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A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords: The industrial revolution in the world brings environmental concern in industrial and production sector which
Green supply chain puts more focuses on the green or sustainable supply chain practice. Green supply chain management is focused
ISM model on ensuring sustainable production and customer order fulfillment through a series of activities. In this study
Internal factor
internal factors of green supply chain management practice are analyzed, and theoretical model is developed
Driving power of factor
Supply chain sustainability
according to the driving power and dependence power of the factor. This study is performed in interpretive
structural modelling (ISM) approach where industry experts were consulted to include their industry experience
in the evaluation process. The study has identified eight factors which can be controlled internally within the
organization. Among these eight factors, commitment from the top management is the most crucial factor for its’
highest driving power. The reverse logistic process stands on the next, and material storing and management on
the upper level.
1. Introduction reduce the amount of waste in the business and ensure resource maxi
mization with minimal consumption. This brings efficiency in the
Supply chain management has crossed the boundary of procurement, business process and take organizations towards sustainability (Stentoft
production, distribution activities, environmental concern is a major and Lüthje, 2012). The organizational development and industrial
part of supply chain study. Along with economic benefit, human and growth of this world come at a price. And the price we are paying in
environmental welfare policy is an integral part of today’s supply chain terms of climate change and its repercussions. The catastrophic impact
management. Industrialization has taken the world to achieving new of climate change is not limited to a particular region or country. For this
milestones every day. Global policy makers and agencies are empha reason; United Nations organized conventions like Paris Agreement,
sizing the environmental protection plan for making our planet more COP 26, COP 27 summit etc., with the purpose of bringing countries
sustainable. That is why companies are implementing green policies in across the globe to a unified sustainable target to achieve and bolster the
their supply chain management. This necessity comes not only from the approach towards a greener and cleaner world. Bangladesh is one of the
regulation and policies, but companies are also now trying to be sus smallest but one of the most rapidly developing countries in the world
tainable for both economic benefit and environmental welfare. Green and is also bound to the mandates of these global agreements. Being in
Supply Chain Management” (GSCM) is relevant the search for greater the low-laying geographical portion, Bangladesh is always threatened
environmental efficiency in supply chains, it is one of the most signifi by climate change. According to the Global Climate Risk Index 2021,
cant subjects in the modern research of operations management Bangladesh is 7th most affected country by climate change. Almost USD
(Kannan Govindan, 2011). Green supply chain management can be 3.7 billion has been lost due to climate change in Bangladesh in the last
illustrated as a combinational step of green purchasing; green procure 20 years (https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/new-year-special-
ment, green manufacturing, green logistics (Singh and Sharma, 2015). 2016/paris-agreement-and-the-bangladesh-perspective-195028). How
In today’s business practice; the green supply chain has become the ever; the growth of the nation has not stopped. Day by day, economic
backbone of many organizations. Green supply chain strategies can activities are being bolstered with numerous capacities. Even with the
* Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A. Chakraborty), [email protected] (M. Al Amin), [email protected] (R. Baldacci).
1
Both authors contributed equally.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clscn.2023.100099
Received 11 August 2022; Received in revised form 12 January 2023; Accepted 25 February 2023
Available online 6 March 2023
2772-3909/© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
A. Chakraborty et al. Cleaner Logistics and Supply Chain 7 (2023) 100099
epidemic, Bangladesh’s economy has been expanding significantly. The establish a workable “Climate Prosperity Plan.” Bangladesh wants to
nation has intensified its initiatives to generate new sectors, job op generate one-third of its energy from renewable sources by 2030,
portunities, and a local workforce. However, the impending threat of providing 4.1 million (https://cpd.org.bd/publication/towards-a-low-
climate change can potentially destroy it. Bangladesh, unfortunately, carbon-and-climate-resilient-world-expectations-from-cop26/). While
suffers the weight of the climate problem while being one of the coun industrialized nations may easily transition to a more environmentally
tries with the lowest carbon emissions. The nation must emphasize green friendly economy without suffering economic consequences, it would be
technologies and zero-carbon growth if it wants to expand its economy challenging for emerging nations to lessen their reliance on fossil fuels
sustainably. Instead of making meaningless promises, there is a push to and quickly transition towards green supply chain management. What
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compared to generic supply chain procedure (Lamming and Hampson, perform the survey. The discussion was performed in a focused group
1996). discussion method. In ISM approach the number of survey responders
should be between 10 and 30 to maintain unity in response (Renukappa
1.8. Environmentally friendly packaging et al., 2020; Kvale, 1996). After the discussion the responses were
collected. By the consensus of the survey participants the result was
Product packaging protects the product from damage or being obtained. Another focused group discussion was performed to validate
wasted (Singh, 2008). Packaging management is very crucial from an the result and to identify whether there was any inconsistency or not.
economic perspective also. Organizations usually prefer economical The steps involved in ISM approach are following.
packaging material like plastic, polythene which are major cause of
environmental pollution (Gardas and Raut, 2019). FMCG companies, • Step 1. Variables affecting the system under consideration are listed.
automobile companies, electronic companies are highly accused of • Step 2. A contextual relationship is established among variables with
plastic and metal pollution in their packaging. Companies must focus on respect to which pairs of factors would be examined.
eco-friendly and recyclable packaging components for the purpose of • Step 3. A structural self-interaction matrix (SSIM) is developed for
greening the supply chain (Meherishi et al., 2019). factors, indicating pair-wise relationship among the factors of the
system.
1.9. Application of advance technology and IT tools • Step 4. Reachability matrix is developed from the SSIM. It helps in
developing “final reachability matrix”. The transitivity of contextual
Implementation of advanced technology increases the supply chain relations is a basic assumption made in ISM. It states that if variable A
surplus by resource optimization (Dong et al., 2021). Use of IT tools is related to B and B is related to C, then A will be necessarily related
brings better visibility and transparency in the total supply chain pro to C.
cess. Information sharing and communication is a key driver of supply • Step 5. Partition the reachability matrix into different levels.
chain. Technology facilitates communication and better integration • Step 6. According to the derived relationship from the reachability
among different stages in the supply chain (Morella et al., 2020). matrix and identified values for variables, a correlational frame
Application of advanced technology creates impact in transportation work/digraph of the identified factors will be derived.
network optimization, better inventory management, inventory coor
dination, preventive maintenance, quality checks and assurance process.
From the analysis of previous literature in Table 1, and the research
2.1. Listing the internal factors
protocol of this study, two significant areas have been identified where
this study provides a unique contribution.
In this study, the authors have identified the following factors from
the literature review to identify their impact on implementing GSCM.
i) Providing Specific Discussion about Internal Factors of GSCM: This
The listed factors and the sources are shown in Table 2. From literature
study uniquely separates the external factor and internal factors of
reviews and similar studies, the authors proposed important factors for
GSCM. In external factors, an organization has little capacity to
the group discussion. In the group discussion, industry experts consid
control, where the factors are controlled by Government or Legisla
ered the factors based on the industry scenario of Bangladesh, their
tion Body. But this study intends to provide a guideline from a
implementation capability in the industry and the controllability. In
managerial perspective to facilitate the implementation of GSCM
dustry practice and culture differ from region to region as the practice of
within the organization. Moreover, when internal and external fac
industrialization depends on many variables. The study is focused on the
tors are analyzed in a single correlation module, the relations be
practical scenario of the study. As mentioned earlier, the collaborators of
tween the factors become more complex. This research intends to
this research intended to develop a pragmatic approach for the near
derive the relation among internal factors of GSCM and makes the
decision-making process accessible.
ii) Specific Research on Bangladeshi Industry: Bangladeshi economy is Table 2
Description of factors.
experiencing a massive surge in diversified sectors. But in proportion
to that, the amount of research on GSCM in the country’s industrial SL Name of Factors References
No.
sector is not substantial. The approach of sustainability practice
depends on the industrial culture and varies from region to region. 1 Top management commitment (Van Hock and Erasmus, 2000; Zhu and
From this perspective, this study reflects the green supply chain Sarkis, 2004; Hugo and Pistikopoulos,
2005; Hamprecht et al., 2005; Green
management action plan from the diversified industrial perspective et al., 2012)
of Bangladesh. This enables the authors to provide a holistic guide 2 Supplier development (Lee, 2009; Singh, 2013; Kannan et al.,
line about the implementation of these factors for a country like 2014; Bansal et al., 2014; Bowen et al.,
Bangladesh. However, this study can be referenced in other regions 2001; Singh and Sharma, 2015)
3 Materials store and (Cox and Blackstone, 1998; Zhang et al.,
also where the industrial practice is like Bangladesh.
management 2020; Seroka-Stolka and Ociepa-Kubicka,
2019)
2. Research methodology 4 Logistics system (Seroka-Stolka and Ociepa-Kubicka,
2019; Dzwigol et al., 2021; Osintsev
For effectively analyzing the green supply chain factors, interpretive et al., 2020; Beamon, 1999)
5 Pollution prevention and (Agrawal et al., 2014; Tavana et al.,
structure modelling (ISM) has been used in this study. ISM is well known hazardous waste management 2021)
as a computer-based technique to analyze the relations among different 6 Reverse logistic management (Ramos et al., 2014; Agrawal et al., 2015;
groups of factors and develop a graphical representation of the system. Chen et al., 2019; Lamming and
ISM approach is more useful in analyzing real life complexities among Hampson, 1996)
7 Environmentally friendly (Singh, 2008; Gardas and Raut, 2019;
the factors, comparing with other factor analyzing tools such as
packaging Meherishi et al., 2019; Klassen and
Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Analytical Network Process Vachon, 2003)
(ANP) (Jayant and Singh, 2015). It is different from AHP, DEMATEL, 8 Application of advance (Dong et al., 2021; Morella et al., 2020;
GTMA and other analytical methods as it establishes interrelations technology and IT tools https://www.unilever.com/planet-and-
among the factors and makes a prioritization-based levelling of them society/waste-free-world/rethinking-
plastic-packaging/)
(Soni et al., 2020). In this research 18 industrial experts are consulted to
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V: Criterion i will lead to criterion j. • Factor 2 and factor 4 will lead to each other, their relation is denoted
A: Criterion j will lead to criterion i. by “X” in SSIM. Hence the relationship value of factor 2 and 4 is 1.
X: Criterion i and j will lead to each other. The relationship value of factor 4 and factor 2 is also 1.
O: Criterion i and j are unrelated.
The final reachability matrix in Table 4 is achieved from the initial
From individual survey reports and focused group discussion reports reachability matrix at Table 3. The driving power of each factor is
of the industry experts the structural self-interaction matrix is identified. denoted by adding the values of the row. The driving power of a factor
In Table 2 the SSIM matrix is shown. indicates its capacity to lead other factors. The factor which has higher
From this matrix, it is indicated that. driving power indicates its higher ability to lead other factors to achieve
green supply chain management in the organization. Dependence of
• Factor 1 will lead to factor 2, which means top management each factor is identified by adding the value in the column. The
commitment will lead to supplier development policy and their dependence power of factor indicates its dependency on other factors.
relation is denote by “V”. Higher value of dependence power indicates the factor is more depen
• Factor 8 will lead to factor 2, which means application of advanced dent on other factors.
technology and information technology tools will lead to supplier
development and the relation between factor 2 and factor 8 are 3.2. Level partitions
denoted by “A”.
• Factor 2 and factor 4 will lead to each other, which means supplier The reachability set is classified or partitioned in multiple levels.
development and logistics system will lead to each other and their From the reachability matrix, the reachability set, antecedent set, and
relation is denoted by “X”. intersection set is identified. The reachability set includes the factor it
• No factor is unrelated. It is all inclusive. self and the factors it will lead to achieve in GSCM. Antecedent set in
cludes the factor itself and the factors will lead this. Intersection set
includes the intersecting factors between reachability set and antecedent
set. Factors that have lowest reachability set are partitioned at the top
3.1. Reachability matrix level. It indicates this factor will not lead to any other factors.
In Table 5, it is observed factor 5 and factor 7 have same reachability
Reachability matrix is developed from the SSIM. It helps in devel set which are the lowest. That is why factor 5 and factor 7 are in the level
oping “final reachability matrix”. The transitivity of contextual relations 1. In the same way iteration 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are achieved (See
is a basic assumption made in ISM. It states that if variable A is related to Tables 6–10).
B and B is related to C, then A will be necessarily related to C. It has been The iterations and level portions of the factors are summarized in
designed by using Microsoft Excel 2016. Table 11.
• If relation of (i, j) entry in the SSIM is V, the value of (i, j) entry in this 4. Result & discussion
reachability matrix is 1 and consequently the value of (j, i) entry is 0.
• If relation of (i, j) entry in the SSIM is A, the value of (i, j) entry in this Green supply chain management practice is the combination of
reachability matrix is 0 and consequently the value of (j, i) entry is 1.
• If relation of (i, j) entry in the SSIM is X, the value of (i, j) entry in this Table 4
reachability matrix is 1 and consequently the value of (j, i) entry is 1. Reachability Matrix.
• If relation of (i, j) entry in the SSIM is O, the value of (i, j) entry in this
Serial Enablers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
reachability matrix is 0 and consequently the value of (j, i) entry is 0. No.
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A. Chakraborty et al. Cleaner Logistics and Supply Chain 7 (2023) 100099
Table 5
Finale reachability matrix.
Serial No. Enablers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Driving power
Table 6 Table 11
Iteration 1 for of Level Partition. Iteration 6 for of Level Partition.
Factor Reachability Set Antecedent Set Intersection Set Level Factor Reachability Set Antecedent Set Intersection Set Level
several factors in a structural manner. According to the reachability 4.2. MICMAC analysis
matrix and the leveling partitions relational diagraph of green supply is
presented in Fig. 2. MICMAC analysis is presented in Fig. 3 to classify the According to the basis of driving power and dependence power of the
factors, the factors are classified in 4 categories: autonomous,
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Table 13
Level of the factors. 4.4. Cluster 2: Dependent factors
Factor Level
Factors in this zone have weak driving power and strong de
Top management commitment Level VI pendency. These factors have little influence on others but have higher
Supplier development Level IV
dependency. That’s why these factors are called dependent factors. In
Materials store and management Level II
Logistics system Level IV this study there are 4 factors in this zone. Factor 5 pollution prevention
Pollution prevention and hazardous waste management Level I and factor 7 hazardous waste management and environmentally friendly
Reverse logistic management Level III packaging belong in the lower portion of this zone. Which means they
Environmentally friendly packaging Level I have higher dependency on other factors among this zone. Factor 3
Application of advance technology and IT tools Level V
Materials store and management is also in this zone. Factor 6 reverse
logistic management is in the top corner of this zone.
This factor has high dependency. But depending upon the situation
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and organizational demand this factor can be in cluster 3 and cluster 4, business. To be sustainable, companies’ supply chain policy is priori
which means it may have more influence on the system. tizing being green. The integration of environmental factors in the
supply chain has now become very crucial.
4.5. Cluster 3: Linkage factors Developed countries have adopted this practice early. But now the
manufacturing is being shifted in Asian region. Developing countries
Factors in this zone have high dependence power and high driving like Bangladesh, and India are experimenting with potential growth in
power. They have very high linkage in the system. These factors should their supply chain activity, and it becomes equally important for them to
be handled more carefully. Any change of the factor impacts the system. adopt green practices in supply chain management.
In this study no factor belongs in such zone.
These factors have high driving power and lower dependency on In this study the link between the 8 internal factors of green supply
other factors. Which means they are not so dependent rather can in chain have been identified by the authors. Green supply chain practice
fluence other factors in the system. That’s why they are called inde adaptation depends greatly on the internal practice of the company. This
pendent factors. These factors are the most vital elements of the system. research will provide proper direction from the basis of expert opinion to
In the present study, 4 factors belong to this zone. Factor 1 top man the manager regarding how to plan the supply chain model. The com
agement commitment has highest driving power, which is the most pany has resource barriers. Within their limited resources, a company
crucial factor in implementing green supply chain management practice must make the best choice to achieve efficiency. In this study the factor
in an organization. Factor 8 application of advanced technology and IT is decorated in the level in the hypothetical model. The interconnection
tools is the 2nd most crucial factors of the system which is found in this between the levels is easily understandable that company can develop
study. Factor 2 supplier development and factor 4 logistics system also their green supply chain planning according to the model. Further the
belong in this zone. factors are classified in 4 clusters: independent, dependent, linkage,
autonomous. Linkage factors have very high driving power and depen
4.7. Comparison with similar studies dence power, independent factors have high driving power and lower
dependence. These two clusters are very crucial to achieve in GSCM
The result found in this study can be analyzed with similar literature. practice. Managers must consider these relations between factors during
In Jordanian industry they also consider management commitment as the implementation process.
most crucial factor among the internal factor of green supply chain
management implementation (Jayant and Azhar, 2014). It was also
evaluated that governmental policy, financial situation, customer 5.2. Managerial insights
awareness, global competition motivated the top management to
develop their strategy. A study in Indian steel industry showed that The approach of GSCM implementation should be 360◦ from a
Government regulation drives top management decision in green supply managerial perspective. In an organizational structure, the functional
chain management decision and top management directly influences manager responsible for GSCM practice must monitor the proper
implementation of IT in the next level of hierarchy in the model (Agi and implementation in the cross-functional department. Each department
Nishant, 2017). can be given a specific KPI to achieve sustainability parameters like
It also showed the direct influence of IT in waste management and waste disposal rate, CO2 and GHG emission target, water usage target,
supplier management. Another study showed some interesting output in and energy usage target. The targets must be monitored in operation.
the model (Jena et al., 2017). It showed that the size of the company is a Proper fulfilment or partial fulfilment of the KPIs should be evaluated in
major determinant of green supply chain implementation policy which the top management discussion, and CAPA (corrective action preventive
influences companies’ relation with the supplier and that affects the top action) should be decided with a completion timeline to ensure the
management commitment in the next level of the hierarchy. This study approach’s success. In terms of establishing the KPIs for the department,
depicted some difference in the level compared to our model of this this study shows which sector should be focused on first as the priority.
study. But there are similarities in the next levels. That study found top Regular audit performance will be pivotal for monitoring the growth of
management commitment influences the implementation of IT tools. implementation. Management should perform an audit about the
That also found implementation of IT tool and collaboration between progress to check legal compliance, implementation of global or
supply chain partners equally influences each other belonging on the regional standards, local regulatory or statutory requirement imple
same level. That study focused on employee training and empowerment mentation guidelines like ISO 14001 etc. Based on the performance or
in achieving green supply chain practice. Another study tried to develop mentioned criteria, management should provide a rating and develop an
theoretical model of green supply chain management factor, but they action plan. External experts can conduct this function to have better
used TISM model to achieve direct and significant transitive linkages visibility and transparency in the process. Moreover, the organization
among the factors (https://www.lightcastlebd.com/insights/2022/02/ must develop the plan by considering economic sustainability also. This
cop26-consequences-on-bangladeshs-economy/). Many researchers consideration should be made when the CAPEX (capacity expenditure)
prefer TISM model over ISM model for achieving transitive linkages budget is allocated. From the ranking, we can see that “Application of
(https://cpd.org.bd/publication/towards-a-low-carbon-and-climate- advanced technology and IT tools” is the second most critical factor for
resilient-world-expectations-from-cop26/). That study showed how implementation. The managerial body must decide on a roadmap for
corporate commitment or top management commitment directly influ what technologies will be implemented and in which timeline. As IT
ence other supplier management, collaboration with partner and implementation ranks higher than supplier development, the initial
employee management. From these studies similarities are identified priority will be on the development of IT infrastructure. The reason is
with the developed model of this research. that proper IT infrastructure influences supplier selection procedures.
Without better technology, supplier development initiatives can’t be
5. Conclusion effective, and the GSCM implementation will be hampered. The
perspective of developing a management approach towards GSCM
Supply chain management is the core of the business. The world’s implementation is guided here. Organizations must consider this stra
focus has shifted heavily to sustainable supply chain management in the tegic correlation in their approach development.
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Declaration of Competing Interest 1496-1508 10.1080/19397038.2021.1966128.
Arvind Jayant, Mohd Azhar, Analysis of the Barriers for Implementing Green Supply
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial Chain Management (GSCM) Practices: An Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM)
Approach, Procedia Engineering,Volume 97, 2014, Pages 2157-2166, ISSN 1877-
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
7058.
the work reported in this paper. Arvind Jayant, Mohd Azhar,Analysis of the Barriers for Implementing Green Supply
Chain Management (GSCM) Practices: An Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM)
Approach,Procedia Engineering,Volume 97,2014,Pages 2157-2166,ISSN 18777058,
Data availability
10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.459.
Jayant, A., & Singh, P. (2015). Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) Approach: A State
The authors have used survey data. The data is shared in the table of the Art Literature Review.
Jena, J., Sidharth, S., Thakur, L.S., Kumar Pathak, D., Pandey, V.C., 2017. Total
Interpretive Structural Modeling (TISM): approach and application. J. Adv. Manage.
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