This document discusses natural ventilation in buildings. It covers objectives of ventilation like examining airflow patterns and designing apertures for natural ventilation. It defines natural ventilation as the process of introducing fresh air and removing contaminated air using natural forces like wind and stack effect. The document discusses purposes of ventilation like supplying oxygen and removing contaminants. It also discusses factors that influence natural air movement around buildings like landscaping, site conditions, building form, and internal room design.
This document discusses natural ventilation in buildings. It covers objectives of ventilation like examining airflow patterns and designing apertures for natural ventilation. It defines natural ventilation as the process of introducing fresh air and removing contaminated air using natural forces like wind and stack effect. The document discusses purposes of ventilation like supplying oxygen and removing contaminants. It also discusses factors that influence natural air movement around buildings like landscaping, site conditions, building form, and internal room design.
This document discusses natural ventilation in buildings. It covers objectives of ventilation like examining airflow patterns and designing apertures for natural ventilation. It defines natural ventilation as the process of introducing fresh air and removing contaminated air using natural forces like wind and stack effect. The document discusses purposes of ventilation like supplying oxygen and removing contaminants. It also discusses factors that influence natural air movement around buildings like landscaping, site conditions, building form, and internal room design.
This document discusses natural ventilation in buildings. It covers objectives of ventilation like examining airflow patterns and designing apertures for natural ventilation. It defines natural ventilation as the process of introducing fresh air and removing contaminated air using natural forces like wind and stack effect. The document discusses purposes of ventilation like supplying oxygen and removing contaminants. It also discusses factors that influence natural air movement around buildings like landscaping, site conditions, building form, and internal room design.
Objectives of Ventilation Examination of airflow patterns around buildings and how apertures can be designed for natural ventilation. Fundamentals of controlling velocity and direction of air streams in rooms as well as buoyancy, evaporation and other thermosiphon related effects.
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Vent Blocks
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Biomimetic Responsive Surface Structures
Source: http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=5655
LIVING Architecture
Building that breathe:
Thermo-bimetals
Buildings That Breathe _ Doris Sung's Living Architecture.wmv
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Purposes of Ventilation
1. continuous oxygen supply
2. remove contaminants • Water vapor • Heat and smells from cooking • Gases and vapors from industrial processes
Purpose of Natural Ventilation
saves substantial energy, cutting down mechanical cooling load improves indoor air quality, provided that dust outside doesn’t cause air problems increases productivity, people can open windows and control air flow in their workspaces
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Definition: Natural Ventilation
Process where fresh air is introduced and
contaminated air is removed from a space.
Ventilation driven by natural forces:
Wind Buoyancy- temperature differences ‘stack effect’ Temperature difference of 5°C across a doorway 2m high will give a flow of 0.1ms-1
X 10
Breathing & general fresh air requires
10 liters s-1
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Understanding IAQ & IEQ
IAQ Indoor air quality
Concerned only with air quality IAQ IEQ Ventilation Lighting Chemical & Gases Dayligthing Microbial Thermal Comfort Contamination Biophilia IEQ Indoor environmental quality Particulates Smoke EMF
Looks at factors bear
occupants’well-being
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IAQ: Ventilation Measures how often air in a space is exchanged with fresh air. Rate : Air changes per hour (ACH) ‘Stale air’ creates health problems
Toxic materials + Bacteria/dust Chemical
(Under ventilated space) Cocktail
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Achieving Natural Ventilation
Factors affecting natural air movement
around buildings : 1. Landscaping, site (topographic factors), microclimate 2. Building form and envelope design 3. Internal planning and room design
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Landscaping Influences Water feature engenders sense of coolness Vegetation modify external wind direction to enhance ventilation Fragrant species - to perfume air flowing through building
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Air Purifying Landscape
AIR Filtration NASA (National Aeronautic & Space Admin) Indoor landscaping can purify air and remove indoor contaminants
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Plants & IEQ (NASA research)
Air purification- Plants (remove formaldehyde, Benzene & Carbon monoxide) 1. Bamboo Palm 1 2 3 2. Chinese Evergreen 3. English Ivy 4. Gerbera Daisy 5. Janet Craig 6. Marginata 7. Mass Cane 4 5 6 8. Mother-inlaw tongue 9. Pot mum 10. Peach Lily 11. Warneckii
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BIOPHILIA: The ACROS Fukuoka, Japan
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BIOPHILIA: Green hospital (Guardian Angel)
Incorporates planted courtyard to speed up patients recovery.
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BIOPHILIA: Back-to-Nature Effects of Biophilia Dogs can calm people who have nervous conditions
Bedridden hospital patients with window views of
natural scene recover faster. (break barrier between inside & outside)
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BIOPHILIA Environments rich in views and imagery of nature can reduce stress and increase focus and concentration.
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What is Microclimate? Climate of a small scale area, confined spaces such as caves or houses.
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Site Topographic Factors
Topographic factors influencing microclimate around
Altitude Temperature in the atmosphere decreases with increasing altitude by approximately 1 degree centigrade per 180 meters in the tropics and summer in the temperate regions and 1 degree centigrade per 220 meters in winter conditions
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Terrain valley is a low area between hills, often with a river running through it
plateau is an area of highland, usually consisting of relatively flat terrain
Tibetan plateau
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Water Feature Water having higher specific heat than land, normally warmer in winter and cooler in summer, usually cooler during the day and warmer at night than land.
In the diurnal temperature
variations, when the land is warmer than the water, low cool air moves over the land to replace the updraft. During the day, such offshore breeze may have a cooling effect of about 5 degree centigrade. At night the direction is reversed.
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Tibetan Plateau
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cool air cool air
Thermal Belt
‘Cool island’ to form in valleys
TERRAIN : Cool air is heavier than warm air, and at night the outgoing radiation causes a cool air layer to form near the ground surface. This “flow of cool air” causes “cool island” or “cool air puddles” to form in valleys.
On the valley slopes, a series of small circulations mix with the neighboring warm air, causing intermediate temperature conditions. Accordingly, the temperature at the plateaus will be cool, at the valley floors very cool, but the high sides of the slopes will remain warm. This area often indicated by the difference in vegetation, is referred to as warm air slope (thermal belt).
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Natural Cover Natural cover of terrain tends to moderate temperatures and stabilize conditions through the reflective qualities of various surfaces. Plants and grassy cover reduce temperatures by absorption of insulation, and cool by evaporation. Temperatures over grassy surfaces are 5 - 7 centigrade degrees cooler than those of exposed soil.
*man-made surfaces tend to elevate temperatures, as the materials used
are usually absorptive in character. Asphalt surfaces can reach 51 deg.C in 37 deg.C air temperatures.
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Form + Envelope Design
oriented to maximize exposure to wind direction
and designed with narrow plan form to facilitate passage of air through building
(cross ventilation)
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Internal Planning + Room Layout
large openings for passage
of air and reducing number of rooms, more voids for air to pass through
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Ventilation Concepts Single Sided Ventilation: Rooms with windows on one side only. Cold air will stream in, and warm air will stream out again through the same window. Only useful up to a certain room depth. Air flows in from the lower part of the opening and out from the upper part.
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Ventilation Concepts
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Ventilation Concepts Single Sided Double Opening Air flow in from the bottom opening and out via the top.
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Ventilation Concepts Eave and Floor vents Vents located in joist and beam spaces or between studs under roof overhangs are economical perimeter ventilation. Floor vents allow intake of cooler ground air and are a natural complement to eave vents as they provide the inlet to a ventilation cycle.
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Breathable floor
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Indoor temperature concrete house
Davis, et al, 2005
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Cool Roof
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Ventilated roof approach
Air Movement for traditional Malay house
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Ventilated roof approach
Condition of air movement with and without Stack effect
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Ventilated roof approach
Bernoulli principle usually occurs on low slope roof. Extract trapped heat in attic.
Air flow in and out through windward and leeward openings.
Source: US Department of Energy, 2011.
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Ventilated roof approach
provide opening on the roof surface (ridge vent)
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Turbine ventilator Vanes W ind D riven Effect:The am bientw ind from outside the building created energy to turns the ventilator w hen passes by the vanes hence form ing a centrifugalsuction to the airinside the building.
Stack Effect:D ifference in tem perature betw een the
outdoor air and indoor air created pressure differences resulting positive buoyancy force. This force w illturn the ventilatorw hen passes the vanes.
Source: www.faventilation.com/439745647
Airgrilles
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Operable Skylights
Effective ventilations and
also allow natural illumination. Seal well when closed, keeping moisture out and minimize infiltration. Use double-glazed types for increased insulation.
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Cross Ventilation
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Cross Ventilation Provide equal area of operable openings on windward and leeward side Ensure windward side is well shaded to provide cool air intake Flow goes from highest pressure to the lowest
+pressure on windward - pressure on
leeward side and side (High pressure) roof (Low pressure)
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Cross Ventilation Strategies rely on movement of air through space to equalize pressure. When wind blows against a building, it is deflected around and above the building. Air pressure on the windward side rises, creating a high pressure zone. The pressure on the leeward side drops, creating pressure stratification across the building. To equalize pressure, outdoor air will enter through available openings on the windward side and eventually be exhausted through the leeward.
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Cross Ventilation rules of thumb
Codes allow a zone to be considered “ natural ventilated” if within 6m of an operable window
-ve
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Cross Ventilation The pressure difference between any two points on building envelope determines the potential for ventilation if openings were provided at these two points. The air flow is directly proportional to the effective area of inlet openings, wind speed and wind direction.
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Cross Ventilation
Cross ventilation depends mainly on two
factors that may change continuously:
1. wind availability 2. wind direction
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Cross Ventilation (Design Phase)
An open building plan with plenty of surface area exposed to the outside works well for cross ventilation. Architectural elements like fins, wing walls, parapets and balconies enhance wind speeds and should be an integral part of cross ventilation
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Cross Ventilation (Cost & Benefits)
Low-cost design. Natural ventilation has higher initial costs because operable windows typically cost 5% to 10% more than fixed glazing, but the savings from not using air conditioning will offset this added cost.
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Cross Ventilation (Design Parameter)
Effective cross ventilation starts with:
limiting space sizes to facilitate inward flow of air
from one face and outward flow from the other. Architectural elements can be used to harness prevailing winds.
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Cross Ventilation (Design Parameter)
Effective cross ventilation starts with: Orient the building to maximize surface exposure to prevailing winds. Provide the inlets on the windward side (pressure zone) and the outlets on the leeward size ( suction zone). Intakes should be at least 0.15m above the terrain. In areas with traffic the intake should be at least 5m above the terrain. Use wing walls and parapets to create positive and negative pressure areas to induce cross ventilation.
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Cross Ventilation (Design Parameter)
Effective cross ventilation starts with:
Use shading devices like overhangs, awnings and
fins to control solar gain. Use good site planning, landscaping and planting strategies to cool the incoming air. If water feature is planned for the site, place it on windward side to pre-cool the incoming air through evaporative cooling.
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Cross Ventilation (Design Parameter)
Effective cross ventilation starts with: Planting tall deciduous trees on the windward side will lower the temperature of the inflow and shade the openings. Avoid locating large asphalt parking lots that get heating up on the upwind side of naturally ventilated buildings. Use features like overhangs, awning windows, eaves and porches to protect the openings from rain. Casement windows provide maximum airflow in both perpendicular and oblique wind conditions.
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Convection Ventilation
Core Ventilation & Stack Effects
(Source: Hajee Mohammad Danesh ,2017)
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Fenestration
The placement, size and type of window openings govern
the effectiveness of this fenestration. UBBL codes require opening size at dwellings of minimum 10% of the total floor area. Window types should be oriented to catch or slow down prevailing breezes. Casement windows can open to catch or buffer wind. Louvered openings permit uninhibited air flow. Hopper windows allow free, upward motion.
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Cross Ventilation Plan
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Stack Ventilation Stack ventilation utilizes air density differences to provide air movement across a space. The warmer, less dense air inside is displaced by the cooler denser air from outside. Warmed by internal loads (people and equipment), the indoor air rises. If an opening is available near the ceiling, the warmer air at the upper levels will escape as the cool outside air is drawn through lower opening.
*cold air is denser than Stack Effect Demo on Engineering Connections.mp4
warm air Stack Effect Demonstration.mp4
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Stack Ventilation To obtain cooling, the incoming air must be cooler than ambient internal temperature. The cool air may be drawn from a shaded or landscape space or from water body. Stack ventilation works best in spaces with high ceilings and where cross ventilation is not feasible.
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Stack Ventilation
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Stack Ventilation
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Stack Ventilation
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Stack Ventilation
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Stack Ventilation
Efficiency of stacks can be improved:
1. Increasing stack height. 2. Increasing temperature difference between bottom and top of the stack. 3. Minimizing air flow resistance through the stack by minimizing number of bends.
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Stack Ventilation (Cost & Benefits)
Benefits of stack ventilation :
1. Low cost. 2. Effectively removes contaminants and pollutants from a space. 3. Compared to cross ventilation, stack ventilation openings are secure from intruders and less susceptible to noise and dust.
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Stack Ventilation (Design Parameter)
Provide equal inlet and outlet areas to maximise
air flow. The width to height ratio of openings should be more than 1, as far as possible ( in other words, orient the openings horizontally ). Wider Openings Allow for at least a 5 ft / 1.5 m ( center to center ) height difference between the inlet and outlet. Increasing the height differential further will produce better air flow
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Stack Ventilation (Design Parameter)
Provide adequate openings in stairwells or
other continuous vertical elements so that they can work as stack wells. Carefully control and minimize solar gain. Operable roof for better stack effect.
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Stack Ventilation(Operation & Maintenance)
Operable inlet and outlet should be well
maintained and clean. Clean windowsills and louvers for healthy air intake for the space periodically. Openings remain must be shut when the mechanical system is operating.
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Building as Thermal Flue - Solar Chimney
A building can act as a flue for ventilating by the chimney effect. The building can be shaped to optimize natural convective ventilation. The challenge with ventilation is to provide sufficient fresh air during extreme climate conditions – effectively and comfortably. Solar chimneys are a method of enhancing stack ventilation. Additional height and well designed air passage increase the air pressure differential. Chimney should be constructed to capture solar radiation to increase the heat of the air at the top and increase the difference in temperature between incoming and out flowing air. The increase in natural convection that occurs from these measures enhances the draw of air through the building .
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Ceiling Fans Minimum ceiling height of 9 ft/ 2.75 m must be provided to accommodate a fan so that its blades are at least 8 ft/ 2.4 m from the floor and 1 ft / 300mm from the ceiling.
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Direct Evaporative Cooling
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Indirect Evaporative Cooling
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Indirect Evaporative Cooling
Roof pond: Losing heat by radiating to the Night sky
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Roof Evaporation In hot-dry climates, water/water bodies can be used both for evaporative cooling as well as minimizing heat gain. Taking into account wind patterns and vegetation they can be used to direct cool breeze into the house. A roof pond minimizes heat gain through the roof. In cold climates, water bodies are beneficial only if their heat gain and loss can be controlled.
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Double roofing
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Night-Sky Radiant Cooling
radiation to the night sky as a heat sink to reduce space cooling. Radiative cooling to the night sky is about heat loss by long-wave radiation from one surface to another body at a lower temperature.
the cooled surfaces are those of the building shell and the heat sink is the sky since the sky temperature is lower than the temperature of most earth bound objects.
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Wind Catchers Wind- strongest at 6 to 12 m above ground The moving air as it is funneled downward depends on the velocity of prevailing wind and associated pressure to move through the building. To have even distribution throughout various rooms, properly proportioned and located exhaust vents with ducts are necessary.
Glass Assignment 1. Explain the phenomenon of the both diagram, how will solar chimney function during the summer season 2. How trombe wall design perform during winter season?
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Solar Chimney
Assignment 2. The diagrams above show that solar chimney could also function during winter period. Explain how it works base on your own understanding.
