HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING PROFESSION

 INTRODUCTION:
History can be defined study of events from the past leading up to the present time.
However, the study of history focuses on not just the chronology of events, but also the
impact and influence just those events continued to have throughout time. The development
and evolution of the nursing profession is intricately connected to historical influences
throughout the ages, beginning in antiquity. Nursing is the one of the oldest arts and is an
essential modern occupation. It began with the need to provide care and comfort to those
suffering from illness and injury. Knowledge of general history is necessary as a basis to
understand and interpret the changes which have taken place in nursing. The roots of
medicine and nursing. are intertwining and found in mythology, ancient eastern and western
cultures and religions.

 PREHISTORIC NURSING
Myths, songs and other findings of the archeologists throw light on prehistorics man`s
care for the sick. It was believed that `evil spirits cause illness within the body.` Body was ill
treated by starving, beating of drums, magic rites and ceremonies and by causing sudden
fright to get rid of evil spirits. Doctor cum nurse was the magic man.

 NURSING IN EARLY CIVILIZATIONS:

IN EGYPT:
 Medicine was thought to be divine in origin
 Egypt made progress in medicine, nursing and surgery though it soon declined for no
dissection was permitted
IN GREECE:
 Medicine was closely connected with religion
 Apollo the sun God was their God of healing
 Asclepius, the son of Apollo, for magical cures for their illnesses.
 Hygiea, the daughter of Apollo , for magical cures for their illness.
 Temples were also places for the treatment of sick and priest physician was in charge
of them
 Personal cleanliness, exercise and the dietetics were emphasized.
 Hippocrates, in 100 BC , known as “Father of scientific Medicine” separated
medicine from religion for the first time.
IN ROME:
 There was proper sanitation, drainage and sewage system.
 Roman noble woman cared for the sick.
 With the invent of Christianity deacons and deaconess performed duties of nurses.
IN CHINA:
 There was an advancement in medicine and surgery.
 They had good knowledge of internal organs and knew about blood circulation.
  They practiced dissections, vaccination and physiotherapy.
 The sick were prayed for in halls of healing.
 Importance was given to cleanliness and hygiene.
IN INDIA:
300 BC
Ayurvedic system stressed hygiene, sickness prevention, inoculation against small pox,
sanitation, good ventilation and kitchen, construction of hospitals, medicinal plants,
cultivation and suitable building for animals.
700BC to 250BC
 Nurse attended the patient, cool headed and pleasant in his demeanor, didn’t speak ill
of anybody was strong and attentive to requirements of the sick and strictly followed
instructions of physicians
 According to Charakha Sanhita: There should be resourcefulness, devotedness, purity
of mind and body
 Attendants of sick should have good behavior and should be distinguished for purity
and cleanliness of habits.
 Nursing treatments prescribed were baths, enema, emetics, vaginal and urethral
infusions, venesection, gargles, massages, rubbing or pressing limbs etc.
 Nurses assisted patient to walk or move about, to make clean beds
226 BC to 250 BC
 King Ashoka built monasteries and hospitals for both men and animals
 Doctors and midwives were to be trustworthy and skillful
 They had to wear clean clothes, cut short nails
 Operations preceded by religious ceremonies and prayers
 Qualities expected of nursing attendants were good behavior, purity, kindness and
skill
 Ashoka made provision for the education and training of women for that purpose
 EARLY CHRISTIAN ERA(1-500AD)
Religious beliefs played a major role in building attitude towards the sick and mode of caring
for the sick and their sufferings
Christianity believed in rendering services of love to humanity without any reward
DEACONESS:
Originated from Greek word ‘diakonia’ which means ‘to minister’ or ‘to serve’ in both the
material and spiritual sense.
Women who were mature gave teaching and cared for the sick in homes
Duties include clerical work in church, teaching, helping women converts, teaching in
missions and visiting the sick. They have been called the first visiting nurses.
WIDOWS:
They assisted deaconess in home visiting, freedom from responsibilities at home was a
necessity.
VIRGINS:
They were younger women, assisted in caring for church vestments and in giving alms to
poor.
They lived in their homes, and received no pay except when necessary.
Order of virgins was created when church felt that virginity was essential to purity of life
Later widows and virgins merged into group of nuns
Certain things were common:
 Wore usual dress of women, later dressed more uniformly
 Lived in own houses and many received allotment from church
 All members were enrolled for church service
PHOEBE: was the first deaconess, intelligent, educated who could care for the sick in their
homes. She can be compared to a modern public health nurse.
FABIOLA: was the daughter of great Roman Noble.
She converted her palace into hospital, first Christian hospital in Rome, collected the poor
and sick from streets and cared herself in palace.
PAULA: was the friend of Fabiola, devoted herself for the services of sick.
She built hospital for strangers, pilgrims and travelers and for the sick, constructed monastery
in Bethlehem.
MARCELLA: was wealthy woman . she was able to lead a group of high rank woman and
included them in works of charity.

 MEDIEVAL ERA (500 AD -1500 AD)

The period between 500AD and 1500 AD is generally known as “middle ages”
The practice of medicine reverts back to primitive medicine dominated by superstition and
dogma
Consequently there was no progress in medicine or surgery.
The medieval period is therefore called” Dark ages of Medicine”
‘ALTRUISM’ taught that sincere love for God and a desire to be like him would be the chief
motive for one`s selfless and sacrificial service to the mankind without hope of reward . It
inspired men and women and opened their homes to the sick who were called ‘Diakonia.’
o MONASTICISM: Monasteries became chief place for education, medicine and
nursing
 Monks and nuns worked as doctors and nurses
 They were skilled in the use of home remedies
  They got scientific knowledge in care of the sick from books in monasteries
 Monasteries did ground work for the development of universities, gave
medical and nursing care to travelers, poor and needy.
 Women found freedom to develop ideas and skills in monasteries
 They became wealthier , gained more freedom and political power
 Monasteries when criticized made rules stricter and many lost interest in the
work
 Between 9th and 10th century, monasteries declined

o MILITARY NURSING ORDERS: During the middle ages, a religious movement

known as Crusades, took place. There was mass movement of devoted people who
left their homes under the leadership of soldiers and Knights to Jerusalem to rescue
the tomb of Jesus Christ from the Muslims.
In order to render medical and nursing care to the sick and wounded two military orders were
formed:
1 Order of knights of St John of Jerusalem
2 Order of knights of St Lazarus
 The nursing orders brought discipline and unquestioned obedience into nursing.
 They rendered excellent nursing service.
 The traditions of the order of St John live today in the St John Ambulance Corps.
 The order of St Lazarus specialized in the care of leprosy patients.
 In short, nursing was greatly enriched with and strengthened by these military orders

o MEDICANT AND SECULAR NURSING ORDERS:

 Medicants were travelling monks.
 They gave up their possessions and lived with the poor.
 They earned their livelihood by manual labor or begging.
 They were all inspired by the religious teachings a of Jesus Christ.
 St Dominie and St Francis of Assisi were well known monks, and each had large
number of followers
 The followers of these monks took vows of chastity and obedience.
 One of the activities was giving nursing care to the sick.
 They formed various religious and non-religious orders for providing nursing care

 MODERN ERA (1500-1850 AD)

Dark Ages in Nursing (1500 AD-1850 AD)
Renaissance (14th to 16th century): New ideas in art, architecture and literature developed.
Reformation (1517)
Revolt against feudalism and power of church over nonchurch matters.
Industrial revolution: Change in manufacture of goods from production in homes to
factories.
Many left country settle near factories.
Children used to go to work for long hours to help family in earning livelihood.
Unhealthy living conditions: People lived in crowded, unhygienic/unsanitary conditions.
There were illness, poverty and suffering.
Hospitals: Hospitals were needed more than ever
Hospitals were influenced by politics
Lay people who lacked religious motives, were hired to care for the patients.
There was no isolation of patients
Doctors did most nursing duties like changing sheets, doing dressings and giving medicines
Servants did bathing and care of excreta

 RENOWNED NURSING PERSONALITIES OF THE TIME WERE:

 Saint Vincet De Paul (1576-1660 AD): Born in little village of Pony, France, went to
Rome. He educated poor boys, brought food to hungry peasants and attended the sick,
founded confraternity of charity for women (1617): Visiting Nurse Association.
 He exhorted wealthy women to seek God through works of charity, comfort of food
and care in sickness to prisoners.
 He founded night shelters and workshops for idle beggars.
 Purposes were to reform the clergy, conduct missions among the poor people, body
relief to the poor and sick while providing spiritual welfare.
 He was Founder of Daughters of Charity (1633AD):First organized group to make
practice of nursing sick in their homes. Now it is called sisters of charity.
 Training period was 6 months to 1 year and consisted of:
i Exercise of prayer and spiritual life in order to teach poor.
ii To attend to needs during illness.
iii Dressings of sores of poor.
iv Serving and cooking.
v Moral training for themselves.

Elizabeth Fry (1780-1845 AD): Famous for work among prisoners.

 Founder of institute of nursing sisters in 1840.
 Worked for sick poor.
 Became interested in terrible conditions-both physical and moral-that existed in
prisons.
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE (1820-1910 AD):
 The era of modern nursing commences with the work of Florence Nightingale in the
Crimean war.
 She was born on May 12, 1820.
 She belonged to a well-to-do family.
 She felt that God had called her to a mission of Mercy and nursing appeared as
suitable for her calling.
 In 1851, she went to Kaiserwerth, Germany, for her early nursing training.
 After leaving Kaiserwerth, she continued to examine the facilities at hospital,
reformatories and charitable institutions.
 In 1853, she became superintendent of the Hospital for invalid Gentlewomen in
London.
 During the Crimean war, Nightingale volunteered to go to Suctari. Turkey, where she
organized a nursing department and devoted her efforts to eliminating sanitation
problems in the wards.
 Nightingale's work make her popular with the men.
 They called her "The Lady of the Lamp", in recognition of her Turkish candle lantern,
which she carried through the corridors packed with wounded soldiers.
 After returning back to England after war, she established a teaching institution for
nurses at St Thomas Hospital and at King's College Hospital in London.
 During her career, Nightingale concentrated on army sanitation reform, army
hospitals and sanitation in India and among the poorer classed in England.
 For her efforts, Nightingale received numerous honors, including the Order of Merit
from King Edward VII, Germany's Cross of Merit and France's Secours Aux Blesses
Militaries.
 Nightingale was regarded as pioneer in the graphic display of statistics and was
elected as the fellow of the Royal Statistical Society in 1858.
 In 1874, an honorary membership in the American Statistical Association was
bestowed on her. Her writings:
 Notes on Matters Affecting the Health
 Efficiency and Hospital Administration of the British Army (1858)
 Notes on Hospitals (1858)
 Notes on Nursing (1859)
 Notes on the Sanitary States of the Army in India (1871)
 Life or Death in India (1874), reflect her continuing concerns about these issues.
 She worked into her eighties gathering data about nursing and healthcare.
 She died in her sleep at the age of 90 on August 13, 1910 in London.
HISTORY OF NURSING IN INDIA:
YEAR PROGRAMME
1664 Military Nursing was started by East India Company in St George Military
Hospital in Madras
1854 Government sanctioned training school for midwives.
1861 Public health nursing school was started
1867 St. Stephens hospital at Delhi was first one to begin training of Indian girls as
 nurses.
1871 First School of nursing started in Government General Hospital, Madras with 6
months diploma midwives’ program
1890- Many schools under mission or government were started in various parts of India
1900
1897 Dr BC Roy did great work in raising the standards of nursing and that of male
and female nurses.
1908 TNAI formed to uphold dignity and honor of nursing profession.
1918 Training schools were started for health visitors and dais at Delhi and Karachi
1926 Madras state formed the first registration council to provide basic standards in
education and training.
1946 First 4-year basic Bachelor Degree program was established at RAK College of
Nursing in Delhi and CMC, Vellore.
1947- After independence, Community Development Programme and expansion of
hospital service created a large demand for nurses, ANM, health visitors,
midwives, nursing tutors and nursing administrators.
1949 INC was constituted.
1959 The first master's programme in nursing was started at RAK College of Nursing,
New Delhi.
1963 School of Nursing in Trivandrum instituted the first 2 years post-certificate
Bachelor Degree program.
1985 IGNOU, established.
1986 M Phil at RAK College of nursing, New Delhi, was started.
1991 The first doctoral programme in nursing was established in institute of nursing
sciences, MV Shetty Memorial College, Mangalore
1992 Postbasic programme started under IGNOU.
2002 Nursing education flourished in an unprecedented manner throughout India.
2005- INC started PhD programme (INC consortium) with the collaboration of Rajiv
06 Gandhi University with 25 seats

2010 BFUHS, Faridkot, started PhD programme.

 ROLE OF REGULATORY BODIES
 INTRODUCTION:
It has been rightly said that never underestimate the importance and power of nursing
professional associations. Whether you are a member or not professionals associations are of
value to nurses and to profession. The associations promote the development of leaders and
advancement of nursing practice. They provide valuable resources of both nurses and public
and they serve as forums of communication with consumers, business, industry and
government on matters affecting nursing and nursing practice. It is usually a non-profit
organization of and for the professionals that built the interest of an individual who is
engaged in that particular profession. It provides membership that serves as a legal document,
main role is to develop and monitor professional education, to establish code of ethics and
maintain the standards of profession.
For many professionals, membership in their professional association is meaningful.
There is a death of information, however, about the numerous professional nursing
associations that exist today, what population they serve, how their purposes overlap and
differ and what benefits result from the memberships. One must question that whatever
professional associations in nursing are more alike than different and what criteria separate
one from another. Little is known about why some associations were formed in the first
place, what sustains them over time and how these associations are being impacted by
changes in society as well as contemporary economic and political environment. Similarly,
systematic thinking about the future needs of the nursing profession of nurses individually is
lacking. This information is essential to shaping the future of nursing professional
associations.

 MEANING OF REGULATORY BODY:

Regulate means to control something by rules, regulations and official rule made by
government or other authorities

 DEFINITION: Regulatory body is the formal organization designated by statute or an

authorized government agency to implement the regulatory form and process whereby
order uniformity and control are brought to the profession and its practice

 MAIN ROLE OF REGULATORY BODIES

 To ensure the public's rights to quality health care services.

 To support and assist professional members

 Set and enforce standards of nursing practices.

 Monitor and enforce standards of nursing education

  Set the requirement for registration of nursing professionals

 Licensing of nurses

 PRINCIPLES OF REGULATION
• EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMY: There is a need to use resources in the most
efficient and economy way
• ROLE OF MANAGEMENT: the body`s senior management is responsible for its
activities and ensuring that its business complies with regulatory requirements
• PROPORTIONALITY : The restrictions imposed must be proportionate to the
benefits that are expected to result from those restrictions
• INNOVATION: allowing scope, where appropriate for different means of
compliance so as not to unduly restrict participants from launching new ideas and
services
• INTERNATIONAL CHARACTER : Cooperating with overseas regulators, both to
agree international standards and to monitor global activities effectively
• COMPETITION : Competition and innovation plays a key role in its work

 MAJOR NURSING PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS AND

REGULATORY BODIES
REGULATORY PROFESSIONAL OTHER
BODIES ORGANIZATIONS ASSOCIATIONS

 Indian Nursing • Trained Nurses • American Nurses

Council(INC) Association of Association (ANA)
 International India(TNAI) • Christian Nurses
Council of • Student Nurses League(CNL)
Nurses(ICN) Association of • Canadian Nurses
 State Nurses India(SNAI) Association(CNA)
Registration • Auxiliary Nurse • National League For
Council(SNRC) Midwives Nurses (NLN)
Association(ANMA)
• Nursing Research
Society of
India(NRSI)
• Society Of Midwives
in India(SOMI)

MAJOR REGULATORY BODIES

1. INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL
 INC is an autonomous body under the government of India, Ministry of Health and
Family welfare, that was ordinance by the central government under section 3 (1) of the INC
Act, 1947 of parliament in order to establish a uniform standards of training for nurses,
midwives and health visitors.
The INC was constituted in 1949

ORGANIZATION
PRESIDENT

VICE PRESIDENT

SECRETARY

JOINT SECRETARY

DEPUTY SECRETARY

ASSISTANT SECRETARY

OTHER STAFF

OBJECTIVES
 To establish and monitor a uniform standard of nursing education for nurses, midwife,
auxiliary nurse: Midwives and health visitors by doing inspection of the institutions
 To recognize the qualifications under the section 10 (2)(4) of the Indian Nursing
council Act,1947, for the purpose of registration and employment in India and abroad
 To give approval for registration of Indian and Foreign Nurses possessing foreign
qualification under section 11 (2) (a) of the Indian Nursing Council Act, 1947
 To prescribe minimum standards of education and training in various nursing
programs and prescribe the syllabus and regulations for nursing programs
 Power to withdraw the recognition of qualification under section 14 of the Act in case
the institution fails to maintain its standards under section 14(1)(b) that an institution
recognized by a state council for the training of nurses, midwives, Auxiliary Nurse
Midwives or health visitors does not satisfy the requirements of the council
 To advise the state Nursing Councils, Examining Boards, State Governments and
Central Government in various important items regarding Nursing Education in the
country.
 To regulate the training policies and programs in the field of Nursing
  To recognize Institutions/Organizations/Universities imparting Master`s Degree/
Bachelor`s Degree/PG diploma/Diploma/Certificate courses in the field of Nursing.
 To promote research in Nursing
 To maintain Indian Nurses Register for registration of nursing personnel
 Prescribe code of ethics and professional conduct
 To improve the quality of nursing education
INSPECTIONS:
1.FIRST INSPECTION: first inspection is conducted on receipt of the proposal received
from the institute to Start any nursing program prescribed by INC
2. INSPECTION FOR ENHANCEMENT OF SEATS: Indian Nursing Council Conducts
inspection of the institution, once the institution is found suitable by Indian Nursing Council
and on receipt of the fees and the proposed for enhancement of Seats
3.PERIODIC INSPECTION: Indian Nursing Council conducts periodic inspections of the
institution after 3 years. Once the institution is found suitable by Indian Nursing Council to
monitor the standard of nursing education and the adherence of the norms prescribed by INC,
institutions are required to pay annual fees every year
4.RE-INSPECTION:- they are conducted for those Institutions, which are found unsuitable
by INC, the institutions and the government are informed about the deficiencies and advised
to improve them. Once the institution takes necessary steps to rectify the deficiencies,
institution Should Submit the compliance report with documentary proof of the deficiencies
pointed out and re-inspection fees

COMMITTEES UNDER INC

• EXECUTIVE COMMITEE: issues related to maintenance of standards of nursing
programs
• NURSING EDUCATION COMMITTEE: issues and policies concerning the
nursing education
• EQUIVALENCE COMMITEE: issues of recognition of foreign qualifications
• FINANCE COMMITTEE: decides upon the matters pertaining to finance of the
council in terms of budget and expenditure

INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL ACT,1947

Enactment date: 31st December, 1947.
Act objective: An act to constitute an Indian Nursing Council, whereas it is expedient to
constitute an Indian Nursing Council in order to establish a uniform standard of training for
nurses, midwives and health Visitors.
Amendments in INC Act 1957

The Act was amended in November 1957 to provide for the following things:
 1. FOREIGN QUALIFICATION
a) A citizen of India holding a qualification which entitles him or her to be registered
with. any registering body , by the approval of the Council, be enrolled in any state
register.
b) A person not being citizen of India, who is employed as a Nurse, Midwife, ANM,
Teacher or Administrator in any hospital or institution in any state, by the approval of
President of Council, be enrolled temporarily in state register. In such cases foreign
qualification are recognized temporarily for a period of 5 years. If one Continues to
practice in India, an extension of recognition should be sought from INC.
2. INDIAN NURSES REGISTER
a) The Council shall Cause to be maintained in the prescribed manner a register of
nurses, midwives. ANM and health Visitors to be known as the Indian Nurses
Register, which shall contain the names of all persons who are for the time being
enrolled cin any state
b) Such register shall be deemed to be a public document within the meaning of the
Indian Evidence Act, 187

PROGRAMS UNDER INC

 ANM
 GNM
 Post basic BSc Nursing
 BSc Nursing
 MSc Nursing
 M phil
 Doctorate in Nursing
GUIDELINES FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW NURSING
SCHOOL/ COLLEGE IN INDIA APPROVED BY INC
1. Any Organization under the Central Government, state Government, local body or a
private or public trust, mission voluntarily registered under Society Registration Act wishes
to open a school of nursing should obtain the no objection/essentiality certificate from the
state Government.
2. The Indian Nursing Council on receipt of the proposal from the institution to start nursing
program, will undertake the first inspection to assess suitability with regard to physical
infrastructure, clinical facility and teaching facility in order to give permission to start the
program.
3 After the receipt of the permission to start the nursing program from INC, the institution
shall obtain the approval from the state nursing Council and examination board.
4. Institution will admit the students only after taking approval of state nursing council and
examination board.
5. The INC will conduct inspection every year till the first batch completes the program.
 RESOLUTIONS
 Minimum period for students to complete revised ANM and GNM course is 3 and 6
years
 INC resolved that maximum age for teaching is 70 years subject to the condition that
he/she should be physically and medically fit
 Relaxation of norms to establish MSc Nursing program : As per INC norm , only
those
institutions can start MSc program where at least one batch of students has qualified
BSc (N) programme
 Relaxation of student-patient ratio for clinical practice: 1:3 student patient ratio
instead
of 1:5 student patient ratio
 Relaxation of teaching faculty qualification to start a BSc Nursing programme. At
least
2 MSc nursing qualified teaching faculty to be available to start BSc nursing program
for next 4 years in order to combat acute shortage of nursing and teachers till the
position of MSc nursing qualified teaching faculty improves
 To maintain quality of post graduation in nursing, INC resolved not to have MSc
 Nursing program through distance education.
 Institution should have its own building within 2 years of establishment
 Maximum number of 60 seats can be sanctioned to those institutions which are having
less than 500 bedded hospital and 100 seats can be sanctioned to those having 500
bedded hospital
 Registration of additional qualification

2. INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR NURSES(ICN)

The International Council of Nurses is a federation of nonpolitical and self governing
national nurses` associations which seeks to attain high standards of nursing service and
nursing education , to develop nursing as a profession and to safeguard the social and
economic welfare of nurses in their own countries.
Full name : International Council of Nurses
Founded : 1899
Office location: Geneva, Switzerland
Website: www.icn.ch
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
1. To promote the development of strong national nurses association
2. To assist national nurses ` association to improve the standards of nursing and the
competence of nurses
3. To assist national nurses` association and to improve the status of nurses within their
countries
4. To serve as the authoritative voice for nurses and nursing internationally
STRUCTURE OF ICN
 The ICN is governed by a Council of National Representatives(CNR).
 The CNR is the governing body of the ICN and sets policy, admits members, selects a
board of directors and sets dues.
 The CNR meets every 2 years
 Between meetings of the CNR , the ICN is governed by a 15 member board of
directors.
 The ICN has four officers( 1 President and 3 Vice presidents)
 The president is elected by the CNR.

ORGANIZATION OF ICN

COUNCIL OF NATIONAL
REPRESENTATIVES

ICN BOARD OF DIRECTORS

CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

ICN PERSONNEL

ICN IS ACTIVELY WORKING FOR

1. Professional Nursing Practice:
 Advanced Nursing practice
 HIV/TB and Malaria
 Women's Health
 Primary Health Care
 Family Health
 Safe water

2. Nursing Regulations :
 Code of ethics, standards and competencies
 Continuing education.

3. Socioeconomic Welfare for Nurses:

 Occupational health and Safety
 Human resources planning and policies
 Carrier development.
  International trade in professional Service.

CONFERENCES AND PROJECTS OF ICN

1. The ICN hosts a quadrennial conference every four years in conjunction with the
meeting of CNR.
2. The conference hosts a large number of professional practice workshops, poster
sessions, speaking events and plenary sessions.
3. ICN hosts other conferences on needed basis. Recent conferences have copied topics
such as international nurse migration issues, regulation of the profession of nurses,
rural nursing leadership issues, advance practice issues and workplace environment.
4. The ICN sponsors International Nurses Day every 12th May (Florence Nightingale`s
Birthday)
5. The ICN is an official supporting organization of HIFA 2015(Health care information
for all by 2015)

ICN CODE OF ETHICS

The fundamental responsibility of the nurse is four fold that is to promote health, to prevent
illness, to restore health, and to alleviate sufferings. The need for nursing is usually universal.
It is unrestricted by considerations of nationality, race, creed, color, age, sex, politics or social
status.
The body of code is divided into 5 sections:
1. NURSES AND PEOPLE
 The nurses primary reesponsibility is to people requiring nursing care
 The personal information entrusted to the nurse must be held in confidence or shared
only with careful judgment.
 The nurse shares with the society , the responsibility for initiating and supporting
action to meet the health and social needs of the public in particular those of
vulnerable populations
 The nurse also share the reposnsibility to sustaina and protect the environment from
depletion, pollution and destruction
2. NURSES AND PRACTICE
 The nurse carries personal responsibility and accountability for nursing practice, and
for maintaining competence by continual learning.
 The nurse maintains a standard of personal health such that the ability to provide care
is not compromised.
 The nurse uses judgments regarding individual competence when accepting and
delegating responsibility.
 The nurse at all times maintains standards of personal conduct which reflect well on
the profession and enhance public confidence.
 The nurse, in providing care, ensures that use of technology and scientific advances
are compatible with the safety, dignity and rights of people.
3. NURSES AND PROFESSION
 The nurse assumes the major role in determining and implementing acceptable
standards of clinical nursing practice, management, research and education.
 The nurse is active in developing a core of research-based professional knowledge.
 The nurse, acting through the professional organization, participates in creating and
maintaining safe, equitable social and economic working conditions in nursing.
4. NURSES AND CO-WORKERS
 The nurse sustains a co-operative relationship with co-workers in nursing and other
fields.
 The nurse takes appropriate action to safeguard individuals, families and communities
when their health is endangered by a coworker or any other person.
5. NURSES AND SOCIETY
 A nurse should participate and share responsibility with other citizens and other health
professionals in promoting effects to meet the health needs of public local, state,
national and international.
 She could recognize and perform the duties of citizenship and be well aware of laws
and regulations which affect the practice of medicine and nursing