a) and x4 + 4x3 + 11x2 x4 4x3 11x2 Divide each term in the
—— = —2 + — +—
y ≠ 5 in part (b). 2 x 2 2 x x x numerator by x2.
Use the Quotient of
= x2 + 4x + 11 Simplify.
Powers Property.
Th quotient is x2 + 4x + 11.
The
b. The GCF of 6y and 30 is 6. Use 6 to factor the expression in the numerator.

6y − 30 6(y − 5)
—=— Factor the numerator.
y−5 y−5
6(y − 5)
=— Divide out common factor.
y−5
=6 Simplify.
The quotient is 6.
Find the product.

1. (−8x 4)(11x3) 2. 4y 2(8y − 5) 3. −3b3(6b2 + b − 9)
4. STRUCTURE In Example 1, why is the degree of the product different from
the degree of the factors?
Find the quotient.
−4h4 + 6h3 − 2h2 2k5 − 2k4 4z + 28
5. —— 6. — 7. —
h 3 2k z+7
8. REASONING Is the set of polynomials closed under division? Explain your reasoning.

Multiplying Binomials Using
EXAMPLE 3
the Distributive Property GO DIGITAL
Find each product.

a. (x + 2)(x + 5) b. (x + 3)(x − 4)
SOLUTION
a. Use the horizontal method.
Distribute (x + 5) to each
(x + 2)(x + 5) = x(x + 5) + 2(x + 5)
term of (x + 2).
= x(x) + x(5) + 2(x) + 2(5) Distributive Property
= x2 + 5x + 2x + 10 Multiply.
= x2 + 7x + 10 Combine like terms.
The product is x2 + 7x + 10.
b. Use the vertical method. x+3

× x−4 Align like terms vertically.
Multiply −4(x + 3). −4x − 12 Distributive Property
x2 + 3x Distributive Property
Multiply x(x + 3).
x2 − x − 12 Combine like terms.
The product is x2 − x − 12.
EXAMPLE 4 Multiplying Binomials Using a Table
Find (2x − 3)(x + 5).
SOLUTION
Write each binomial as a sum of terms and make a table of products.
(2x − 3)(x + 5) = [2x + (−3)](x + 5)
2x −3
x 2x2 −3x
5 10x −15
The product is 2x2 − 3x + 10x − 15, or 2x2 + 7x − 15.
Use the Distributive Property to find the product.

9. (y + 4)(y + 1) 10. (z − 2)(z + 6) 11. (4q − 1)(7q − 5)
Use a table to find the product.
12. ( p + 3)( p − 8) 13. (r − 5)(2r − 1) 14. (6s − 1)(3s + 6)
15. REASONING Explain why the set of polynomials is closed under multiplication.
16. WRITING Explain how to simplify the expression 4d(2d − 7) + (5d + 4)(4d − 1).

Using the FOIL Method
GO DIGITAL
The FOIL Method, a method of applying the Distributive Property,
is a shortcut for multiplying two binomials.
KEY IDEA
FOIL Method
To multiply two binomials using the FOIL Method, find the sum of the
products of the
First terms, (x + 1)(x + 2) x(x) = x2
Outer terms, (x + 1)(x + 2) x(2) = 2x
Inner terms, and (x + 1)(x + 2) 1(x) = x
Last terms. (x + 1)(x + 2) 1(2) = 2
(x + 1)(x + 2) = x2 + 2x + x + 2 = x2 + 3x + 2
EXAMPLE 5 Multiplying Binomials Using the FOIL Method
Find each product.

a. (x − 3)(x − 6) b. (2x + 1)(3x − 5)
SOLUTION
Use the FOIL Method.
a. First Outer Inner Last
(x − 3)(x − 6) = x(x) + x(−6) + (−3)(x) + (−3)(−6) FOIL Method
= x2 + (−6x) + (−3x) + 18 Multiply.
= x2 − 9x + 18 Combine like terms.
The product is x2 − 9x + 18.
b. First Outer Inner Last

(2x + 1)(3x − 5) = 2x(3x) + 2x(−5) + 1(3x) + 1(−5) FOIL Method
= 6x2 + (−10x) + 3x + (−5) Multiply.
= 6x2 − 7x − 5 Combine like terms.
The product is 6x2 − 7x − 5.
Use the FOIL Method to find the product.

17. (z + 5)(z + 10) 18. (m − 3)(m − 7) 19. (x − 4)(x + 2)
(
20. 2u + —2
1
) (u − —)
3
2
21. (4c − 7)(3c + 8) 22. (n + 2)(n2 + 3)
23. WRITING Explain why the FOIL Method is a valid method.

Multiplying Binomials and Trinomials
GO DIGITAL
EXAMPLE 6 Multiplying a Binomial and a Trinomial
Find (x + 5)(x2 − 3x − 2).
SOLUTION
x2 − 3x − 2
× x +5 Align like terms vertically.
Multiply 5(x2 − 3x − 2). 5x2 − 15x − 10 Distributive Property
x3 − 3x2 − 2x Distributive Property
Multiply x(x2 − 3x − 2).
x3 + 2x2 − 17x − 10 Combine like terms.
The product is x3 + 2x2 − 17x − 10.
In hockey, a goalie behind the goal line can only play a puck in the
trapezoidal region.
a. Write a polynomial that represents the area of the trapezoidal region.
b. Find the area of the trapezoidal region when the shorter base is 22 feet.
SOLUTION
a. —12 h(b1 + b2) = —12 (x − 11)[x + (x + 6)] Substitute.
= —12 (x − 11)(2x + 6) Combine like terms.
x ft = —12 [2x2 + 6x + (−22x) + (−66)] FOIL Method
(x − 11) ft
= —12 (2x2 − 16x − 66) Combine like terms.
(x + 6) ft
= x2 − 8x − 33 Distributive Property
A polynomial that represents the area of the trapezoidal region

is x2 − 8x − 33.
b. Find the value of x2 − 8x − 33 when x = 22.

x2 − 8x − 33 = 222 − 8(22) − 33 Substitute 22 for x.
= 484 − 176 − 33 Simplify.
= 275 Subtract.
The area of the trapezoidal region is 275 square feet.
Find the product.

24. (x + 1)(x2 + 5x + 8) 25. (n − 3)(n2 − 2n + 4) 26. (2 − w)(3w2 + w − 1)
27. In Example 7, the longer base is extended by 1 foot and the shorter base remains 22 feet.
Explain how the polynomial changes. Then find the percent of change in the area of the
trapezoidal region.

GO DIGITAL
In Exercises 1– 8, find the product. Example 1 ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 41 and 42, describe and
correct the error in finding the product of the binomials.
1. 2c(5c2) 2. 6d 4(−3c3)
✗
41.
3. −4r2(9r + 6) 4. 12t3(5t5 − 2) (t − 2)(t + 5) = t − 2(t + 5)
= t − 2t − 10
5. 7w3(w2 − 4w − 1) 6. −z2(2z4 + 10z2 − 16)
= −t − 10
7. (15 − 3g2)(8g5) 8. (9h2 − 18 + 9h4)(−4h3)
✗
In Exercises 9–16, find the quotient. Example 2 42.
2n3 + 8n2 − 20n −6k 4 + 15k3 − 9k2 (x − 5)(3x + 1)

9. —— 10. ——
2
2n 3k 3x 1
4x5 − x7 + 7x4 10y2 + 6y4 + 8y3 x 3x2 x
11. ——
3
12. ——
2
x 2y 5 15x 5
7b + 14 −9h + 27 (x − 5)(3x + 1) = 3x2 + 16x + 5
13. — 14. —
b+2 h−3
(5p − 20)(p − 3) (3q + 12)(2q − 1)
15. —— 16. ——
p−4 (2q − 1)(q + 4) CONNECTING CONCEPTS In Exercises 43– 46, write a
polynomial that represents the area of the shaded region.
In Exercises 17–24, use the Distributive Property to find
the product. Example 3 43. 44.
x+5
17. (x + 1)(x + 3) 18. (y + 6)(y + 4)
2p − 6
19. (z − 5)(z + 3) 20. (a + 8)(a − 3) 2x − 9
21. ( g − — )( g − — )
1
2
3
2
22. (n − 0.4)(n − 0.5) p+1
45. 46. x+1

23. (3m + 1)(m + 9) 24. (5s + 6)(s − 2)
x+5
In Exercises 25–30, use a table to find the product. 5
Example 4 x+1
x−7
25. (x + 3)(x + 2) 26. (h − 8)(h − 9) x+6
27. (3k − 1)(4k + 9) 28. (5g + 3)(g + 8)

In Exercises 47–54, find the product. Example 6
29. (−3 + 2j)(4j − 7) 30. (5d − 12)(−7 + 3d )
47. (x + 4)(x2 + 3x + 2) 48. ( f + 1)( f 2 + 4f + 8)
In Exercises 31–40, use the FOIL Method to find the
49. (y + 3)(y2 + 8y − 2)
product. Example 5
31. (b + 3)(b + 7) 32. (w + 9)(w + 6) 50. (t − 2)(t 2 − 5t + 1)
33. (k + 5)(k − 1) 34. (x − 4)(x + 8) 51. (4 − b)(5b2 + 5b − 4)
35. (q − —) (q + —)
3 1
36. (z − —) (z − —)
5 2 52. (6 + d)(2d 2 − d + 7)
4 4 3 3
37. (9 − r)(2 − 3r) 38. (8 − 4x)(2x + 6) 53. (3e2 − 5e + 7)(6e + 1)
39. (w + 5)(w2 + 3w) 40. (v − 3)(v2 + 8v) 54. (6v2 + 2v − 9)(4 − 5v)

55. MODELING REAL LIFE You design a frame to 62. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?
surround a rectangular photo. The width of the frame The table shows one method of finding GO DIGITAL
is the same on each side, as shown. Example 7 the product of two binomials.
x in. −4x 3
−8x a b
20 in. −9 c d
a. Write the two binomials being multiplied.

x in. b. Determine whether a, b, c, and d will be positive
or negative when x > 0.
22 in.
x in. x in.
63. COLLEGE PREP The shipping container is a
a. Write a polynomial that represents the combined
area of the photo and the frame. rectangular prism. Which polynomial represents
the volume of the container?
b. Find the combined area of the photo and the frame
when the width of the frame is 4 inches.
56. MODELING REAL LIFE The football field is

rectangular. (x + 2) ft
x ft x ft
300 ft
(4x − 3) ft
(x + 1) ft
(4x + 40) ft A 4x3 + 9x2 − x − 6

○ B 4x3 − 3x2 + 12x − 9
○
C 4x3 + 8x2 − 3x − 6 ○
○ D 4x3 + 4x2 − 6x − 6
64. REPEATED REASONING When dividing

a. Write a polynomial that represents the area of the two monomials, is it possible for the degree of the
football field. quotient to be greater than the degree of the dividend?
b. Find the area of the football field when the length the divisor? Explain.
of the field is 360 feet.
65. MODELING REAL LIFE The area
of the tablet screen (in square Movie:
57. COMPARING METHODS Describe two ways to find
centimeters) is represented Lost
the product of two binomials. Which method do you Treasure
by 2x2 − 4x.
prefer? Explain. Order Confirmation
a. Write a polynomial that Total $12.99
58. REASONING Can you use the FOIL Method to represents the length of WATCH
NOW
multiply a binomial by a trinomial? two trinomials? the screen.

Explain your reasoning. b. Find the length of the screen x cm
when the width is 12 centimeters.
59. MAKING AN ARGUMENT You use the Distributive
Property to multiply (x + 3)(x − 5). Your friend uses
66. The volume of
the FOIL Method to multiply (x − 5)(x + 3). Should
the locker (in cubic inches)
your answers be equivalent? Justify your answer.
is represented by
(5x2 + 15x)(x + 3).
60. STRUCTURE Find the values of a, b, and c that
make the equation true. a. Write a polynomial that
represents the height of
(2x − 1)(3x + 4) = ax2 + bx + c
the locker.
61. WRITING When multiplying two binomials, explain b. Find the height of the
how the degree of the product is related to the degree locker (in feet) when (x + 3) in.
of each binomial. the side length of the (x + 3) in.
base is 15 inches.

67. OPEN-ENDED Write two polynomials 69. ABSTRACT REASONING The product of
that are not monomials whose product (x + m)(x + n) is x2 + bx + c. GO DIGITAL
is a trinomial of degree 3.
a. What do you know about m and n
when c > 0?
68. THOUGHT PROVOKING
b. What do you know about m and n
Find the value of k that makes the equation true.
when c < 0?
Justify your answer.
12x
(12x2 + 84x)(x − k)−2 = —
x+7
REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 70 and 71, write the absolute value 82. Determine whether the relation is a function.
function as a piecewise function. Explain.
70. y = ∣ x ∣ + 4 Input, x 8 −2 −6 5 8
Output, y −1 2 5 −7 2
71. y = 6∣ x − 3 ∣
72. Write the first six terms of the sequence a1 = −1, 83. Find the sum of (8y3 − y2 + 12) and (2y2 + 3y − 4).
an = 2an − 1. Then graph the sequence.
In Exercises 84–87, write the polynomial in standard
73. LOGIC The sum of two polynomials is form. Identify the degree and leading coefficient of
3x2 − 7x + 5. One of the polynomials is x − 2. the polynomial. Then classify the polynomial by the
What is the product of the polynomials? number of terms.
74. Find the difference of (s 4 − 2s2 − 4) and 84. 9 + z2 85. 3d 4 − 6d 6

(−9s2 + 5s − 7).
86. −2c − 4c3 + c2
75. Use the graph to solve the system 6x + 4y = 12 and 1
−x + 3y = 20. Check your solution. 87. —2 w5 + 5w3 +7w8
y
6 88. WRITING Explain how you can determine whether
a graph represents an arithmetic sequence or a
geometric sequence.
2
In Exercises 89–92, find the product.
x
−4 −2 1 89. −2a2(4a + 9)
In Exercises 76–79, simplify the expression. Write 90. (b − 3)(b − 6)

your answer using only positive exponents.
76. 102 109 ⋅ 77. —8

x5 x
x
⋅ 91. (g2 + 8)(2g + 5)
−2
92. (v + 4)(−6v2 − 6v + 10)
78. (3z6)−3 79. ( )
2y4
—
y3
93. MODELING REAL LIFE On a
80. Write an equation for the nth term of the geometric fishing trip, you catch two fish.
sequence 256, 128, 64, 32, . . .. Then find a10. The weight of the first fish is
shown. The second fish weighs
81. Write an inequality that represents the graph. at least 0.5 pound more than the
first fish. Write an inequality
that represents the possible
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
weights of the second fish.

7.3 Special Products of Polynomials GO DIGITAL
Learning Target Use patterns to find products of polynomials.
Success Criteria • I can use the square of a binomial pattern.

• I can multiply binomials using the sum and difference pattern.
• I can solve problems using special product patterns.
EXPLORE IT Identifying Patterns in Products of Binomials

Work with a partner. You can use algebra tiles to find special products
of polynomials.
a. Write the product modeled by each array of algebra tiles. Use additional
algebra tiles to complete the model. Then write the product as a polynomial.
i. ii.
What pattern(s) do you notice? Explain your reasoning.

b. Use algebra tiles to model each product. Then write the product
Math Practice as a polynomial.
Look for Structure
i. (x + 2)2 ii. (2x − 1)2
Why does each product
in part (a) result in a
binomial and not a
trinomial like in part (b)?
What pattern(s) do you notice? Explain your reasoning.

c. Use the patterns you found above to find each product. Check your answers
using algebra tiles.
i. (x + 3)(x − 3) ii. (x − 4)(x + 4) iii. (3x + 1)(3x − 1)
iv. (x + 3)2 v. (x − 2)2 vi. (3x + 1)2
7.3 Special Products of Polynomials 379
hs2022_alg1_se_0703.indd 379 6/8/21 1:55 PM

Using the Square of a Binomial Pattern
a b GO DIGITAL
The diagram shows a square with a
side length of (a + b) units. You can see
that the area of the square is
a a2 ab
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2.
This is one version of a pattern called the

b ab b2
square of a binomial. To find another version
of this pattern, use algebra: replace b with −b.
(a + (−b))2 = a2 + 2a(−b) + (−b)2 Replace b with −b in the pattern above.

(a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2 Simplify.
KEY IDEA
STUDY TIP Square of a Binomial Pattern
The square of a binomial, Algebra Example
a polynomial such as (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 (x + 5)2 = (x)2 + 2(x)(5) + (5)2
x2 + 10x + 25 or = x2 + 10x + 25
4x2 − 12x + 9, is called
a perfect square trinomial. (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2 (2x − 3)2 = (2x)2 − 2(2x)(3) + (3)2
= 4x2 − 12x + 9
EXAMPLE 1 Using the Square of a Binomial Pattern
Find each product.

a. (3x + 4)2 b. (5x − 2y)2
SOLUTION
a. (3x + 4)2 = (3x)2 + 2(3x)(4) + 42 Square of a binomial pattern
Math Practice
= 9x2 + 24x + 16 Simplify.
Look for Structure
In a special product The product is 9x2 + 24x + 16.
pattern, a and b can be
numbers, variables, or b. (5x − 2y)2 = (5x)2 − 2(5x)(2y) + (2y)2 Square of a binomial pattern
variable expressions. = 25x2 − 20xy + 4y2 Simplify.
The product is 25x2 − 20xy + 4y2.
1. WRITING Explain how to use the square of a binomial pattern.

Find the product.
2. (x + 7)2 3. (7x − 3)2 4. (4x − y)2 5. (3m + n)2
6. STRUCTURE Explain how to find (−3h + 6)2 using each pattern shown above.
7. REASONING Find the products in Exercises 2−5 without using a special product pattern.
Compare the methods.

Using the Sum and Difference Pattern
GO DIGITAL
To find the product (x + 2)(x − 2), you can multiply the two binomials
using the FOIL Method.
(x + 2)(x − 2) = x2 − 2x + 2x − 4 FOIL Method

= x2 −4 Combine like terms.
This suggests a pattern for the product of the sum and difference of two terms.
KEY IDEA
Sum and Difference Pattern
Algebra Example
(a + b)(a − b) = a2 − b2 (x + 3)(x − 3) = x2 − 9
EXAMPLE 2 Using the Sum and Difference Pattern
Find (a) (t + 5)(t − 5) and (b) (3x + y)(3x − y).
SOLUTION
a. (t + 5)(t − 5) = t 2 − 52 Sum and difference pattern
= t 2 − 25 Simplify.
The product is t 2 − 25.

b. (3x + y)(3x − y) = (3x)2 − y2 Sum and difference pattern
= 9x2 − y2 Simplify.
The product is 9x2 − y2.
The special product patterns can help you use mental math to find certain products
of numbers.
EXAMPLE 3 Using Special Product Patterns and Mental Math
Use special product patterns to find the product 26 34. ⋅

SOLUTION
Notice that 26 is 4 less than 30, while 34 is 4 greater than 30.
⋅
26 34 = (30 − 4)(30 + 4) Write as product of difference and sum.
= 302 − 42 Sum and difference pattern
= 884 Evaluate powers and simplify.
The product is 884.
Find the product.

8. (x + 10)(x − 10) 9. (2x + 1.5)(2x − 1.5) 10. (x + 6y)(x − 6y)
11. Describe how to use special product patterns to find 41 39. ⋅

GO DIGITAL
Parent A combination of two genes determines the color of the dark patches on a border
Bb collie’s coat. Each offspring inherits one patch-color gene from each parent.
Each parent has two patch-color genes, and the offspring has an equal chance of
B b inheriting either one.
Parent Each parent has the same gene combination Bb. The Punnett square shows the possible
B BB Bb outcomes for the gene combinations of the offspring: black patches (BB), black
patches (Bb), black patches (bB), and red patches (bb).
Bb a. What percent of the possible gene combinations result in black patches?
b bB bb b. Show how you can use a polynomial to model the possible gene combinations.
SOLUTION
a. Notice that the Punnett square shows four possible outcomes for the gene
combinations of the offspring. Of these combinations, three result in black patches.
So, —34 = 75% of the possible gene combinations result in black patches.
b. Notice that you can think of the Punnett square as a square with side length B + b,
where B and b are the probabilities that the offspring inherits a black or a red gene
from each parent. The area of each section of the Punnett square is equal to the
probability of an offspring inheriting that gene combination. So, find the area of the
Punnett square using the square of a binomial pattern.
(B + b)2 = B2 + 2(B)(b) + b2
= B2 + 2Bb + b2
Because the offspring has an equal chance of inheriting either gene, B = 0.5
and b = 0.5. Evaluate each term of the polynomial.
B2 + 2Bb + b2
0.52 = 0.25, 2(0.5)(0.5) = 0.5, 0.52 = 0.25,

so 25% BB, so 50% Bb, so 25% bb,
black patches black patches red patches
So, 25% + 50% = 75% of the possible gene combinations result

in black patches and 25% result in red patches.
12. Each of two dogs has the same gene combination BW. The Punnett square
shows the possible outcomes for the gene combinations of an offspring and
BW
the resulting coat colors.
B W
a. What percent of the possible gene combinations result in a
black coat? BB BW
B
b. Show how you can use a polynomial to model the possible gene black gray
combinations of the offspring. BW
WB WW
13. PATTERNS Find (x + 1)3 and (x + 2)3. Find a pattern in the terms W gray white
and use it to write a pattern for the cube of a binomial (a + b)3.

GO DIGITAL
In Exercises 1–8, find the product. Example 1 ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 29 and 30, describe and
correct the error in finding the product.
1. (x + 8)2 2. (a − 6)2
✗
29.
3. (2f − 1)2 4. (5p + 2)2 (k + 4)2 = k2 + 42
= k2 + 16
5. (−7t + 4)2 6. (−12 − n)2
30.
✗
7. (2a + b)2 8. (6x − 3y)2
(s + 5)(s − 5) = s2 + 2(s)(5) − 52
= s2 + 10s − 25
CONNECTING CONCEPTS In Exercises 9–12, write a
polynomial that represents the area of the square.
9. x 4 10. x 7 x 31. MODELING REAL LIFE A combination of two genes
x x determines the coloring of a deer. Each offspring
inherits one color gene from each parent. Each parent
has the same gene combination Nn. The Punnett
4 7
square shows the possible outcomes for the gene
combinations of the offspring. Example 4
x
a. What percent of the possible Parent A
gene combinations result Nn
11. 7n − 5 12. 4c + 4d in albino coloring?
N n
b. Show how you
can use a NN Nn
N
polynomial normal normal
Parent B
to model the Nn
possible gene
combinations nN nn
n
of the offspring. normal albino
In Exercises 13–22, find the product. Example 2
13. (t − 7)(t + 7) 14. (m + 6)(m − 6)

32. MODELING REAL LIFE A square-shaped parking lot
15. (4x + 1)(4x − 1) 16. (2k − 4)(2k + 4) with 100-foot sides is reduced by x feet on one side
and extended by x feet on an adjacent side.
17. (— − c) (— + c)
1
2
1
2
18. (2.5 + 3a)(2.5 − 3a)
100 ft
x ft
19. ( p − 10q)( p + 10q)
20. (7m + 8n)(7m − 8n)

100 ft
21. (−y + 4z)(−y − 4z)
22. (−5g − 2h)(−5g + 2h) x ft
a. Write a polynomial that represents the new area of

In Exercises 23–28, use special product patterns to find
the parking lot.
the product. Example 3
b. Does the area of the parking lot increase, decrease,
23. 16 24 ⋅ 24. 33 27 ⋅ or stay the same? Explain.
25. 422 26. 292 33. CRITICAL THINKING Write two binomials that have
the product x2 − 121. Explain.
27. 30.52
1
28. 10 —3 9 —3⋅ 2

34. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? In Exercises 35 and 36, find the product.
Each offspring of two pea plants inherits one color GO DIGITAL
gene from each parent. Each parent has the same 35. (2m2 − 5n2)2
gene combination Gg. The Punnett square shows
36. (r 3 − 6t 4)(r 3 + 6t 4)
the possible outcomes for the gene combinations
of the offspring. 37. REASONING Find k so that 9x2 − 48x + k is
the square of a binomial.
Gg
G g 38. THOUGHT PROVOKING

Modify the dimensions of the parking lot in
G Exercise 32 so that the area can be represented by
GG Gg two other types of special product patterns discussed
Gg in this section. Is there a positive x-value for which
the three area expressions are equivalent? Explain.
g
gG gg
39. In a population of 8000 people, 95%
A polynomial that models the possible gene have free earlobes and 5% have attached earlobes.
combinations of the offspring is The possible gene combinations can be represented
by (F + a)2, where F and a are the probability that a
(G + g)2 = G2 + 2Gg + g2.
randomly selected person inherited a free or attached
Describe two ways to determine the percent of gene from each parent. Any gene combination with F
possible gene combinations that result in green pods. results in free earlobes. Estimate the number of people
in the population who carry both genes. (Hint: Find
the values of F and a. Remember that F + a = 1.)
REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 40 and 41, graph the function. Find the In Exercises 47–54, find the product or quotient.
domain and range.
47. (x − 3)(x + 5) 48. (y2 + 3y − 1)( y − 6)
40. y = {
−2x, if x ≤ 0
x + 3, if x > 0 49. (x − 6)2 50. (2n + 9y)2
41. y = { 1
—2 x + 1,
3x − 5,
if x < 2
if x > 2
51. (p + 4)(p − 4)
4p5 + 5p3 − 3p − 2
52. (w − 5z)(w + 5z)
(24h + 8)(3h − 4)
53. —— 54. ——
42. Find the missing values in the ratio table. Then p 3h + 1
write the equivalent ratios.
55. MODELING REAL LIFE A movie theater sells
12 large bags of popcorn and 25 small bags
Feet 18.5 92.5
of popcorn for $227. A large bag of popcorn
Seconds 1 2 7 costs $3.50 more than a small bag of popcorn.
How much does each size cost?
In Exercises 43–45, find the sum or difference.
56. Write an explicit and a recursive rule for the
43. (k + 5) − (3k − 2) sequence.
an
44. (6g2 + 3g − 8) − ( −g2 + 12) (3, 6)
6
3
(1, 1.5)
45. ( — d − 4 ) + ( —d
1
2
1 2
4
− 2d + 9 ) 0
1 2 3 4 5 n
−3
(2, −3)
46. MODELING REAL LIFE The value of a building is −6
$180,000. The value is expected to increase by −9
3.5% each year. Write a function that represents −12
(4, −12)
the value y (in dollars) of the building after x years.
Then predict the value after 10 years.
hs2022_alg1_se_0703.indd 384 6/8/21 1:56 PM

Solving Polynomial Equations
7.4 GO DIGITAL
in Factored Form
Learning Target Solve polynomial equations in factored form.
Success Criteria • I can use the Zero-Product Property to solve polynomial

equations in factored form.
• I can factor polynomials using the greatest common factor.
• I can solve polynomial equations by rewriting them
in factored form.
EXPLORE IT Understanding the Zero-Product Property

Work with a partner.
a. Solve each equation. Explain your reasoning.
i. x − 3 = 0 ii. x + 4 = 0
Math Practice
Find Entry Points iii. 3z + 2 = 0 iv. −2z + 4 = 0
You can interpret 7x = 0
as, “7 times something v. 7x = 0 vi. —12 z = 0
equals 0.” What must
“something” be? How b. Use your results in part (a) to solve each equation below. Explain how
can this help you solve you found your answers.
the equations in part (b)?
i. 2(x − 3) = 0 ii. −12(x + 4) = 0
iii. 7x(x + 4) = 0 iv. —12 z(3z + 2) = 0
v. (x − 3)(x + 4) = 0 vi. (3z + 2)(−2z + 4) = 0
c. Given that a and b are real numbers

and ab = 0, what can you conclude
about a and b? What if a or b is an
algebraic expression?
d. The property in part (c) is called

the Zero-Product Property. Why
do you think it is called the
Zero-Product Property? Explain
how it is used in algebra and why
it is important.
7.4 Solving Polynomial Equations in Factored Form 385

Using the Zero-Product Property
GO DIGITAL
A polynomial is in factored form when it is written as a product of factors.
Vocabulary
Standard form Factored form
factored form, p. 386
Zero-Product Property, p. 386 x2 + 2x x(x + 2)
roots, p. 386 x2 + 5x − 24 (x − 3)(x + 8)
repeated roots, p. 387
When one side of an equation is a polynomial in factored form and the other side is 0,
use the Zero-Product Property to solve the polynomial equation. The solutions of an
equation are also called roots.
KEY IDEA
Zero-Product Property
Words If the product of two real numbers is 0, then at least one of the
numbers is 0.
Algebra If a and b are real numbers and ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0.
EXAMPLE 1 Solving Polynomial Equations
Solve each equation.

a. 2x(x − 4) = 0 b. (x − 3)(x − 9) = 0 c. (2x + 7)(2x − 7) = 0
SOLUTION
a. 2x(x − 4) = 0 Write equation.
Check
To check the solutions of 2x = 0 or x−4=0 Zero-Product Property
Example 1(a), substitute x=0 or x=4 Solve for x.
each solution in the original
The roots are x = 0 and x = 4.
equation.
? b. (x − 3)(x − 9) = 0 Write equation.
2(0)(0 − 4) = 0
? x−3=0 or x−9=0 Zero-Product Property
0(−4) = 0
x=3 x=9
0=0 ✓ or
The roots are x = 3 and x = 9.
Solve for x.
?
2(4)(4 − 4) = 0
? c. (2x + 7)(2x − 7) = 0 Write equation.
8(0) = 0
2x + 7 = 0 or 2x − 7 = 0 Zero-Product Property
0=0 ✓ x=
7
−—2 or x= 7
—2 Solve for x.
7
The roots are x = −—2 and x = —72 .
Solve the equation. Check your solutions.

1. 3t(t + 2) = 0 2. (z − 4)(z − 6) = 0 3. (3z − 4)(3z + 4) = 0
4. OPEN-ENDED Write an equation that you can solve using the Zero-Product Property.
Then explain why you can use the property to solve the equation.

When two or more roots of an equation are the same number, the equation
has repeated roots. GO DIGITAL
EXAMPLE 2 Solving Polynomial Equations
Solve (a) (x − 1)2 = 0 and (b) (x + 1)(x − 3)(x + 1) = 0.
SOLUTION
a. (x − 1)2 = 0 Write equation.
STUDY TIP (x − 1)(x − 1) = 0 Expand equation.
You can extend the x−1=0 or x−1=0 Zero-Product Property

Zero-Product Property to x=1 or x=1 Solve for x.
products of more than
two real numbers. The equation has repeated roots of x = 1.
b. (x + 1)(x − 3)(x + 1) = 0 Write equation.

x+1=0 or x−3=0 or x+1=0 Zero-Product Property
x = −1 or x=3 or x = −1 Solve for x.
The equation has repeated roots of x = −1. The roots are x = −1 and x = 3.
Factoring Polynomials Using the GCF

To solve a polynomial equation using the Zero-Product Property, you may need
to factor the polynomial. Look for the greatest common factor (GCF) of the terms
of the polynomial. This is a monomial that divides evenly into each term.
EXAMPLE 3 Factoring a Polynomial Using the GCF
Factor out the greatest common factor from 4x 4 + 24x3.
SOLUTION
The GCF of 4 and 24 is 4. The GCF of x4 and x3 is x3. So, the greatest common
factor of the terms is 4x3.
So, 4x4 + 24x3 = 4x3(x + 6).

5. (3s + 5)(3s + 5) = 0 6. (b + 7)2 = 0 7. (d − 2)(d + 6)(d + 8) = 0
8. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find both answers.
Find the values of k Find the value Find the roots

Solve the equation
for which 2k + 4 = 0 of k for which of the equation
(2k + 4)(k − 3) = 0.
or k − 3 = 0. (2k + 4) + (k − 3) = 0. (2k + 4)(k − 3) = 0.
Factor the polynomial.

9. 8y2 − 24y 10. 15z3 + 12z2
11. 2m4 + 10m2 12. 13n5 − 4n

EXAMPLE 4 Solving Equations by Factoring
GO DIGITAL
Solve each equation.
a. 2x2 + 8x = 0 b. 6n2 = 15n
SOLUTION
a. 2x2 + 8x = 0 Write equation.
2x(x + 4) = 0 Factor left side.
2x = 0 or x+4=0 Zero-Product Property
x=0 or x = −4 Solve for x.
The roots are x = 0 and x = −4.
Math Practice b. 6n2 = 15n Write equation.
Build Arguments 6n2 − 15n = 0 Subtract 15n from each side.

Is it valid to solve 3n(2n − 5) = 0 Factor left side.
6n2 = 15n by first dividing 3n = 0 or 2n − 5 = 0 Zero-Product Property
each side by n? Explain
5
your reasoning. n=0 or n= —2 Solve for n.
The roots are n = 0 and n = —52 .

1
y You can model the arch of a fireplace using the equation y = −—9 (x + 18)(x − 18),
40 where x and y are measured in inches. The x-axis represents the floor. Find the width
of the arch at floor level.
30
SOLUTION
20
Use the x-coordinates of the points where the arch meets the floor to find the width.
10 At floor level, y = 0. So, substitute 0 for y and solve for x.
1
y = −—9 (x + 18)(x − 18) Write equation.
−10 10 x 1
0= −—9 (x + 18)(x − 18) Substitute 0 for y.
0 = (x + 18)(x − 18) Multiply each side by −9.
x + 18 = 0 or x − 18 = 0 Zero-Product Property
x = −18 or x = 18 Solve for x.
The width is the distance between the x-coordinates, −18 and 18.
So, the width of the arch at floor level is ∣ −18 − 18 ∣ = 36 inches.

13. a2 + 5a = 0 14. 3s2 − 9s = 0 15. 4x2 = 2x
1
16. You can model the entrance to a mine shaft using the equation y = −—2 (x + 4)(x − 4),
where x and y are measured in feet. The x-axis represents the ground. Find the width
of the entrance at ground level.

GO DIGITAL
In Exercises 1–10, solve the equation. Example 1 ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 33 and 34, describe and
correct the error in solving the equation.
1. x(x + 7) = 0 2. r(r − 10) = 0
33.
3. 12t(t − 5) = 0
5. (s − 9)(s − 1) = 0
4. −2v(v + 1) = 0
6. (y + 2)(y − 6) = 0
✗ 6x(x + 5) = 0
x+5=0
x = −5
The root is x = −5.
7. (2a − 6)(3a + 15) = 0
8. (4q + 3)(q + 2) = 0
✗
34.
3y2 = 21y
9. (3 − 2g)(7 − g) = 0 10. (2 − 4d )(2 + 4d ) = 0 3y = 21
y=7
In Exercises 11–18, solve the equation. Example 2
The root is y = 7.
11. (h − 8)(h − 8) = 0 12. (5m + 4)2 = 0
13. (r − 4)2(r + 8) = 0 14. w(w − 6)(w − 6) = 0 35. MODELING REAL LIFE The entrance of a tunnel can
11
be modeled by y = −— 50
(x − 4)(x − 24), where
15. z(z + 2)(z − 1) = 0 16. 5p(2p − 3)( p + 7) = 0 x and y are measured in feet. The x-axis represents the
ground. Find the width of the tunnel at ground level.
17. (15 − 5c)(5c + 5)(−c + 6) = 0 Example 5
y
( 2
18. (2 − n) 6 + —3 n (n − 2) = 0) 24
In Exercises 19 and 20, find the x-intercepts of the graph.

16
19. y = (x − 8)(x + 8) 20. y = −(x − 14)(x − 5)

8
y y
32 20
8 16 x
10
−9 −3 3 9 x
−32 36. MODELING REAL LIFE The Gateway Arch in St. Louis
2
8 16 x can be modeled by y = −— 315
(x + 315)(x − 315),
−10 where x and y are measured in feet. The x-axis
represents the ground.
In Exercises 21–26, factor the polynomial. Example 3 y

800
tallest point
21. 5z2 + 45z 22. 6d2 − 21d
23. 3y3 − 9y2 24. 20x3 + 30x2

400
25. 5n6 + 2n5 26. 12a4 + 8a
200
In Exercises 27–32, solve the equation. Example 4
−100
27. 4p2 − p = 0 28. 6m2 + 12m = 0 100 x
29. 25c + 10c2 = 0 30. 18q − 2q2 = 0 a. Find the width of the arch at ground level.
b. How tall is the arch? Explain how you found
31. 7n2 = 35n 32. −28r = 4r2 your answer.

37. MODELING REAL LIFE A penguin leaps out of 39. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend
the water while swimming. This action is called says that the graph of the equation GO DIGITAL
porpoising. The height y (in feet) of a porpoising y = (x − a)(x − b) always has two
penguin can be modeled by y = −16x2 + 4.8x, where x-intercepts for any values of a and b.
x is the time (in seconds) since the penguin leaped Is your friend correct? Explain.
out of the water. Find the roots of the equation when
y = 0. Explain what the roots mean in this situation. 40. CRITICAL THINKING How many x-intercepts does the
graph of y = (2x + 5)(x − 9)2 have? Explain.
38. HOW DO YOU SEE IT?
Use the graph to fill in each blank in the equation 41. CRITICAL THINKING Does the equation
with the symbol + or −. Explain your reasoning. (x2 + 3)(x 4 + 1) = 0 have any real roots? Explain.
y 42. THOUGHT PROVOKING

Write a polynomial equation of degree 4 whose
only roots are x = 1, x = 2, and x = 3.
x
43. REASONING Find the values of x in terms of y

that are solutions of each equation.
a. (x + y)(2x − y) = 0
b. (x2 − y2)(4x + 16y) = 0
y = (x 5)(x 3)
44. Solve (4x − 5 − 16)(3x − 81) = 0.
REVIEW & REFRESH

45. List the factor pairs of 48. 56. MODELING REAL LIFE You sell coupon books for
$25 and candles for $15 as a fundraiser. Your total
In Exercises 46–51, find the product or quotient. sales must be at least $300. Write and graph an
inequality that represents the numbers of coupon
46. (3 − 4d )(2d − 5) 47. (3z − 5)(3z + 5)
books and candles you must sell. Identify and
interpret two solutions of the inequality.
48. ( y + 9)( y2 + 2y − 3) 49. (t + 5)2
57. Factor 18x5 − 63x2.
6x6 − 3x5 + 12x3 5h − 35
50. —— 51. —
3x3 h−7
In Exercises 58 and 59, solve the inequality. Graph
the solution.
52. NUMBER SENSE The sum of three
consecutive integers is −45. What is the 1
58. −8 < —3 x − 7 ≤ −5
greatest integer?
59. 12 > x + 8 or −4x + 5 ≤ −27
In Exercises 53 and 54, determine whether the table
or equation represents a linear or nonlinear function. 60. STRUCTURE Compare the graphs. Find the
Explain. value of k.
53.
x −1 −0.5 0 0.5 4
y
y 12 7 2 −3
f(x) = 2x 2
3
54. y = — − 6
x −2 2 x
55. Write −1.3z + +
3z 4 7.4z2
in standard form. −2 g(x) = 2x + k
Identify the degree and leading coefficient of the
polynomial. Then classify the polynomial by the
number of terms. 61. Solve −10n(5n − 2) = 0.

7.5 Factoring x 2 + bx + c GO DIGITAL
Learning Target Factor polynomials of the form x2 + bx + c.
Success Criteria • I can identify the three terms of a trinomial.

• I can factor polynomials of the form x2 + bx + c.
• I can explain how to use b and c to find binomial factors of a
polynomial x2 + bx + c.
EXPLORE IT Identifying Binomial Factors of a Polynomial

Work with a partner. In some cases, you can write a polynomial as a product
of binomials. One way to do this is to first represent the polynomial using a
rectangular array of algebra tiles.
a. Write the polynomial represented by the algebra tiles at the left. Then
arrange the algebra tiles into a rectangular array.
b. Use algebra tiles to model the dimensions of the rectangular array in part (a).
Then use the model to write the polynomial in factored form.
dimensions
c. Use algebra tiles to write each polynomial in factored form. Check your
Math Practice answers by multiplying.
Look for Structure
When writing x2 + bx + c i. x2 − 3x + 2 = ii. x2 + 5x + 4 =
as (x + p)(x + q), how
do the values of b and c
relate to the values of
p and q?
iii. x2 − 7x + 12 = iv. x2 + 7x + 12 =
7.5 Factoring x 2 + bx + c 391

Factoring x 2 + bx + c
GO DIGITAL
Writing a polynomial as a product of factors is called factoring. To factor
x2 + bx + c as (x + p)(x + q), you need to find p and q such that p + q = b
and pq = c.
(x + p)(x + q) = x2 + px + qx + pq
= x2 + (p + q)x + pq
KEY IDEA
Factoring x2 + bx + c When c Is Positive
Algebra x2 + bx + c = (x + p)(x + q) when p + q = b and pq = c.
When c is positive, p and q have the same sign as b.
Examples x2 + 6x + 5 = (x + 1)(x + 5)
x2 − 6x + 5 = (x − 1)(x − 5)
EXAMPLE 1 Factoring x2 + bx + c When b and c Are Positive
Factor x2 + 10x + 16.
SOLUTION
Notice that b = 10 and c = 16.
• Because c is positive, the factors p and q must have the same sign so that pq
is positive.
• Because b is also positive, p and q must each be positive so that p + q
is positive.
Find two positive integer factors of 16 whose sum is 10.
Factors of 16 Sum of factors

1, 16 17
2, 8 10 The values of p and q are 2 and 8.
4, 4 8
So, x2 + 10x + 16 = (x + 2)(x + 8).

Check Use the FOIL Method.
(x + 2)(x + 8) = x2 + 8x + 2x + 16
= x2 + 10x + 16 ✓

1. x2 + 7x + 6 2. x2 + 9x + 8 3. x2 + 12x + 27
4. OPEN-ENDED Write a trinomial that can be factored as (x + p)(x + q), where p and q
are positive.
5. REASONING Can x2 + 9x + 1 be written in the form (x + p)(x + q), where p and q
are integers? Explain your reasoning.
hs2022_alg1_se_0705.indd 392 6/8/21 1:57 PM

Factoring x2 + bx + c When b Is
EXAMPLE 2
Negative and c Is Positive GO DIGITAL
Factor x2 − 8x + 12.
SOLUTION
Notice that b = −8 and c = 12.
• Because c is positive, the factors p and q must have the same sign so that pq
is positive.
• Because b is negative, p and q must each be negative so that p + q is negative.
Find two negative integer factors of 12 whose sum is −8.
Check
Use the FOIL Method. Factors of 12 −1, −12 −2, −6 −3, −4
(x − 2)(x − 6) Sum of factors −13 −8 −7
= x2 − 6x − 2x + 12 The values of p and q are −2 and −6.
= x2 − 8x + 12 ✓ So, x2 − 8x + 12 = (x − 2)(x − 6).
KEY IDEA
Factoring x2 + bx + c When c Is Negative
Algebra x2 + bx + c = (x + p)(x + q) when p + q = b and pq = c.
When c is negative, p and q have different signs.
Example x2 − 4x − 5 = (x + 1)(x − 5)
EXAMPLE 3 Factoring x2 + bx + c When c Is Negative
Factor x2 + 4x − 21.
SOLUTION
Notice that b = 4 and c = −21. Because c is negative, the factors p and q must
have different signs so that pq is negative.
Check Find two integer factors of −21 whose sum is 4.

Use the FOIL Method.
Factors of −21 −21, 1 −1, 21 −7, 3 −3, 7
(x − 3)(x + 7)
Sum of factors −20 20 −4 4
= x2 + 7x − 3x − 21
= x2 + 4x − 21 ✓ The values of p and q are −3 and 7.
So, x2 + 4x − 21 = (x − 3)(x + 7).

6. w2 − 4w + 3 7. n2 − 12n + 35 8. x2 − 14x + 24
9. x2 + 2x − 15 10. y2 + 13y − 30 11. v2 − v − 42
12. WRITING You are factoring x2 + 11x − 26. What do the signs of the terms tell you
about the factors? Explain.

CONCEPT SUMMARY
GO DIGITAL
Factoring x2 + bx + c as (x + p)(x + q)
The diagram shows the relationships between the signs of b and c and the signs of p and q.
x 2 + bx + c = (x + p)(x + q)
c is positive. c is positive.
c is negative.
b is positive. b is negative.
p and q p and q p and q have

are positive. are negative. different signs.

sm A farmer plants a rectangular strawberry patch in a corner of a square plot of land.

The area of the strawberry patch is 600 square meters. What is the area of the
square plot of land?
40 m
sm SOLUTION
1. Understand the Problem You are given the area of a strawberry patch and a
diagram showing dimensions of a plot of land that contains the strawberry patch.
You are asked to find the total area of the plot of land.
30 m 2. Make a Plan The length of the strawberry patch is (s − 30) meters and the width
is (s − 40) meters. Write and solve an equation to find the side length s. Then use
the solution to find the area of the square plot of land.
3. Solve and Check Use the formula for the area of a rectangle to write an equation.
Then solve to find the side length s of the square plot of land.
STUDY TIP
The diagram shows that 600 = (s − 30)(s − 40) Write an equation.
the side length is more than 600 = s2 − 70s + 1200 Multiply.
40 meters, so a side length
of 10 meters does not make 0 = s2 − 70s + 600 Subtract 600 from each side.
sense in this situation. So, 0 = (s − 10)(s − 60) Factor the polynomial.
the side length must be
60 meters. s − 10 = 0 or s − 60 = 0 Zero-Product Property
s = 10 or s = 60 Solve for s.
So, the area of the square plot of land is 60(60) = 3600 square meters.
Check Use the diagram to check your answer. Using s = 60, the length
of the strawberry patch is 60 − 30 = 30 meters and the width is
60 − 40 = 20 meters. So, the area of the strawberry patch is
30(20) = 600 square meters. ✓
13. WHAT IF? The area of the strawberry patch is 200 square meters. What is the area of the
square plot of land?

GO DIGITAL
In Exercises 1–6, factor the polynomial. Example 1 26. MODELING REAL LIFE A dentist’s office and parking
lot are on a rectangular piece of land. The area
1. x2 + 8x + 7 2. z2 + 10z + 21 (in square meters) of the land is represented by
x2 + x − 30.
3. n2 + 9n + 20 4. s2 + 11s + 30
xm
5. h2 + 11h + 18 6. y2 + 13y + 40
In Exercises 7–12, factor the polynomial. Example 2 (x − 8) m
7. v2 − 5v + 4 8. x2 − 13x + 22
9. d 2 − 5d + 6 10. k2 − 10k + 24
(x + 6) m
11. w2 − 17w + 72 12. j 2 − 13j + 42 a. Write a binomial that represents the width of
the land.
In Exercises 13–22, factor the polynomial. Example 3 b. Find the perimeter of the land when the length
13. x2 + 3x − 4 14. z2 + 7z − 18 of the dentist’s office is 20 meters.
15. n2 + 4n − 12 16. s2 + 3s − 40 In Exercises 27–36, solve the equation.
27. m2 + 3m + 2 = 0 28. n2 − 9n + 18 = 0
17. y2 + 2y − 48 18. h2 + 6h − 27
29. v2 + 25v − 26 = 0 30. x2 + 5x − 14 = 0
19. x2 − x − 20 20. m2 − 6m − 7
31. n2 − 5n = 24 32. t 2 + 15t = −36
21. −6t − 16 + t2 22. −7y + y2 − 30
33. a2 + 5a − 20 = 30 34. y2 − 2y − 8 = 7
correct the error in factoring the polynomial. 35. m2 + 10 = 15m − 34 36. b2 + 5 = 8b − 10
✗
23. 37. MODELING REAL LIFE 5 in.
x2 + 14x + 48 = (x + 4)(x + 12) You trim a large square
picture so that it fits into
a frame. The area of
the cut picture is x in.
24.
✗
20 square inches.
6 in.
s2 − 17s − 60 = (s − 5)(s − 12) What is the area of
the original picture?
Example 4 x in.
25. MODELING REAL LIFE A projector displays an image 38. MODELING REAL LIFE An architect creates a drawing
on a wall. The area (in square feet) of the projection is of an apartment with an area (including the balcony)
represented by x2 − 8x + 15. of 768 square feet. What is the area of the balcony?
12 ft (x + 14) ft
a. Write a binomial that
represents the height (x − 3) ft BEDROOM x ft
BALCONY
of the projection.
b. Find the perimeter of x ft DINING
the projection when LIVING
the height of the wall WALK-IN 18 ft
KITCHEN
is 8 feet. CLOSET
BATH

39. CONNECTING CONCEPTS STRUCTURE In Exercises 43–46,
The area of the triangle factor the polynomial. GO DIGITAL
is 35 square meters. (g − 11) m
Find the dimensions 43. x2 + 6xy + 8y2 44. r2 + 14rs + 45s2
of the triangle. (g − 8) m 45. a2 + 11ab − 60b2 46. x2 − 2xy − 35y2
40. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? 47. PROBLEM SOLVING Road construction workers
The graph of y = x2 +x−6 y are paving the area shown. The area being paved
8 is 280 square meters. Find the width x of the road.
is shown.
4 xm
a. Explain how you can
use the graph to factor
the polynomial −4 x
x2 + x − 6. −4 18 m
b. Factor the polynomial. xm
41. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend says there 20 m

are six integer values of b for which the trinomial
x2 + bx − 12 has two binomial factors of the form 48. THOUGHT PROVOKING
(x + p) and (x + q), where p and q are integers. Is Write a polynomial of the form x2 + bx + c where
your friend correct? Explain. b = c that can be written as (x + p)(x + q), where
p and q are nonzero integers. Then write the
42. REASONING Write an equation of the form polynomial in factored form.
x2 + bx + c = 0 that has the solutions x = −4
and x = 6. Explain how you found your answer.
49. Factor (7n + 5)2 − 21(7n + 5) − 100.
REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 50–53, solve the equation. In Exercises 61 and 62, solve the inequality. Graph the
solution.
50. p − 9 = 0 51. z + 12 = −5
m
61. — > −2 62. t − 4 ≥ 12t − 37
c 3.5
52. 6 = — 53. 4k = 0
−7
In Exercises 63 and 64, find the sum or difference.
In Exercises 54 and 55, find the product.
63. (−p2 + 4p) − ( p2 − 3p + 15)
54. −6x2(3x3 + 7x − 1) 55. (5w + 4x)(5w − 4x)
64. (a2 − 3ab + b2) + (−a2 + ab + b2)
STRUCTURE In Exercises 56 and 57, find the
value of k so that the graph of the equation has the 65. MODELING REAL LIFE How many $20 bills can
given slope m or y-intercept b. you withdraw from the account without going
below the minimum balance?
56. 5y = 10kx − 20; m = −—23
1
57. y + —2 k = −4x; b = −7
CURRENT BALANCE
58. Write a recursive rule for the sequence. $
32000
MINIMUM BALANCE
n 1 2 3 4
an 85 60 35 10
$
10000
In Exercises 59 and 60, solve the equation. In Exercises 66 and 67, factor the polynomial.
59. (5p + 6)(2 − p) = 0 60. 18x2 − 12x = 0 66. d 2 + 16d + 28 67. x2 − 5x − 36

7.6 Factoring ax2 + bx + c GO DIGITAL
Learning Target Factor polynomials of the form ax 2 + bx + c.
Success Criteria • I can factor a polynomial using the GCF of the terms of
the polynomial.
• I can factor polynomials of the form ax 2 + bx + c.
• I can explain how to use a, b, and c to find binomial factors of a
polynomial ax 2 + bx + c.
EXPLORE IT Finding Binomial Factors

Work with a partner. You can use rectangular arrays of algebra tiles to
factor polynomials that do not have a leading coefficient of 1.
a. Write the polynomial represented by the algebra tiles below. Then use
the model to write the polynomial in factored form.
b. Use algebra tiles to write each polynomial as the product of two binomials.
Check your answer by multiplying.
i. 3x 2 + 5x + 2 =
ii. 4x 2 + 4x − 3 = iii. 2x 2 − 11x + 5 =
Math Practice
Recognize Usefulness
of Tools
Why might using algebra
tiles be an inefficient way
to factor polynomials
involving greater
numbers, such as
2x2 + 47x + 23? c. Describe a strategy for factoring the trinomial ax2 + bx + c that does not use
algebra tiles.
7.6 Factoring ax 2 + bx + c 397

Factoring ax 2 + bx + c
GO DIGITAL
In the previous section, you factored polynomials of the form ax2 + bx + c,
where a = 1. To factor polynomials of the form ax2 + bx + c, where a ≠ 1,
first look for the GCF of the terms of the polynomial and then factor further,
if possible. When there is no GCF, consider the possible factors of a and c.
EXAMPLE 1 Factoring Out the GCF
Factor 5x 2 + 15x + 10.
SOLUTION
Notice that the GCF of the terms 5x2, 15x, and 10 is 5.
5x2 + 15x + 10 = 5(x2 + 3x + 2) Factor out GCF.
= 5(x + 1)(x + 2) Factor x2 + 3x + 2.
So, 5x2 + 15x + 10 = 5(x + 1)(x + 2).
1. 2x2 + 14x + 12 2. 8x2 − 56x + 48 3. 3x2 − 6x − 24
EXAMPLE 2 Factoring ax 2 + bx + c When a and c Are Positive
Factor each polynomial.

a. 4x2 + 13x + 3 b. 3x2 − 7x + 2
SOLUTION
a. There is no GCF, so you need to consider the possible factors of a and c. Because
b and c are both positive, the factors of c must be positive. Use a table to organize
information about the factors of a and c.
Factors Factors Possible
Middle term
of 4 of 3 factorization
STUDY TIP
You must consider the 1, 4 1, 3 (x + 1)(4x + 3) 3x + 4x = 7x ✗
order of the factors of 3, 1, 4 3, 1 (x + 3)(4x + 1) x + 12x = 13x ✓
because the middle terms
formed by the possible 2, 2 1, 3 (2x + 1)(2x + 3) 6x + 2x = 8x ✗
factorizations are different.
So, 4x2 + 13x + 3 = (x + 3)(4x + 1).
b. There is no GCF, so you need to consider the possible factors of a and c. Because
b is negative and c is positive, both factors of c must be negative. Use a table to
organize information about the factors of a and c.
Middle term
of 3 of 2 factorization
1, 3 −1, −2 (x − 1)(3x − 2) −2x − 3x = −5x ✗
1, 3 −2, −1 (x − 2)(3x − 1) −x − 6x = −7x ✓
So, 3x2 − 7x + 2 = (x − 2)(3x − 1).

Factoring ax 2 + bx + c When
EXAMPLE 3
a Is Positive and c Is Negative GO DIGITAL
Factor 2x2 − 5x − 7.
SOLUTION
There is no GCF, so you need to consider the possible factors of a and c. Because c
is negative, the factors of c must have different signs. Use a table to organize
information about the factors of a and c.

Middle term
of 2 of −7 factorization
1, 2 1, −7 (x + 1)(2x − 7) −7x + 2x = −5x ✓
1, 2 7, −1 (x + 7)(2x − 1) −x + 14x = 13x ✗
1, 2 −1, 7 (x − 1)(2x + 7) 7x − 2x = 5x ✗
1, 2 −7, 1 (x − 7)(2x + 1) x − 14x = −13x ✗
So, 2x2 − 5x − 7 = (x + 1)(2x − 7).
EXAMPLE 4 Factoring ax 2 + bx + c When a Is Negative
Factor −4x2 − 8x + 5.
STUDY TIP
When a is negative, factor
SOLUTION
−1 from each term of Step 1 Factor −1 from each term of the trinomial.
ax2 + bx + c. Then factor
−4x2 − 8x + 5 = −(4x2 + 8x − 5)
the resulting trinomial as
in the previous examples. Step 2 Factor the trinomial 4x2 + 8x − 5. Because c is negative, the factors of c
must have different signs. Use a table to organize information about the
factors of a and c.

Middle term
of 4 of −5 factorization
1, 4 1, −5 (x + 1)(4x − 5) −5x + 4x = −x ✗
1, 4 5, −1 (x + 5)(4x − 1) −x + 20x = 19x ✗
1, 4 −1, 5 (x − 1)(4x + 5) 5x − 4x = x ✗
1, 4 −5, 1 (x − 5)(4x + 1) x − 20x = −19x ✗
2, 2 1, −5 (2x + 1)(2x − 5) −10x + 2x = −8x ✗
2, 2 −1, 5 (2x − 1)(2x + 5) 10x − 2x = 8x ✓
So, −4x2 − 8x + 5 = −(2x − 1)(2x + 5).

4. 2x2 − 7x + 5 5. 3x2 − 14x + 8 6. 4x2 − 19x − 5
7. 6x2 + x − 12 8. −5m2 + 6m − 1 9. −3x2 − x + 2
10. WRITING Compare factoring 6x2 − x − 2 with factoring x2 − x − 2.
hs2022_alg1_se_0706.indd 399 5/25/20 3:44 PM

GO DIGITAL
The length of a rectangular game reserve is 1 mile longer than twice the width.
The area of the reserve is 55 square miles. What is the width of the reserve?
SOLUTION
Use the formula for the area of a rectangle to write an equation for the area of the
reserve. Let w represent the width. Then 2w + 1 represents the length. Solve for w.
A = ℓw Area of a rectangle
55 = (2w + 1)w Substitute 55 for A and 2w + 1 for ℓ.
55 = 2w2 + w Distributive Property
0 = 2w2 + w − 55 Subtract 55 from each side.
Factor the right side of the equation. There is no GCF, so you need to consider the
possible factors of a and c. Because c is negative, the factors of c must have different
signs. Use a table to organize information about the factors of a and c.
Pangolin are the only known mammal Factors Factors Possible

Middle term
to be completely covered in scales. Eight of 2 of −55 factorization
species of pangolin are classified as
threatened with extinction.
1, 2 1, −55 (w + 1)(2w − 55) −55w + 2w = −53w ✗
1, 2 55, −1 (w + 55)(2w − 1) −w + 110w = 109w ✗
1, 2 −1, 55 (w − 1)(2w + 55) 55w − 2w = 53w ✗
1, 2 −55, 1 (w − 55)(2w + 1) w − 110w = −109w ✗
1, 2 5, −11 (w + 5)(2w − 11) −11w + 10w = −w ✗
1, 2 11, −5 (w + 11)(2w − 5) −5w + 22w = 17w ✗
1, 2 −5, 11 (w − 5)(2w + 11) 11w − 10w = w ✓
1, 2 −11, 5 (w − 11)(2w + 5) 5w − 22w = −17w ✗
So, you can rewrite 2w2 + w − 55 as (w − 5)(2w + 11). Continue solving for w.
Check
Use mental math. (w − 5)(2w + 11) = 0 Rewrite equation.
The width is 5 miles, so the w−5=0 or 2w + 11 = 0 Zero-Product Property
length is 5(2) + 1 = 11 miles w=5 or w = −—
2
11
Solve for w.
✓
and the area is
5(11) = 55 square miles. Because a negative width does not make sense, use the positive solution.
So, the width of the reserve is 5 miles.
11. WHAT IF? In Example 5, the area of the reserve is 136 square miles.
How wide is the reserve?
12. A rectangular swimming pool is bordered by a concrete patio.

The width of the patio is the same on each side. The area of the 16 ft
surface of the pool is equal to the area of the patio. What is the width
of the patio?
24 ft

GO DIGITAL
In Exercises 1–6, factor the polynomial. Example 1 24. MODELING REAL LIFE The height h (in feet)
above the water of a cliff diver is modeled by
1. 3x 2 + 3x − 6 2. 8v 2 + 8v − 48 h = −16t 2 + 8t + 80, where t is the time
(in seconds). What does the constant term represent?
3. 4k2 + 28k + 48 4. 6y 2 − 24y + 18 How long is the diver in the air?
5. 7b 2 − 63b + 140 6. 9r 2 − 36r − 45 In Exercises 25–28, solve the equation.
In Exercises 7–14, factor the polynomial. 25. 5x2 − 5x − 30 = 0 26. 2k2 − 5k − 18 = 0

Examples 2 and 3
27. −12n2 − 11n = −15 28. 14b2 − 2 = −3b
7. 3h2 + 11h + 6 8. 8m2 + 30m + 7
In Exercises 29 and 30, find the x-intercepts of
9. 6x 2 − 5x + 1 10. 10w2 − 31w + 15 the graph.
11. 3n2 + 5n − 2 12. 4z2 + 4z − 3 29. y 30. y

6
20
13. 8g2 − 10g − 12 14. 18v 2 − 15v − 18 −4 4 x
−6
10
In Exercises 15–20, factor the polynomial. Example 4
15. −3t 2 + 11t − 6 16. −7v 2 − 25v − 12 2 4 x
17. −4c 2 + 19c + 5 18. −8h2 − 13h + 6 −36

36
y = 2x 2 − 3x − 35 y = −3x 2 + 14x + 5
19. −15w 2 − w + 28 20. −22d 2 + 29d − 9
31. MODELING REAL LIFE The Parthenon in

Athens, Greece, is an ancient structure that
correct the error in factoring the polynomial.
has a rectangular base. The length of the
✗
21. base of the Parthenon is 8 meters
2x2 − 2x − 24 = 2(x2 − 2x − 24) more than twice its width.
= 2(x − 6)(x + 4) The area of the base is about
2170 square meters. Find
the length and width of the
22.
✗
base. Example 5
6x2 − 7x − 3 = (3x − 3)(2x + 1) 32. MODELING REAL LIFE The length of a rectangular
birthday party invitation is 1 inch less than twice
its width. The area
of the invitation is
23. MODELING REAL LIFE The area (in square feet) of the
15 square inches.
school sign can be represented by 15x2 − x − 2. 5
3 8 in.
Will the invitation fit
a. Write an expression that represents the length in the envelope shown
of the sign. without being folded? 1
5 8 in.
b. Describe two ways to find the area of the sign Explain.
when x = 3.
33. REASONING When is it not possible to factor
WEST
WE S FIIEL
ST E D ax2 + bx + c, where a ≠ 1? Give an example.
HIIGH SCH
H CHOO
HOO
O L 34. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend begins to
(3x + 1) ft
Home of solve the equation 5x2 + x − 4 = 2 by factoring the
the Bears left side as (5x − 4)(x + 1). Is your friend correct?
Explain.

35. REASONING For what values of t can 38. COLLEGE PREP What is the sum of the
2x2 + tx + 10 be written as the product of two roots of the equation −2x2 + 7 = 13x? GO DIGITAL
binomials with integer coefficients and constants? 13 5
A
○ −—2
B
○ − —2
5 13
36. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? C —2
○ D —
○ 2
Without factoring, determine which of the graphs
represents the function g(x) = 21x2 + 37x + 12 39. Find the quotient.
and which represents the function
h(x) = 21x2 − 37x + 12. Explain. −4x3 − 8x2 + 60x
——
2 2x − 6x
y
12
Rewrite the expression below as the product of three
factors. None of the factors should be monomials or
k
have a leading coefficient greater than 2. What do you
notice about the factors for any value of k? Explain.
−2 1 2 x (4k3 + 6k2 + 2k)(2k2 + 2k + 1)
−4
STRUCTURE In Exercises 41–44, factor the
polynomial.
37. LOGIC The length of a rectangle is 1 inch
41. 4k2 + 7jk − 2j 2 42. 6x2 + 5xy − 4y2
more than twice its width. The value of the area of
the rectangle (in square inches) is 5 more than the
43. −6a2 + 19ab − 14b2 44. 18m3 + 39m2n − 15mn2
value of the perimeter (in inches). Find the width.
REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 45–48, find the square root(s). In Exercises 53–56, solve the equation.
— —
45. ±√ 64 46. √ 4 53. −3n(n − 2) = 0 54. (p + 7)(p − 3) = 0
√
— —
47. −√ 225 48. ± —
9
55. (q + 6)2 = 0 56. 9r2 = 108r
49
In Exercises 49 and 50, solve the system using any 57. REASONING Describe the first step you
method. Explain your choice of method. would take to factor 3y2 − 21y + 36. Explain.
49. y = 3 + 7x 50. 2x − y = 2 58. Determine whether the graph represents a function.

y − x = −3 −x + 3y = 14 Explain.
51. Write an equation of the line that passes through y

6
(−5, 6) and is parallel to y = −3x + 8.
4
52. MODELING REAL LIFE The table shows the total
numbers of visitors to a website t days after it
is online.
−2 2 x
t 42 43 44 45
In Exercises 59–62, factor the polynomial.
Visitors 11,000 12,100 13,310 14,641
59. z2 + 11z + 28 60. v2 + 3v − 54
a. Determine whether the table represents an
exponential growth function, an exponential 61. 14x2 + 31x + 15 62. −2y2 − 5y − 3
decay function, or neither.
63. Solve 12 − t ≥ −20. Graph the solution.
b. How many people will have visited the website
after it is online 47 days? 64. Find the product (2x + 3)(2x − 3).

7.7 Factoring Special Products GO DIGITAL
Learning Target Recognize and factor special products.
Success Criteria • I can factor the difference of two squares.

• I can factor perfect square trinomials.
• I can solve real-life problems by factoring using special
product patterns.
EXPLORE IT Factoring Special Products

Work with a partner.
a. Use algebra tiles to write each polynomial as the product of two binomials.
Check your answer by multiplying. Explain how each polynomial relates to
a special product pattern.
i. 4x2 − 4x + 1 = ii. 4x2 − 1 =
iii. 4x2 + 4x + 1 = iv. 4x2 − 6x + 2 =
b. Use algebra tiles to

complete the rectangular
array below in three
different ways. Each
Math Practice way should represent a
Repeat Calculations different special product.
Use algebra tiles to model Then write each special
other polynomials of the product in standard form
form a2 − b2. Do you and in factored form.
notice a pattern in the
factored form?
c. Describe a method for recognizing which polynomials can be factored

using special products.
7.7 Factoring Special Products 403

Factoring the Difference of Two Squares
GO DIGITAL
You can use special product patterns to factor polynomials.
KEY IDEA
Difference of Two Squares Pattern
Algebra Example
a2 − b2 = (a + b)(a − b) x2 − 9 = x2 − 32 = (x + 3)(x − 3)
EXAMPLE 1 Factoring the Difference of Two Squares
Factor (a) x2 − 25 and (b) 4z2 − 1.
SOLUTION
a. x2 − 25 = x2 − 52 Write as a2 − b2.
= (x + 5)(x − 5) Difference of two squares pattern
So, x2 − 25 = (x + 5)(x − 5).
b. 4z2 − 1 = (2z)2 − 12 Write as a2 − b2.

= (2z + 1)(2z − 1) Difference of two squares pattern
So, 4z2 − 1 = (2z + 1)(2z − 1).
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluating a Numerical Expression
Use a special product pattern to evaluate the expression 542 − 482.
SOLUTION
Notice that 542 − 482 is a difference of two squares. So, you can rewrite the expression
in a form that it is easier to evaluate using the difference of two squares pattern.
542 − 482 = (54 + 48)(54 − 48) Difference of two squares pattern
= 102(6) Simplify.
= 612 Multiply.
So, 542 − 482 = 612.

1. x2 − 36 2. 100 − m2 3. 9n2 − 16
4. REASONING Can you use the difference of two squares pattern to factor 100x2 − 49y3?
Use a special product pattern to evaluate the expression.

5. 362 − 342 6. 552 − 502 7. 282 − 242

Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials
GO DIGITAL
KEY IDEA
Perfect Square Trinomial Pattern
Algebra Example
a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 x2 + 6x + 9 = x2 + 2(x)(3) + 32 = (x + 3)2
a2 − 2ab + b2 = (a − b)2 x2 − 6x + 9 = x2 − 2(x)(3) + 32 = (x − 3)2
EXAMPLE 3 Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials
Factor (a) n2 + 8n + 16 and (b) 4x2 − 12x + 9.
SOLUTION
a. n2 + 8n + 16 = n2 + 2(n)(4) + 42 Write as a2 + 2ab + b2.
= (n + 4)2 Perfect square trinomial pattern
So, n2 + 8n + 16 = (n + 4)2.
REMEMBER
b. 4x2 − 12x + 9 = (2x)2 − 2(2x)(3) + 32 Write as a2 − 2ab + b2.
You can check your answers
by multiplying the factors. = (2x − 3)2 Perfect square trinomial pattern
So, 4x2 − 12x + 9 = (2x − 3)2.
EXAMPLE 4 Solving a Polynomial Equation
Solve x2 + —23 x + —19 = 0.
SOLUTION
x2 + —23 x + —19 = 0 Write equation.
Math Practice 9x2 + 6x + 1 = 0 Multiply each side by 9.
Look for Structure (3x)2 + 2(3x)(1) + 12 = 0 Write left side as a2 + 2ab + b2.
What is true about the (3x + 1)2 = 0 Perfect square trinomial pattern
roots of every equation 3x + 1 = 0 Zero-Product Property
of the form (x + a)2 = 0? 1
x= −—3 Solve for x.
1
The solution is x = −—3 .

8. m2 − 2m + 1 9. d 2 − 10d + 25 10. 9z2 + 36z + 36
11. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which polynomial does not belong with the other three?
n2 − 4 g2 − 6g + 9 r2 + 18r + 81 k2 + 144
Solve the equation.

7 49
12. a2 + 6a + 9 = 0 13. n2 − 81 = 0 14. w2 − —3 w + —
36
=0

GO DIGITAL
A bird picks up a golf ball and drops it

while flying. The function represents the
height y (in feet) of the golf ball t seconds
after it is dropped. The ball hits the top of
a roof that is 32 feet high. After how many
seconds does the ball hit the roof?
SOLUTION
1. Understand the Problem You are given the
height of the golf ball as a function of the
amount of time after it is dropped and the height y = 81 − 16t 2
of the roof that the golf ball hits. You are asked
to determine how many seconds it takes for
the ball to hit the roof.
2. Make a Plan Use the function for the height of the golf ball. Substitute
the height of the roof for y and solve for the time t.
3. Solve and Check Substitute 32 for y and solve for t.
Math Practice
Understand y = 81 − 16t2 Write equation.
Quantities 32 = 81 − 16t2 Substitute 32 for y.
What are the meanings
of the terms of 0 = 49 − 16t2 Subtract 32 from each side.
y = 81 − 16t2 in this 0 = 72 − (4t)2 Write as a2 − b2.
situation?
0 = (7 + 4t)(7 − 4t) Difference of two squares pattern
7 + 4t = 0 or 7 − 4t = 0 Zero-Product Property
7 7
t= −—4 or t= —4 Solve for t.
Because a negative time does not make sense, use the positive solution.
So, the golf ball hits the roof after —74 , or 1.75 seconds.
Check You can check that your answer 32 = 81 − 16t2

is correct by substituting t = —74 into the ?
equation y = 81 − 16t 2. Verify that a time
()
32 = 81 − 16 —74
2
of —74 seconds gives a height of 32 feet. ?

32 = 81 − 16 ( — ) 49
16
?
32 = 81 − 49
32 = 32 ✓
15. WHAT IF? The golf ball does not hit the roof. After how many seconds does the ball
hit the ground?
16. REASONING The area of a rectangular piece of land is represented by the
polynomial 8x2 + 40x + 50. The length of the piece of land is equal to two times its width.
What expressions represent the dimensions of the piece of land? Explain your reasoning.

GO DIGITAL
In Exercises 1–6, factor the polynomial. Example 1 In Exercises 25–32, solve the equation. Example 4
1. m2 − 49 2. z2 − 81 25. z2 − 4 = 0 26. 4x2 = 49
3. 64 − 81d 2 4. 25 − 4x2 27. k2 − 16k + 64 = 0 28. s2 + 20s + 100 = 0
5. 225a2 − 36b2 6. 16x2 − 169y2 29. n2 + 9 = 6n 30. y2 = 12y − 36
1 1 4 4
In Exercises 7–12, use a special product pattern to 31. y2 + —2 y = −—
16 32. −—3 x + —9 = −x2
evaluate the expression. Example 2
7. 122 − 92 8. 192 − 112
9. 782 − 722 10. 542 − 522 33. MODELING REAL LIFE

While standing on a
11. 532 − 472 12. 392 − 362 ladder, you drop a roller.
The function
In Exercises 13–20, factor the polynomial. Example 3
y = 25 − 16t 2
13. h2 + 12h + 36 14. p2 + 30p + 225 represents the height y (in
feet) of the roller t seconds
15. y2 − 22y + 121 16. x2 − 4x + 4 after it is dropped. After how
many seconds does the roller
17. a2 − 28a + 196 18. m2 + 24m + 144 land on the ground?
Example 5
19. 25n2 + 20n + 4 20. 49a2 − 14a + 1
34. MODELING REAL LIFE

ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 21 and 22, describe and The function
correct the error in factoring the polynomial. y = −16t 2 + 8t
✗
21. represents the height y (in
n2 − 64 = n2 − 82 feet) of a grasshopper jumping
= (n − 8)2 straight up from the ground
t seconds after the start of
the jump. After how many
22.
✗
seconds is the grasshopper
y 2 − 6y + 9 = y 2 − 2(y)(3) + 32 1 foot off the ground?
= (y − 3) (y + 3)
In Exercises 35–38, factor the polynomial.
23. MODELING REAL LIFE The area (in square 35. 3z2 − 27
centimeters) of a square drink coaster can be
represented by d 2 + 8d + 16. Write an expression 36. 2m2 − 50
that represents the perimeter of the coaster.
37. 50y2 + 120y + 72
24. MODELING REAL LIFE
The polynomial represents the 38. 27m2 − 36m + 12
area (in square feet) of the
square playground. Write 39. REASONING Tell whether each polynomial can
an expression that be factored. If not, change the constant term so that
represents the the polynomial is a perfect square trinomial.
perimeter of A = x 2 − 30x + 225 a. w2 + 18w + 84
the playground.
b. y2 − 10y + 23

40. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? 41. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Describe
The figure shows a large square with an area of a2 two methods you can use to simplify GO DIGITAL
that contains a smaller square with an area of b2. (2x − 5)2 − (x − 4)2. Which one
would you use? Explain.
a

Consider the function f (x) = x2 + 6x + 9.
Complete the function below so that g(x) = 0 has
a solutions of x = −2 and x = 2. Justify your answer.
g(x) = f(x + )+
b
b 43. CONNECTING CONCEPTS

The composite solid is
a. Describe the regions that represent a2 − b2. 4 in.
made up of a cube and
How can you rearrange these regions to show
a rectangular prism. The x in.
the difference of two squares pattern? x in.
volume of the solid is
b. How can you use the figure to show the perfect x in. 4 in.
25x cubic inches. Find
square trinomial pattern? the value of x.
REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 44 and 45, find the x-intercepts of 55. Determine whether the table represents a linear or
the graph. an exponential function. Explain.
44. y = −(x + 5)(x − 5) 45. y = (2x + 3)(2x − 3) x −3 −2 −1 0 1

y y
y 0.1 0.3 0.9 2.7 8.1
4
16 3
56. Solve —4 (x − 12) = 6 for x by (a) using the
−2 2 x Distributive Property and (b) interpreting the
8
expression x − 12 as a single quantity. Justify
−2 4 x
your answers.
−8 −10 In Exercises 57–60, factor the polynomial.
57. x2 − 144 58. x2 − 8x + 16

In Exercises 46–49, graph the inequality in a
coordinate plane. 4 4
59. x2 + —3 x + —9 60. 4x2 + 36x + 81
1
46. y ≤ 4x − 1 47. y > −—2 x +3
61. MODELING REAL LIFE The table shows the costs
48. 4y − 12 ≥ 8x 49. 3y + 3 < x x (in dollars) of several meals ordered by customers
at a restaurant and the amounts y (in dollars) of the
50. Determine whether the sequence is arithmetic or tips left by the customers.
geometric. Then write a recursive rule for the
sequence. Cost, x 17.50 14 9.75 18.25 17 13.50
4x + 9, x + 15, −2x + 21, −5x + 27, . . . Tip, y 2.75 2.25 1.50 3 2.75 2
In Exercises 51–54, factor the polynomial. a. Use technology to find an equation of the line of
best fit.
51. x2 + 2x − 3 52. w2 − 4w − 21 b. Approximate the amount of a tip for a meal that
costs $15.
53. 3h2 + 2h − 8 54. 2p2 − 6p − 80
c. Predict the amount of a tip for a meal that
costs $25.

7.8 Factoring Polynomials Completely GO DIGITAL
Learning Target Factor a polynomial by grouping and recognize when

a polynomial is factored completely.
Success Criteria • I can factor polynomials by grouping.

• I can factor polynomials completely.
• I can solve real-life problems by factoring.
EXPLORE IT Factoring a Polynomial Completely

Work with a partner. Five students are asked to factor the polynomial below.
4x3 + 16x2 − 84x
The results are shown.
Student 1 Student 2
4(x3 + 4x2 − 21x) 4x(x2 + 4x − 21)
Student 3 Student 4
4x(x + 7)(x − 3) 1
—4 (16x3 + 64x2 − 336x)
Student 5
Math Practice x(4x − 12)(x + 7)

Explain the Meaning
In your own words,
explain what it means a. Are the answers above equivalent? Explain.
for a polynomial to be
unfactorable. b. Explain how you think the students obtained each result.
c. Which student’s answer would you provide if you were asked to factor
the polynomial? Why?
d. What does it mean for a polynomial to be factored completely?
e. Find a polynomial with the given description. Justify your answers.
i. trinomial of degree 2 that is factorable
ii. trinomial of degree 2 that is unfactorable
iii. polynomial of degree 3 that is factorable
iv. polynomial of degree 3 that is unfactorable
7.8 Factoring Polynomials Completely 409

Factoring Polynomials by Grouping
GO DIGITAL
You have used the Distributive Property to factor out a greatest common
Vocabulary monomial from a polynomial. Sometimes, you can factor out a common
factoring by grouping, p. 410 binomial. You may be able to use the Distributive Property to factor polynomials
factored completely, p. 410 with four terms, as described below.
KEY IDEA
Factoring by Grouping
To factor a polynomial with four terms, group the terms into pairs. Factor the
GCF out of each pair of terms. Look for and factor out the common binomial
factor. This process is called factoring by grouping.
EXAMPLE 1 Factoring Polynomials by Grouping
Factor each polynomial by grouping.

a. x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 6 b. x2 + y + x + xy
SOLUTION
a. x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 6 = (x3 + 3x2) + (2x + 6) Group terms with common factors.
Common binomial factor is x + 3. = x2(x + 3) + 2(x + 3) Factor out GCF of each pair of terms.
= (x + 3)(x2 + 2) Factor out (x + 3).
So, x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 6 = (x + 3)(x2 + 2).
b. x2 + y + x + xy = x2 + x + xy + y Rewrite polynomial.
= (x2 + x) + (xy + y) Group terms with common factors.
Common binomial factor is x + 1. = x(x + 1) + y(x + 1) Factor out GCF of each pair of terms.
= (x + 1)(x + y) Factor out (x + 1).
So, x2 + y + x + xy = (x + 1)(x + y).
1. WRITING Explain how to choose which terms to group together when factoring by grouping.
Factor the polynomial by grouping.
2. a3 + 3a2 + a + 3 3. 3p3 − 30 − 5p2 + 18p 4. y2 + 2x + yx + 2y
5. REASONING In Example 1(b), can you group the first term x2 with the fourth
term xy, and then factor? Explain.
Factoring Polynomials Completely

You have seen that the polynomial x2 − 1 can be factored as (x + 1)(x − 1). This
polynomial is factorable. Notice that the polynomial x2 + 1 cannot be written as the
product of polynomials with integer coefficients. This polynomial is unfactorable.
A factorable polynomial with integer coefficients is factored completely when it is
written as a product of unfactorable polynomials with integer coefficients.

CONCEPT SUMMARY
GO DIGITAL
Guidelines for Factoring Polynomials Completely
To factor a polynomial completely, you should try each of these steps.
1. Factor out the greatest common monomial factor. 3x2 + 6x = 3x(x + 2)
2. Look for a difference of two squares or a perfect square trinomial. x2 + 4x + 4 = (x + 2)2
3. Factor a trinomial of the form ax2 + bx + c into a product of 3x2 − 5x − 2 = (3x + 1)(x − 2)
binomial factors.
4. Factor a polynomial with four terms by grouping. x3 + x − 4x2 − 4 = (x2 + 1)(x − 4)
EXAMPLE 2 Factoring Polynomials Completely
Factor (a) 3x3 + 6x2 − 18x and (b) 7x4 − 28x2 completely.
SOLUTION
a. 3x3 + 6x2 − 18x = 3x(x2 + 2x − 6) Factor out 3x.
x2 + 2x − 6 is unfactorable, so the polynomial is factored completely.
So, 3x3 + 6x2 − 18x = 3x(x2 + 2x − 6).
b. 7x 4 − 28x2 = 7x2(x2 − 4) Factor out 7x 2.

= 7x2(x2 − 22) Write as a2 − b2.
= 7x2(x + 2)(x − 2) Difference of two squares pattern
So, 7x 4 − 28x2 = 7x2(x + 2)(x − 2).
EXAMPLE 3 Solving an Equation by Factoring Completely
Solve 2x3 + 8x2 = 10x.
SOLUTION
2x3 + 8x2 = 10x Original equation
2x3 + 8x2 − 10x = 0 Subtract 10x from each side.
2x(x2 + 4x − 5) = 0 Factor out 2x.
2x(x + 5)(x − 1) = 0 Factor x2 + 4x − 5.
2x = 0 or x+5=0 or x−1=0 Zero-Product Property
x=0 or x = −5 or x=1 Solve for x.
The roots are x = −5, x = 0, and x = 1.
Factor the polynomial completely.

6. 3x3 − 12x 7. 2y3 − 12y2 + 18y 8. m3 − 2m2 − 8m
Solve the equation.
9. w3 − 8w2 + 16w = 0 10. 2x3 − 50x = 0 11. c3 − 7c2 + 12c = 0

GO DIGITAL
A piece of equipment is submerged in the pool at the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory

for training. The piece of equipment is in the shape of a rectangular prism that has
a volume of 72 cubic meters, a length of x meters, a width of (x − 1) meters, and a
height of (x + 9) meters. Find the dimensions of the piece of equipment.
SOLUTION
1. Understand the Problem You are given the shape and volume of the piece of
equipment. The dimensions are written in terms of its length. You are asked to
find the length, width, and height.
2. Make a Plan Use the formula for the volume of a rectangular prism to write
and solve an equation for the length of the piece of equipment. Then substitute
that value in the expressions for the width and height.
3. Solve and Check
Volume = ℓwh Volume of a rectangular prism
72 = x(x − 1)(x + 9) Write equation.
72 = x3 + 8x2 − 9x Multiply.
0= x3 + 8x2 − 9x − 72 Subtract 72 from each side.
NASA’s Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory
0 = (x3 + 8x2) + (−9x − 72) Group terms with common factors.
(NBL) is an astronaut training facility in
Houston, Texas. The main feature of the 0= x2(x + 8) − 9(x + 8) Factor out GCF of each pair of terms.
lab is a massive indoor pool that helps
0 = (x + 8)(x2 − 9) Factor out (x + 8).
astronauts train for spacewalks.
0 = (x + 8)(x − 3)(x + 3) Difference of two squares pattern
x+8=0 or x − 3 = 0 or x + 3 = 0 Zero-Product Property
x = −8 or x = 3 or x = −3 Solve for x.
Because a negative length does not make sense, use the positive solution.
So, the length is 3 meters. Use x = 3 to find the width and height, as shown.
width = x − 1 = 3 − 1 = 2 height = x + 9 = 3 + 9 = 12
The piece of equipment has a length of 3 meters, a width of 2 meters,
and a height of 12 meters.
Check Substitute the values for the length, width, V =ℓwh

and height when the length is 3 meters into the
?
formula for volume. The volume of the piece of 72 = 3(2)(12)
equipment should be 72 cubic meters.
72 = 72 ✓
12. The terrarium has width w and is in the shape of a

rectangular prism. The volume of the terrarium is
4608 cubic inches. Your friend says that there is more (w + 4) in.
than one possible set of dimensions. Is your friend
correct? If so, does each set of dimensions make sense
in the context of the problem? Explain your reasoning.
w in. (36 − w) in.

GO DIGITAL
In Exercises 1–8, factor the polynomial by grouping. ERROR ANALYSIS In Exercises 31 and 32, describe and
Example 1 correct the error in factoring the polynomial completely.
31.
✗
1. x 3 + x 2 + 2x + 2 2. y 3 − 9y2 + y − 9
a3 + 8a2 − 6a − 48
3. 3z 3 − 8 − 12z2 + 2z 4. 2s3 + 27 + 18s + 3s 2 = a2(a + 8) + 6(a + 8)
5. x 2 + xy + 8x + 8y 6. q 2 + q + 5pq + 5p = (a + 8)(a2 + 6)
7. m2 − 3n − 3m + mn 8. 2a 2 − 12b + 8ab − 3a 32.
In Exercises 9–20, factor the polynomial completely.

Example 2
✗ x3 − 6x2 − 9x + 54
= x2(x − 6) − 9(x − 6)
= (x − 6)(x2 − 9)
9. 2x3 − 2x 10. 36a 4 − 4a2
11. 2c2 − 7c + 19 12. m2 − 5m − 35 33. MODELING REAL LIFE A birdhouse in the shape of a
rectangular prism has a volume of 128 cubic inches.
13. 6g3 − 24g2 + 24g 14. −15d 3 + 21d 2 − 6d The width is w inches, the depth is 4 inches, and the
height is 4 inches greater than the width. What are the
15. 3r5 + 3r 4 − 90r3 16. 5w 4 − 40w3 + 80w2 dimensions of the birdhouse? Example 4
17. −4c 4 + 8c3 − 28c2 18. 8t 2 + 8t − 72

34. MODELING REAL LIFE A gift bag has width w and is
19. b3 − 5b2 − 4b + 20 20. h3 + 4h2 − 25h − 100 in the shape of a rectangular prism. The volume of the
gift bag is 1152 cubic inches. The height is greater than
In Exercises 21–26, solve the equation. Example 3 the width. What are the dimensions of the gift bag?
21. 5n3 − 30n2 + 40n = 0 22. k 4 − 100k2 = 0
23. x 3 + x2 = 4x + 4 24. 2t 5 + 2t 4 − 144t 3 = 0
25. 147s − 3s3 = 0 26. 4y 3 − 7y2 + 28 = 16y (18 − w) in.
In Exercises 27–30, find the x-intercepts of the graph.
27. y 28. y
w in.
(2w + 4) in.
30
In Exercises 35–38, factor the polynomial completely.

−6 6 x −4 −2 1x
−150
150 35. x3 + 2x2y − x − 2y 36. 8b3 − 4b2a − 18b + 9a
−45
y = x 3 − 81x y = −3x 4 − 24x 3 − 45x 2 37. 4s2 − s + 12st − 3t
38. 6m3 − 12mn + m2n − 2n2

29. y 30. y
5 420
39. COLLEGE PREP When 9h3 − 25h − 27h2 + 75 is
−1 1 3 5x
factored completely, which of the following is one of
the factors? Select all that apply.
A 9h2 − 25
○ B h−3
○
−4 4x
C 3h − 5
○ D 3h + 5
○
−140
140
y = −2x 4 + 16x 3 − 32x 2 y = 4x 3 + 25x 2 − 56x


40. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? 43. CONNECTING CONCEPTS
How can you use the factored form of the polynomial Find the GO DIGITAL
x 4 − 2x3 − 9x2 + 18x = x(x − 3)(x + 3)(x − 2) dimensions of
to find the x-intercepts of the graph of the function? the cylinder.
y Volume = 25hπ h
20
h−3
−2 2 x
y = x 4 − 2x 3 − 9x 2 + 18x 44. THOUGHT PROVOKING

Factor the polynomial
−40
x5 − x 4 − 5x3 + 5x2 + 4x − 4 completely.
45. REPEATED REASONING Find a value for w so

41. WRITING Is it possible to find three real solutions
that the equation 5x3 + wx2 + 80x = 0 has (a) two
of the equation x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 6 = 0? Explain
solutions and (b) three solutions. Explain your
your reasoning.
reasoning.
42. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend says that if a 46. The width of a box in the shape of a
trinomial cannot be factored as the product of two rectangular prism is 4 inches more than the height h. The
binomials, then the trinomial is factored completely. length is the difference of 9 inches and the height. The
Is your friend correct? Explain. volume of the box is 180 cubic inches. Of the possible
dimensions of the box, which result in a box with the
least possible surface area? Explain your reasoning.
REVIEW & REFRESH

In Exercises 47–50, solve the system. Explain your In Exercises 55 and 56, graph the function. Find the
choice of method. domain and range.
1 x
1
47. y = —2 x + 2 48. 5x − y = 12 55. y = 9 —3 () 56. f(x) = −3(4)x
y = 3x − 3 2x + y = 16
57. NUMBER SENSE Complete the inequality
49. x = 3y 50. 9x − 6y = 20 with < or > so that it has no solution.
y − 10 = 2x −3x + 2y = −7
∣ 7x − 8 ∣ 0
51. Determine whether the relation is a function.
Explain. In Exercises 58–61, solve the equation.
58. 25n2 − 81 = 0 59. 6x2 + 7x − 5 = 0
Input, x −5 −1 1 3 7
Output, y −4 −2 1 −4 0 60. h2 − 15h = −54 61. 5x3 + 125x = −50x2
62. Write an equation of the line in slope-intercept form.

In Exercises 52 and 53, factor the polynomial
completely. y
2
(−4, 1)
52. 3y2 − 12y − 63 53. z3 + 2z2 − 100z − 200
−4 2x
54. MODELING REAL LIFE The total cost (in dollars) (0, −2)
of printing x photographs is represented by the
piecewise function −4
c(x) = {
0.33x, if 0 ≤ x < 75
0.23x, if x ≥ 75
.
63. Solve p = x − qx − r for x.
Determine the total cost of printing
(a) 50 photographs and (b) 75 photographs.

7 Chapter Review
Chapter Learning Target
WITH
Understand polynomial equations and factoring.

GO DIGITAL
Chapter Success Criteria I can classify polynomials by degree and number of terms.
I can add, subtract, multiply, and divide polynomials.
I can solve polynomial equations.
I can factor polynomials and use factoring to solve Surface
real-life problems. Deep
7.1 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials (pp. 363–370)

Learning Target: Add and subtract polynomials. Vocabulary
monomial
Write the polynomial in standard form. Identify the degree and leading degree of a
coefficient of the polynomial. Then classify the polynomial by the number of terms. monomial
1. −3p3 + 5p6 − 4 2. 9x7 − 6x2 + 13x5 polynomial
binomial
Find the sum or difference. trinomial
degree of a
3. (3a + 7) + (a − 1) 4. (x2 + 6x − 5) + (2x2 + 15)
polynomial
5. (−y2 + y + 2) − (y2 − 5y − 2) 6. (p + 7) − (6p2 + 13p) standard form
leading coefficient
closed
7.2 Multiplying and Dividing Polynomials (pp. 371–378)

Learning Target: Multiply and divide polynomials. Vocabulary
FOIL Method
Find the product or quotient.
(3n − 18)(n + 8)
7. (x + 6)(x − 4) 8. (−3y + 1)(4y2 − y − 7) 9. ——
n−6
(3x − 15)(x + 1)
10. Find ——. Then find the x-value(s) for which the original expression has a
x−5
value of 18. Explain your reasoning.
7.3 Special Products of Polynomials (pp. 379–384)

Learning Target: Use patterns to find products of polynomials.
Find the product.

11. (x + 9)(x − 9) 12. (2y + 4)(2y − 4) 13. ( p + 4)2 14. (−1 + 2d )2
15. A square-shaped quilt with 72-inch sides is expanded by x inches on one pair of opposite sides
and is reduced by x inches on the other pair of opposite sides. By how much does the area
change? Explain.
Chapter 7 Chapter Review 415

7.4 Solving Polynomial Equations in Factored Form (pp. 385–390)
GO DIGITAL
Learning Target: Solve polynomial equations in factored form.
Solve the equation. Vocabulary

16. (z + 3)(z − 7) = 0 17. (b + 13)2 = 0 factored form
Zero-Product Property
18. 2y(y − 9)(y + 4) = 0 19. x2 + 5x = 0 roots
5
20. The front of a storage bunker can be modeled by y = −—
216
(x − 72)(x + 72), repeated roots
where x and y are measured in inches. The x-axis represents the ground.
Find the width of the bunker at ground level.
90
60
30
x
−60 −40 −20 20 40 60
21. Solve ax3 = bx2, where a and b are nonzero constants. Check your solution.
7.5 Factoring x 2 + bx + c (pp. 391–396)

Learning Target: Factor polynomials of the form x2 + bx + c.

22. p2 + 2p − 35 23. b2 + 18b + 80
24. z2 − 4z − 21 25. x2 − 11x + 28
26. A contractor tiles a rectangular section of floor in a square
room. The tile covers 18 square feet. What is the area of
the room?
15 ft
27. A polynomial is factored as x2 + bx + c = (x + p)(x − q),
where p and q are whole numbers. Compare the values of
p and q when b is negative. Explain your reasoning.
12 ft
7.6 Factoring ax2 + bx + c (pp. 397–402)

Learning Target: Factor polynomials of the form ax2 + bx + c.

28. 3t 2 + 16t − 12 29. −5y2 − 22y − 8 30. 6x 2 + 17x + 7
31. −2y 2 + 7y − 6 32. 3z2 + 26z − 9 33. 10a2 − 13a − 3
34. Find each possible integer value of k so that 2x2 + kx + 18 = 0 has integer solutions.

7.7 Factoring Special Products (pp. 403–408)
GO DIGITAL
Learning Target: Recognize and factor special products.
oducts.

35. x2 − 9 36. y2 − 100
37.z2 − 6z + 9 38. m2 + 16m + 64
39. Find each possible value of b so that 4x2 + bx + 25

is a perfect square trinomial.
40. A rugby player kicks a rugby ball. The function
1
y = −—
50
(x2 − 225)
represents the path of the ball, where x and y are
measured in meters and x = 0 represents the
middle of the field. How far does the ball travel
horizontally before hitting the ground?
7.8 Factoring Polynomials Completely (pp.

p. 409–414)
Learning Target: Factor a polynomial by groupingg and recognize when a Vocabulary

polynomial is factored completely.
ely. factoring by grouping
factored completely
41. n3 − 9n 42. x2 − 3x + 4axx − 12a 2 4 + 2x
43. 2x 2 3 − 20x
0 2
Solve the equation.

44. 3x3 − 9x2 − 54x = 0 45. 16x2 − 36 = 0 46. z3 + 3zz2 − 25zz − 75 = 0
47. A box in the shape of a rectangular prism has a volume

lume of 96 cubic feet.
The box has a length of (x + 8) feet, a width of x feet, and a height of
(x − 2) feet. Find the dimensions of the box.
Mathematical Practices
Look for and Make Use of Structure
Mathematically proficient students are able to see complicated things as single objects or
as being composed of several objects.
1. When factoring a polynomial by grouping, why is it necessary to see the polynomial

as being composed of multiple polynomials?
2. How did you use the structure of a trinomial to answer Exercise 48 on page 369?
3. Assume that a and b are real numbers and ab = 0. You know that either a = 0
or a ≠ 0. Use these two cases and the structure of the equation to prove that the
Zero-Product Property is true.
Chapter 7 Chapter Review 417

7 Practice Test WITH GO DIGITAL
Find the sum or difference. Then identify the degree of the sum or difference and classify
it by the number of terms.
1. (4s 4 + 2st + t) + (2s 4 − 2st − 4t) 2. (−2p + 4) − ( p2 − 6p + 8)
Find the product or quotient.

3. (h − 5)(h + 5) 4. (2w − 3)(3w + 5)
3p4 − 9p3 − 18p 7y + 42

5. —— 6. —
3p y+6
7. Explain how you can determine whether a polynomial is a perfect square trinomial.
8. Is 18 a polynomial? Explain your reasoning.

9. s2 − 15s + 50 10. h3 + 2h2 − 9h − 18 11. −5k2 − 22k + 15
Solve the equation.

12. (n − 1)(n + 6)(n + 5) = 0 13. d 2 + 14d + 49 = 0
14. 6x 4 + 8x2 = 26x3 15. x3 − 5x2 − 16x = −80
16. The expression π (r − 3)2 represents the area covered by the hour hand on a clock in one
rotation, where r is the radius of the entire clock. Write a polynomial in standard form that
represents the area covered by the hour hand in one rotation.
17. A magician’s stage has a trapdoor.

a. The total area (in square feet) of the stage can be represented
by x2 + 27x + 176. Write an expression that represents the
width of the stage.
b. The magician wants the area of the stage to be at least 20 times (x + 12 ) ft
the area of the trapdoor. Does the stage satisfy his requirement 2x ft
when the area of the trapdoor is 10 square feet?
18. You are jumping on a trampoline. For one jump, your height (x + 16) ft
y (in feet) above the trampoline after t seconds can be represented
by y = −16t2 + 24t. Find and interpret the domain of the function
in this situation.
19. A cardboard box in the shape of a rectangular prism has the dimensions shown.
The volume of the box is 60 cubic inches. Find the length, width, and height of
the box.
(x − 1) in.
(x − 2) in.
(x + 6) in.

7 Performance Task
GO DIGITAL
Gravity Check
Mercury Venus Earth Mars

Mass: 0.330 × 1024 kg Mass: 4.87 × 1024 kg Mass: 5.97 × 1024 kg Mass: 0.642 × 1024 kg
Diameter: 4879 km Diameter: 12,104 km Diameter: 12,756 km Diameter: 6792 km
Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

Mass: 1898 × 1024 kg Mass: 568 × 1024 kg Mass: 86.8 × 1024 kg Mass: 102 × 1024 kg
Diameter: 142,984 km Diameter: 120,536 km Diameter: 51,118 km Diameter: 49,528 km
The value of a is
negative because gravity acceleration due
mass (kg)
pulls objects down, toward to gravity (m/s2)
the center of the planet.
∣ a ∣ r2 = Gm
universal gravitational constant
radius (m)
⋅
6.674 × 10−11m3 kg−1 s−2 ⋅
COMPARING GRAVITIES
A dropped object hits the ground after n seconds. The expression
1
—2 a(t + n)(t − n) represents the height (in meters) of the object t seconds
after it is dropped.
• Write the expression as a polynomial in standard form and explain

the meaning of each term.
• Predict the initial height of an object that takes 0.5 second to hit
the ground on Earth. Perform an experiment to check your answer.
• Create a display that compares the initial height of an object that
hits the ground after 1 second on each planet.
419

7 College and Career Readiness
Tutorial videos are available for each exercise.
WITH GO DIGITAL
1. Which polynomial represents the product of 2x − 4 and x2 + 6x − 2?
A 2x3 + 16x2 + 20x − 8

○
B 2x3 + 8x2 − 28x + 8
○
C 2x3 + 8x2 + 20x − 8
○
D −2x2 − 12x + 4
○
2. Which exponential function has the greatest percent rate of change?
A f(x) = 4(2.5)x
○ B
○ x 0 1 2 3 4
g(x) 8 12 18 27 40.5
C
○ y D An exponential function j models a
○
relationship in which as x increases
24
h by 2, j(x) is multiplied by 4.
18
12
2 4 6 x
3. Find the roots of x3 + 8x2 − 9x = 72. Select all that apply.
A −9
○ B −8
○
C −3
○ D 0
○
E 1
○ F 3
○
G 8
○ H 9
○
4. The table shows the distances you travel over a 6-hour period. Write an equation
that represents your distance traveled as a function of the number of hours.
Hours, x 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distance (miles), y 62 123 184 245 306 367
1
5. Convert 4—2 gallons per minute to cups per second.

6. Which inequality is represented by the graph?
GO DIGITAL
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
A x ≤ −4
○ B x < −4
○
C x ≥ −4
○ D x > −4
○
7. A carnival earns $2125 by selling 600 tickets. Adult tickets cost $5 and child tickets cost
$2.50. How many of each type of ticket are sold?
8. Which expression is equivalent to −2x + 15x2 − 8?
A (5x + 4)(3x + 2)
○ B (5x + 4)(3x − 2)
○
C (3x − 2)(5x − 4)
○ D (5x − 4)(3x + 2)
○
9. Consider the graphs of functions f and g. Find the value of h.
y
1
3 5 x
g(x) = −2x − h
f(x) = −2x
−3
3
−5
10. You design a hole for a miniature golf course as shown. (x + 4) ft

Find the perimeter when the area is 216 square feet.
3x ft
x ft
x ft
11. Which is a recursive rule for an = −3n + 5?
A a1 = 5, an = an −1 − 3
○ B a1 = 2, an = an − 1 + 5
○
C a1 = 2, an = an −1 − 3
○ D a1 = 2, an = an − 1 + 3
○
Chapter 7 College and Career Readiness 421

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Polynomial Equations

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER

Algebra 1 Chapter 7.indb 360 5/1/20 7:41 PM

Preparing for Chapter

VOCAB Chapter Vocabulary

Work with a partner. The expression −16t(t − 13) represents

1. Complete the table of values for each expression below.

2. Use the completed table to find the values of t that make

3. When can it be helpful to view an expression as a product

Algebra 1 Chapter 7.indb 361 5/1/20 7:42 PM

Simplifying Algebraic Expressions

6x + 5 − 3x − 4 = 6x − 3x + 5 − 4 Commutative Property of Addition

Example 2 Simplify − 1—2 (10y − 3) + 2y.

= −5y + —32 + 2y Multiply.

= −5y + 2y + —32 Commutative Property of Addition

= (−5 + 2)y + —32 Distributive Property

= −3y + —32 Simplify.

Simplify the expression.

Finding the Greatest Common Factor

Find the greatest common factor.

7. 20, 36 8. 42, 63 9. 54, 81

10. 72, 84 11. 28, 64 12. 30, 77

362 Chapter 7 Polynomial Equations and Factoring

Algebra 1 Chapter 7.indb 362 5/1/20 7:43 PM

Success Criteria • I can classify polynomials.

A monomial is a number, a variable, or the product of a number and one or

EXPLORE IT Adding and Subtracting Polynomials

7.1 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials 363

Algebra 1 Chapter 7.indb 363 5/1/20 7:44 PM

EXAMPLE 1 Finding Degrees of Monomials

Find the degree of each monomial.

b. The exponent of x is 1, and the exponent of y is 3.

c. The exponent of x is 3, and the exponent of y is 3.

d. You can rewrite −3 as −3x 0.

Find the degree of the monomial.

a3b2 a4b ab5 a2b3

364 Chapter 7 Polynomial Equations and Factoring

Algebra 1 Chapter 7.indb 364 5/1/20 7:44 PM

EXAMPLE 2 Writing a Polynomial in Standard Form

EXAMPLE 3 Classifying Polynomials

7.1 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials 365

Algebra 1 Chapter 7.indb 365 5/1/20 7:45 PM

EXAMPLE 4 Adding Polynomials

STUDY TIP Find the sum.

To subtract a polynomial, add its opposite. To find the opposite of a polynomial,

EXAMPLE 5 Subtracting Polynomials

Find (4n2 + 5) − (−2n2 + 2n − 4).

ANOTHER WAY SOLUTION

The difference is 6n2 − 2n + 9.

Find the sum or difference.

366 Chapter 7 Polynomial Equations and Factoring

Algebra 1 Chapter 7.indb 366 5/1/20 7:46 PM

EXAMPLE 6 Modeling Real Life

A red water balloon is thrown straight down

a. Write a polynomial that represents −16t 2 + 100

Red Balloon −16t 2 − 40t + 200 −16t 2 − 40t + 200

Algebra 1 Chapter 7.indb 367 5/1/20 7:46 PM

In Exercises 1–8, find the degree of the monomial.