Definition of Report

• Research report writing is the oral or written

presentation of the evidence and the findings
in such detail and form as to be readily
understood and accessed by the reader and as
to enable him to verify the validity of the
conclusions..
 Advantages
• Presents data in organized form
• Quality of research work
• Facilitates policy decision
• Follow up measures
• Permanent record
• Management action on report
 Characteristics of good report
• 1) Attractive
• 2) Clear Topic
• 3) Balanced Language
• 4) No repetition of facts
• 5) Statement of scientific facts
• 6) Practicability
• 7)Description of the difficulties and the
shortcomings
 Steps in report writing
• Logical analysis of subject matter of research
problem
• Preparation of final outline based on findings,
conclusion and recommendations
• Prepare first rough draft
• Rewriting, polishing and correcting of draft
• Finish layout
• Prepare Bibliography
• Finalize Report
Chapter No. Content Page Number
Chapter No.1 1. Introduction

1.1 Abstract – Executive Summary

1.2 Objectives /Purpose of study
1.3 Scope and Limitations
1.4 Hypothesis , Conceptual Framework (Model)
Chapter No.2 2. Literature Review

2.1 About the Industry

2.2 About the Company
2.3 PESTEL Analysis
2.4 SWOT Analysis
Chapter No.3 3. Research Methodology

3.1 Type of Research (Exploratory, Descriptive, Causal)

3.2 Research Method (13 steps process)
3.3 Types of Data (Primary How to collect PD, Secondary,
How to collect Secondary data)
3.4 Sample and Population – sample size
3.5 Sampling Methods ( Probability , Non Probability -
convenience)
3.6 Data Collection – well structured questionnaire with
open ended and close ended qts
SR NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

1 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Abstract/Executive Summary

1.2 Purpose/ Objective of the Study

1.3 Scope and Limitations

2 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 About Industry

2.2 About the company

2.3 SWOT Analysis

2 CHAPTER-3

RESEARCH DESIGN

3.1Type of Research

3.2 Research Method

3.3 Types of Data

3.4 Sample Size

3.5 Sample Method

3.6 Data collection Method

4 CHAPTER-4

Classification & Tabulation of Data

5 CHAPTER – 5

Analysis & Interpretation of Data

6 CHAPTER – 6

Findings, Conclusions & Recommendations

7 ANNEXURE : QUESTIONNAIRE

8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Types of Reports

On basis of On basis of On other

Communication purpose basis
Annual
Oral Report Publication Progress
Written Report Executives Committee
Technical Sales
Reports on basis of communication
• Oral Report
• Written Report
– Opposite to oral
– Self contained, comprehensive, reference
document
– Convenience and Ready reference
– Gives all details and is compact
 Reports on basis of purpose
• Report for Publication
– Publication in press, magazine, journal
– Brief Summary, important technical details, findings
– General information for public

• Report for Executives (Popular)

– Submitted to company executives for decision making
– Executives are busy cannot refer voluminous data
– Need facts, brief, summary in short but critical points
– Contains problem statement, findings, conclusions,
recommendations
 Reports on basis of purpose
• Detailed Report (Technical)
– Technical is long and detailed report
– Details of objectives, methodology, findings,
conclusions etc.
– Impersonal style, useful to Top Executives
– Used by technically qualified and trained persons
– Complete and accurate
 Reports on other basis
• Annual report prepared for company
members and AGM
• Departmental Heads submit progress report
to Board of Directors
• Monthly or quarterly sales report
• Committee Report for board meetings
• Above reports are only for internal
communication and not for Research
 Reports on other basis
• Interim Report
– Interim report is prepared and submitted after completing
some work but not full
– Project is huge and requires many years of completion
– Basis of analysis with limited coverage
– Summary of work done so far

• Summary Report
– Benefit of general public for general interest
– Simple language and style
– Charts and tables for quick understanding
– Short in size hardly some pages
 Footnotes
• Researcher uses statements and references from
following:
– Books
– Census reports
– Annual Budget
– Economic surveys
– Statistical data

Ethical Research reference to words, statements,

ideas, quotations and source of origin stated clearly
 Footnotes
• Basic Format –
– Author name, title, publication, Page number,
publisher name and year of publication
• Placement –
– Place index number at the point of reference, single
spacing
• Purpose – clarify information, establish validity, refer to
original source
• Example
– S. Shajahan, Research Methods for Management,
Fourth Edition: 2010 Jaico Publishing House,
Mumbai, P. 206
 Bibliography
• Title of Book/article/magazine/ report
• Name of author, publisher
• Year of publication
• Page number

Example
Naresh K Malhotra and Satyabhushan Das,
Marketing Research
An Applied Orientation. Sixth Edition Person 2013
 Ethics and Research
• What is Ethics
– Norms or standards of behavior
– Moral choices, Derived from greek word “Ethos” – character
– Code of conduct, social values, fair reasonable and Honest, fair
– Should not have harmful effects on others

• Ethical Standards in Research

– Requires personal integrity from Researcher, project manager,

and sponsorer
– Establish goodwill, self discipline and control, dignity
– Quality services and confidence
 Ethics in Marketing Research
Ethical standards with
– Field Personnel
• Data collectors, investigators, interviewers,
supervisors
• Should be honest
• Act As per instructions
• Field workers should be paid salary regularly,
fairly, treated appropriately, facilities provided,
constantly motivated to work
 Ethics in Marketing Research
– Informants/Respondents
• Dignity and decency, honor, privacy, freedom
• Should not be pressurized for confidential info
• Anonymity protected
• Information collected should be only used for
research
• No Psychological or physical harm
• Interviews arranged after planning and as per
convenience (time, place, appointment)
• Participants should not suffer physical pain,
discomfort, pain, embarrassment and loss of
privacy
 Ethics in Marketing Research
– Clients
• Given quick, efficient and quality service
• Adequate staff and facilities should be available for
research
• High standard of objectivity and accuracy
• Proper communication
• Incomplete and misleading reporting is unethical
• Confidentiality, high standards
– Research findings
• Communicate through written communication
• Properly understand conclusions and able to folllowup
 Objectivity
• Objectivity and accuracy in data
collection, processing, reporting
• Honesty with code of conduct
• Unbiased, impartial, practical
• Express views boldly improve quality
 Confidentiality
• Relation between client and researcher
• All details of clients business should not be
leaked, code of conduct
• Maintain secrecy in data collection,
techniques, processes
• Purpose non-disclosure
• Sponsor non-disclosure
• Findings non-disclosure
 Anonymity
• Personal details never passed to 3rd party
• No physical harm, discomfort, pain,
embarrassment
• Sign confidentiality and non-disclosure
contract
 Types: Patchwork
Plagiarism
The second kind of plagiarism is
similar to copying and is perhaps
the second most common type of
plagiarism: patchwork plagiarism.
This occurs when the plagiarizer
borrows the "phrases and clauses
from the original source and
weaves them into his own writing"
without putting the phrases in
quotation marks or citing the
author.
 Types: Paraphrasing Plagiarism

The third type of plagiarism is called paraphrasing plagiarism.

This occurs when the plagiarizer paraphrases or summarizes
another's work without citing the source. Even changing the
words a little or using synonyms but retaining the author's
essential thoughts, sentence structure, and/or style without
citing the source is still considered plagiarism.
 Types: Unintentional

The fourth type of plagiarism

is called unintentional
plagiarism -- it occurs when
the writer incorrectly quotes
and/or incorrectly cites a
source they are using. How
is this plagiarism, if the
author didn't mean to do it?