The Study Aims To Assess The Effectiveness of Differentiated Instruction As An Intervention

The study aims to assess the effectiveness of Differentiated Instruction as an
intervention. Instead of a randomized controlled trial, where participants would be

randomly assigned to either a control or experimental group, the researchers are
opting for a quasi-experimental design.
Quasi-Experimental Design:
This design includes both a control group and an experimental group.
Quasi-experimental designs are chosen when random assignment is impractical or

ethically challenging.
In this case, the pre-existing groups (control and experimental) are the basis for the
study, reflecting the reality of practical constraints.
Justification for Quasi-Experimental Design:
The study justifies the use of a quasi-experimental design based on the practical
challenges involved in working with pre-existing groups (Breakwell et al., 2020).
Randomly assigning participants to groups may be logistically or ethically difficult in

this context.
Control and Experimental Groups:
The control group represents the baseline or traditional instructional method.
The experimental group experiences Differentiated Instruction, the intervention being

tested.
Data Collection:
To measure the effectiveness of the intervention, the researchers will use self-
constructed pre- and post-test questionnaires.
These questionnaires will undergo rigorous validity and reliability testing, ensuring that
they measure what they are intended to measure consistently.
In summary, the decision to use a quasi-experimental design in this study is driven by

the practical challenges associated with working with pre-existing groups, along with
ethical considerations. The design allows for a comparison between traditional
instructional methods (control group) and Differentiated Instruction (experimental
group), providing insights into the intervention's effectiveness. The use of carefully
constructed and tested questionnaires enhances the reliability and validity of the data
collected.
The primary data collection tool that will be employed in this study will be
researchers-developed pre-test and post-test questionnaires. Researchers-
developed questionnaires will undergo thorough testing for validity and
reliability, comprising 35 multiple-choice related to learning competency.
1. Obtaining Research Ethical Clearance: The researchers will obtain ethical

clearance from the Research Ethics Office before commencing the study. They
will submit the complete research proposal, questionnaires, informed consent
form, curriculum vitae, and a list of potential risks and corresponding solutions
for approval.
2. Content Validity of Test Questionnaires: Expert reviews will be conducted

on the questionnaires by three experts using an evaluation tool. The experts'
evaluations will be analyzed, and the Aiken V coefficient value of 1.00 indicated
high validity for assessing learning competency in explaining the functions of
the organs of the human body systems.
3. Pilot Testing to Test Reliability: A pilot test will be conducted at San

Rafael Integrated School to assess the reliability of the questionnaires.
Analysis of pupils' responses shows a Kuder-Richardson (KR) 20 coefficient
value of 0.675, indicating the reliability of the questionnaire in assessing
learning competency.
4. Requesting Permission to Conduct Action Research: A permission letter will

be submitted to the School Principal of Cateel Central Elementary School to
conduct the research. Subsequently, a letter seeking permission to use the
research tool with students, outlining study objectives in detail, will be
submitted to class advisers upon approval.
5. Administering Multiple Intelligence and Learning Style Tests: The

experimental group will undergo a multiple intelligence test to identify dominant
intelligences and a learning style test to determine individual preferences.
6. Administering Pre-Test Questionnaires: The researchers will administer

pre- test questionnaires to the control and experimental groups to determine
the extent of their performance in science.
7. Conducting the Intervention: The control group will receive traditional

instruction on functions of the organs of the human body systems, while the
experimental group will receive differentiated instruction based on their
multiple intelligences and learning styles.
8. Administering Post-Test Questionnaires: The researchers will administer

post-test questionnaires to both groups to determine any improvements in their
performance.
9. Retrieving Post-Test Questionnaires: The post-test questionnaires will be

retrieved, totaled/tallied, encoded, analyzed, and interpreted.
Data Analysis
The results will be encoded by tabulating the raw data after completing
the responses from the experimental and control group respondents through
the pre- test and post-test questionnaires. The Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences (SPSS) and the K-12 DepEd grading system will be used to
interpret remarks of data results, compare the performances of both groups,
and analyze and achieve a reliable, realistic, and accurate interpretation of the
collected data. The mean scores, independent sample t-tests, and analysis of
covariance will be employed to interpret the results.
Mean. It will be used to determine (2) the level of respondents' pre-test scores
and (4) the post-test scores of both groups.
Table 1. K to 12 grading scale and interpretation

GRADING SCALE INTERPRETATION
90-100 Outstanding
85-89 Very Satisfactory
80-84 Satisfactory
75-79 Fairly Satisfactory
Below 75 Did Not Meet Expectations
Independent sample T-test. It will be used to determine (3) the significant

difference between the control and experimental groups' pre-test results.
Analysis of Covariance. It will be used to determine (5) the significant

difference between the control and experimental groups' post-test results.
Ethical Considerations
We have considered several ethical issues while conducting our action
research. In this research, we will ensure the confidentiality of all personal
details of the pupils, teachers, and school. Our aim is to protect their privacy
and make them feel secure. For instance, we will use pseudonyms and anonymous
identifiers as replacements for the teachers' and pupils' names.
Additionally, we will record and tabulate all the data in a professional

manner. The data, results, methods, and procedures will be collected and
conducted without any manipulation. This approach is intended to provide
genuine results for the research, free from any form of manipulation.
Moreover, we will obtain permission from the school authority to conduct

our research with Grade 6 pupils. It is essential to inform the pupils' parents
about their children's participation in the research. We will achieve this by
providing a letter of permission to the parents and the school board.
We will take the responsibility of explaining the research clearly using

simple terms to the pupils. This is done to respect the pupils' rights as
participants and to make them aware of the research objectives and aims in
learning. Furthermore, we will not threaten or force the pupils to participate in
this research. They will have the freedom to withdraw if they wish to, ensuring
that their participation is voluntary and based on their own will.

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The study aims to assess the effectiveness of Differentiated Instruction as an

intervention. Instead of a randomized controlled trial, where participants would be

This design includes both a control group and an experimental group.

Quasi-experimental designs are chosen when random assignment is impractical or

Justification for Quasi-Experimental Design:

Randomly assigning participants to groups may be logistically or ethically difficult in

Control and Experimental Groups:

The control group represents the baseline or traditional instructional method.

The experimental group experiences Differentiated Instruction, the intervention being

In summary, the decision to use a quasi-experimental design in this study is driven by

1. Obtaining Research Ethical Clearance: The researchers will obtain ethical

2. Content Validity of Test Questionnaires: Expert reviews will be conducted

3. Pilot Testing to Test Reliability: A pilot test will be conducted at San

4. Requesting Permission to Conduct Action Research: A permission letter will

5. Administering Multiple Intelligence and Learning Style Tests: The

6. Administering Pre-Test Questionnaires: The researchers will administer

7. Conducting the Intervention: The control group will receive traditional

8. Administering Post-Test Questionnaires: The researchers will administer

9. Retrieving Post-Test Questionnaires: The post-test questionnaires will be

Table 1. K to 12 grading scale and interpretation

Independent sample T-test. It will be used to determine (3) the significant

Analysis of Covariance. It will be used to determine (5) the significant

Additionally, we will record and tabulate all the data in a professional

Moreover, we will obtain permission from the school authority to conduct

We will take the responsibility of explaining the research clearly using

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