Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 12 views

    Periodic Properties Class 2

    Uploaded by

    akshat.sh2021
    Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom. It decreases down a group and increases along a period as effective nuclear charge increases. Successive ionization energies also increase as it becomes harder to remove electrons from positively charged ions. Electron affinity is the energy change when an electron is added to a gaseous atom. Atoms with positive electron affinity have a tendency to gain electrons, while negative values indicate energy is released upon electron gain. Electron affinity tends to decrease down a group and increase along a period similar to ionization energy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Periodic Properties Class 2

    Uploaded by

    akshat.sh2021
    12 views25 pages
    Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom. It decreases down a group and increases along a period as effective nuclear charge increases. Successive ionization energies also increase as it becomes harder to remove electrons from positively charged ions. Electron affinity is the energy change when an electron is added to a gaseous atom. Atoms with positive electron affinity have a tendency to gain electrons, while negative values indicate energy is released upon electron gain. Electron affinity tends to decrease down a group and increase along a period similar to ionization energy.

    Original Description:

    notes

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom. It decreases down a group and increases along a period as effective nuclear charge increases. Successive ionization energies also increase as it becomes harder to remove electrons from positively charged ions. Electron affinity is the energy change when an electron is added to a gaseous atom. Atoms with positive electron affinity have a tendency to gain electrons, while negative values indicate energy is released upon electron gain. Electron affinity tends to decrease down a group and increase along a period similar to ionization energy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    12 views25 pages

    Periodic Properties Class 2

    Uploaded by

    akshat.sh2021
    Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom. It decreases down a group and increases along a period as effective nuclear charge increases. Successive ionization energies also increase as it becomes harder to remove electrons from positively charged ions. Electron affinity is the energy change when an electron is added to a gaseous atom. Atoms with positive electron affinity have a tendency to gain electrons, while negative values indicate energy is released upon electron gain. Electron affinity tends to decrease down a group and increase along a period similar to ionization energy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 25

    Ionization Energy

    Electron Gain Enthalpy


    Electron Affinity
    Electronegativity
     The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron
    of the outermost shell (i.e. the outermost electron) from one mole of an
    isolated gaseous atom of an element in its ground state to produce a cation
    is known as ionization energy of that element.
    It can be represented as –
    A(g) A+(g) + e- ΔH = Ionization Enthalpy = +ve

    Sublimation Ionization
    Eg. Na(s) Energy
    Na(g) Energy Na+(g) + e-

     It is expressed in electron volts (eV) or kJ / mol or kcal / mol.


     1 eV = 96 kJ / mol = 25 kcal / mol
     Ionization energy is also known as ionization potential and measured in eV.
     In an atom, the energy required to remove first electron from a gaseous
    atom is called first ionisation energy(I.E.1).
     The reason is that in unipositive ion left after the removal of one electron
    from the atom, the electrons are more firmly bound to the nucleus than in
    the atom. Hence more energy is needed to remove the second electron.
    Eg. Al (Z=13) : 2, 8, 3
    I Al(g) Al+ + e- ΔH1 = I.E.1
    II Al+(g) Al2+ + e- ΔH2 = I.E.2
    III Al2+(g) Al3+ + e- ΔH3 = I.E.3

    So, Order of Successive I.E. ----- I.E.1 < I.E.2 < I.E.3 (due to increase in Zeff)
     Effective Nuclear Charge (Zeff) – As
    Inc
    Along the Period
    I.E. Zeff increases, the outermost
    Zeff increases electron is attracted more strongly
    by the nucleus and therefore, I.E.
    Down the Group
    Atomic Size inc.

    increases.
    I.E. ∝ Zeff
     Atomic Size – As size of the atom
    increases, the outermost electron
    moves away from the nucleus and
    therefore, nuclear attraction
    decreases and I.E. decreases.
    1
    Dec I.E. ∝
    Atomic Size
     Type of subshell – In case of same shell, Order of I.E. -- s>p>d>f
    This is also known as penetration effect of subshell.
    Eg. I.E. of Be > B Mg > Al Zn > Ga
    2s2 2p1 3s2 3s2 3p1 3d10 4s2 4s2 4p1
    Similarly, I.E. of Cd > In and Hg > Tl

     Electronic configuration – Half filled or fully filled subshell


    In case of same sub-shell, half filled or fully filled sub-shell configuration is more
    stable and therefore, higher energy is required to remove the electron.
    Eg. I.E. of N > O P > S
    2p3 2p4 3p3 3p4
     1st Period H (1s1) < He (1s2) (He has highest I.E. of all elements)

     2nd Period Li < Be > B < C < N > O < F < Ne


    2s1 2s2 2p1 2p2 2p3 2p4 2p5 2p6
    Therefore, Li < B < Be < C < O < N < F < Ne

     3rd Period Na < Mg > Al < Si < P > S < Cl < Ar


    3s1 3s2 3s3 3p2 3p3 3p4 3p5 3p6
     Fe Fe2+ Fe3+
     Mn Mn2+ Mn4+ Mn6+ Mn7+
     Li Be B C
     Cr Mn
    P S O N
    S Cl F O
    O O+ N
     Cu Cu+ Zn Zn2+
     Boron Family :
    Hope : B > Al > Ga > In > Tl
    Reality ! B > Tl > Ga ≈ Al > In

    So, B > Al ≈ Ga > In < Tl


     Carbon Family :
    Hope : C > Si > Ge > Sn > Pb
    Reality ! C > Si > Ge > Sn < Pb
    Due to poor shielding of f electrons

     Nitrogen Family :
    Hope : N > P > As > Sb > Bi
    Reality! N > P > As > Sb < Bi
    Due to poor shielding of f electrons
    Down the group, I.E. decreases

    So, in Group 3: Sc > Y > La

    But from Groups 4 to 12,

    3d > 4d < 5d
    Eg. Hf > Ti > Zr (Grp 4)
    i.e. 5d > 3d > 4d
    Ta > V > Nb (Grp 5)
    Hg > Zn > Cd (Grp 12)
     Metallic and Non-metallic character :
    1
    Metallic Character ∝ M.C. increases down the group
    I.E.
    Non-metallic Character ∝ I.E. Non-M.C. decreases down the group

     Reducing / Oxidising Nature :


    Reducing Nature ∝ 1/I.E.
    So, Metals having low I.E have good reducing nature i.e. they act as good
    reducing agents. (In gaseous state, Cs is the best reducing agent)

    Non-Metals have high I.E. so they act as oxidizing agents.


    (In Gaseous state, F is the best oxidizing agent)
     Acidic & Basic Oxides :
    Along the Acidic Character
    Metallic Oxides – Basic oxides Oxides Period Increases

    Down the
    Non-metallic oxides – Acidic oxides

    Group
    Basic Character Increases

    Basic Character – Li2O < Na2O < K2O < Rb2O

    Acid Character - Li2O < BeO < B2O3 < CO2 < N2O5
    Amphoteric Weakly Acidic Acidic
    oxide Acidic
    I.E. ΔH (kcal/mol)

    I.E.1 x
    Shell 1 So, no of valence electrons = 2
    I.E.2 3x
    I.E.3 30x Shell 2 Therefore, it is a Group 2
    I.E.4 50x element.
     It is defined as the enthalpy change when an electron is gained by an isolated,
    neutral gaseous atom in its ground state.
     Units : eV/atom or kJ / mol or kcal / mol
     It is represented as:

    A(g) + e- A-(g) ΔegH = can be +ve or –ve

     This electron gain process can be either endothermic (ΔH is +ve) or it


    can be exothermic (ΔH is -ve).
     If E.G.E. = +ve ---- atom has negative tendency to gain electron
    E.G.E. = -ve ---- atom has positive tendency to gain electron
     Successive E.G.E. are always endothermic.
    Eg. O(g) + e- O-(g) ΔH1 = E.G.E.1 = -ve
    O-(g) + e- O2-(g) ΔH2 = E.G.E.2 = +ve

    Point to remember : Formation of polyvalent anion from neutral atom is


    always endothermic. Eg. Formation of N3-, O2-, P3- etc.
     It can be simply defined as the tendency to gain an electron.
     In terms of energy, it is defined as the amount of energy released
    when an electron is added to the outermost shell of one mole of an
    isolated gaseous atom in its lower energy state.

     If energy is released during the process i.e. E.G.E. is –ve, then


    Electron Affinity is positive.
     If energy is absorbed during the process i.e. E.G.E. is +ve, then
    Electron Affinity is negative.

    Therefore, Electron Affinity, E.A. = - E.G.E


    Inc
    Along the Period  Atomic Size – As the size of atom
    E.A. increases, the tendency of nucleus
    Zeff increases
    to attract electron from outside and
    Down the Group
    Atomic Size inc.

    gain the electron decreases.


    So, E.A. ∝ 1/Atomic Size
     Effective Nuclear Charge (Zeff) –
    As the effective nuclear charge
    increases along the period, the
    tendency to gain electron also
    increases.
    Dec So, E.A. ∝ Zeff
     Type of subshell – In case of same shell, Order of screening effect -- s>p>d>f
    This is also known as penetration effect of subshell.
    So, As Screening effect increases, E.A. decreases.

     Electronic configuration – Half filled or fully filled subshell


    In case of same sub-shell, half filled or fully filled sub-shell configuration is more
    stable and therefore, they have less tendency to gain an electron.
    So, E.A. is either zero or negative.
    Eg. Be (2s2), N (2p3), Noble Gases
     2nd Period :
    B < Li < C < O < F (+ve E.A.)
    Ne < Be < N (-ve E.A.)
     3rd Period :
    Ar < Mg < P < Al < Na < Si < S < Cl
     Group 2 :
    Be Mg Ca Sr Ba
     Group 15 :
    N P As Sb Bi
     While moving down the group from 2nd Period to 3rd Period, E.A. increases and
    then decreases. Electron affinity values of second period elements are smaller than
    the electron affinity value of third period elements.
    Group 16 Group 17
    O F
    Increases Increases
    S Cl
    Se Br
    Decreases Decreases
    Te I

    So, S > Se > Te > O Cl > F > Br > I


    Reason - high value of charge densities, due to much smaller size
     It may be defined as the tendency of an atom to attract shared pair of
    electrons towards itself in a covalently bound molecules.
     The numerical value of the Electronegativity of an element depends
    upon its ionisation potential and electron affinity values.
     Higher ionisation potential and higher electron affinity values implies
    higher electronegativity value.
     Order of Electronegativity –

    F > O > N > Cl > Br > I > S > C > P > B > …. H > Metals > Cs
     Atomic radius: As the atomic radius of the element increases the
    electronegativity value decrease.
     Effective nuclear charge: The electronegativity value increases as the
    effective nuclear charge on the atomic nucleus increases.
     Oxidation state of the atom: The electronegativity value increases as the
    oxidation state (i.e. the number of positive charge)of the atom increases.
    E.g. Mn2+ < Mn4+ < Mn7+
     Hybridisation state of an atom in a molecule: If the s- character in the
    hybridisation state of the atom increases Electronegativity increases
    because s-elements are comparatively near to the nucleus.
    Electron Affinity Electronegativity
    It is the property of an isolated It is the property of an atom in
    neutral gaseous atom. bonded state.
    It is an absolute term and has It is a relative term and has no
    units. units.
    It involves exchange of energy. It is an intrinsic property of an
    atom.
    E.A. of an element has fixed EN of an atom is not fixed i.e. it
    energy value. depends upon the surrounding
    atoms
     Read Electronegativity Scales from NCERT.
     Complete NCERT Questions.
     Complete Workbook Questions upto DTS 6.
     Read Chemical Bonding chapter from NCERT upto Section
    4.3.4 – Bond Order.
     Do Lewis Theory and Lewis Dot Structures yourself!

    You might also like