INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
⇒ A matrix is an array of elements (which are usually numbers) set out in a pair of brackets
⇒ You can describe the size of a matrix using the numbers of rows and columns it contains
⇒ A square matrix is one where the numbers of rows and columns are the same
⇒ A zero matrix is one in which all of the elements are zero. The zero matrix is denoted by
0
⇒ an identity matrix is a square matrix in which the elements of the leading diagonal
(starting top left) are all 1 and the remaining elements are 0. I k denotes identity
matrices where k describes the size. The 3 x 3 identity matrix is
There are 17 rows and 11 columns: the size is 17x11.
Example 2. Building
Example 3. Drawing
The size (order) is written as m × n and the number of elements is the product of m
and n (i.e., mn).
3) Positions of Elements of Matrix.
Every element of a matrix has a unique position and is determined by
its row number followed by column number (separated by a comma).
The element of a matrix A that is present in ith row and jth column is
represented as aᵢ,ⱼ.
For example, A= 1 4 (5 2 −2
0 )
5 is the element in the 1st row and 1st column. It is written as a₁,₁.
2 is the element in the 1st row and 2nd column. It is written as a₁,₂.
0 is the element in the 2nd row and 3rd column. It is written as a2,3.
1) Particular matrices
A (1 × 1) matrix is a scalar, which is denoted by an italic letter x = 1.
The null matrix (O) is a matrix all elements equal to zero, i.e. ai,j = 0 for all i = 1. . . n
and j = 1, . . . , m.
( )
0 0 0
0= 0 0 0
0 0 0
A quadratic matrix is a matrix with the same number of columns and rows, i.e. n = m.
( )
0 0 4
A = 2 2 −1
1 3 2
m =n = 3 B= (13 42 ) m =n = 2
A symmetric matrix is a quadratic matrix such that ai,j = aj,i for all i = 1, . . . , n and
j = 1, . . . , m.
( )
0 2 4
S = 2 2 −1
4 −1 2
A diagonal matrix is a quadratic matrix such that the off-diagonal elements are all
equal to zero, i.e. ai,j = 0 for i ≠ j.
( )
0 0 0
D= 0 2 0
0 0 2
The identity matrix is a diagonal matrix with all diagonal elements equal to one. The
identity matrix is denoted by I or In.
( )
1 0 0
I3 = 0 1 0
0 0 1
I2= (10 01)
A square matrix in which all the elements below the diagonal are zero is known as
the upper triangular matrix.
( )
0 0 4
A = 0 2 −1
0 0 2
A square matrix in which all the elements above the diagonal are zero is known as
the upper triangular matrix.
( )
0 0 0
A= 2 2 0
1 3 2
4) Matrix operation.
(d) Additive Inverse: A + (-A) = 0 = (-A) + A, where (-A) is obtained by changing the
sign of every element of A, which is the additive inverse of the matrix,
(e)
A+B=A+C
B+A=C+A BB = C
(f)
A−B=A+(−B).
Consider the two matrices, A and B, of order 2 x 2.
We can subtract the matrices by subtracting each element of one matrix from the
corresponding element of the second matrix, i.e. A – B = [aij – bij]mxn.
Then
A = ( 43 87) 2A = (2.4
2.3
2.8
2.7 ) = (86 1614)
Properties of Scalar Multiplication: If A and B are matrices of the same order and λ
and μ are any two scalars, then,
(a) λ(A + B) = λA + λB
(b) (λ + μ)A = λA + μA
T T