UNIT-IV

d- & f-BLOCK ELEMENTS

1. Why is zinc not regarded as a transition element?

Ans- It is because neither Zn nor Zn+2ions have incompletely filled d-orbitals.
2. Copper atom has completely filled d-orbitals in its ground state but it is a transition element.
Why?
Ans- It is because Cu+2 has 3d9, incompletely filled d-orbitals, therefore, it is a transition metal.
3. Zn+2 salts are white while Cu+2 salts are coloured. Why?
Ans- Zn+2 salts are white because it does not have unpaired electron, whereas Cu+2 salts are coloured
because it has unpaired electron and undergoes d-d transition by absorbing light from visible
region and radiate blue colour.
4. Why is actinoid contraction greater than lanthanoid contraction?
Ans- 5f orbitals have poor shielding effect than 4f orbitals, therefore, effective nuclear charge is
more in actinoids than lanthanoids.
5. Why do actinoids show wide range of oxidation states?
Ans- It is because 5f, 6d and 7s have comparable energy
6. Write one similarity between the chemistry of lanthanoids and that of actinoids.
Ans- Lanthanoids show lanthanoid contraction like actinoids contraction.
7. Write one difference between the chemistry of lanthanoids and that of actinoids
Ans- Lanthanoids show mostly +3 oxidation state. Few show +2 and +4, whereas Actinoids show
+3, +4, +5, +6 and +7 oxidation states.
8. Why do transition elements show variable oxidation states?
Ans- Transition elements show variable oxidation states because electrons from both s and d orbitals
take part in bond formation.
9. In 3d series (Sc to Zn), which element shows the maximum number of oxidation states and
why?
Ans- In 3d series, ‘Mn’ shows maximum number of oxidation states because it has maximum
number of electrons in s as well as in d orbitals which can take part in bond formation.
10. E° value for the Mn+3/Mn+2 couple is positive (+1.5 V) whereas that of Cr+3/Cr+2 is negative
(-0.4 V). Why?
Ans- Mn+2 is more stable than Mn+3 due to half filled d-orbitals (3d5), whereas Cr+3 is more stable
than Cr+2 due to half filled orbitals.
11. Transition metals form coloured compounds. Why?
Ans- It is due to presence of unpaired electrons which undergo d-d transition by absorbing light
from visible region and radiate complementary colour
12. Complete the following equation:
2MnO4– + 16 H+ + 5C204– → 2Mn+2 + 8H20 + 10CO2
13. MnO is basic whereas Mn207 is acidic in nature. Why?
Ans- In MnO, Mn has +2 oxidation state, whereas in Mn2O7, Mn has + 7 oxidation state. Higher the
oxidation state, more will be acidic nature, e.g. Mn207. Lower the oxidation state, more will
be basic nature, e.g. MnO.

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14. Transition metals form alloys. Why?
Ans- It is due to similar atomic size, they can replace one another in metallic bond
15. Complete the following equation:
2MnO4+ 4KOH + O2 →
Ans- 2MnO4+ 4KOH + O2 → 2K2MnO4+ 2H2O
16. Complete the following equation:
2 MnO4+ 6H+ + 5NO2 →
Ans- 2 MnO4+ 6H+ + 5NO2 → 2Mn2+ + 3H2O + 5NO3
17. Account for the following:
Cu+ is unstable in an aqueous solution.
Ans- It is because hydration energy of Cu2+ overcomes 2nd ionisation enthalpy, that is why Cu+
changes to Cu2+ and Cu.
2Cu+ → Cu2+ + Cu
18. Transition metals form complex compounds. Why?
Ans- It is due to their small size, high charge and availability of vacant d-orbitals
19. 19. Complete the following equation:

20. Highest fluoride of Mn is MnF4 whereas the highest oxide is Mn2O7.Why?

Ans- Oxygen can form double bond, therefore, it can form Mn207, whereas ‘F’ cannot form double
bonds, so, it can form MnF4.
21. Transition metals and their compounds show catalytic properties. Give reason.
Ans- Transition metals show variable oxidation states, therefore, they and their compounds act
as catalyst.
22. Complete the following equation:
3MnO4– + 4H+ →
Ans- 3MnO4– + 4H+ → MnO2 + 2MnO42– + 2H2O
23. Calculate the spin magnetic moment of M2+(aq) ion. Atomic number (Z) = 27.
Ans- 27= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d7
M2+ =1s22s22p63s23p63d7
It has 3 unpaired electrons
So magnetic moment = µ=√n(n+2)
µ = √3(3+2)
=√15
=3.87BM
24. Chromium is typical hard metal while mercury in liquid, explain.
Ans- Cr is typically hard metal due to presence of large number of unpaired electrons, metal-metal
interaction is strong whereas mercury does not have unpaired electrons and has large size,
therefore, forms weak metallic bond.
25. Account for the following:
Eu2+ is strong reducing agent
Ans- It is because Eu3+ is more stable.
26. Zn has lowest enthalpy of atomisation. Why?
Ans- It is due to weak metallic bonds due to completely filled d-orbitals.
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27. Complete the following equations:
2KMnO4 → K2MnO4+ MnO2+ O2
Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6Fe2+ → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 6Fe3+
28. Account for the following:
Transition elements form interstitial compounds.
Ans- Small size atoms B, C, H can occupy voids present in transition metals.
29. Mn3+(3d4) is strongly oxidising, whereas Cr2+(3d4) is strongly reducing.
Ans- Mn3+ gains one electron to form Mn2+ since 3d5 is more stable, whereas Cr2+ loses one electron
for Cr3+(3p which is more stable, so, it acts as reducing agent.
30. Transition metals have high melting points.
Ans- It is due to involvement of unpaired (n-1)d electrons to form strong metallic bond.
31. What is misch metal? Write its one use.
Ans- It contains 95% lanthanoid metal, 5% iron and traces of S, C, Ca and AI.
Use: Its magnesium based alloy is used to produce bullets, shells, flints.
32. What are the different oxidation states exhibited by the lanthanoids?
Ans- Lanthanoids, mostly show +3 oxidation state but some of them show +2 and +4 oxidation
states also due to the stability of electronic configuration (4f°, 4f7 and 4f14), e.g. Eu shows
+2, whereas Ce shows +4 oxidation state
33. Write two characteristics of the transition elements.
Ans- (i) They show variable oxidation states.
(ii) They form coloured compounds.
34. Which of the 3d-block elements may not be regarded as the transition elements and why ?
Ans- Zn may not be regarded as transition metal because neither ‘Zn’ nor Zn2+ ions have
incompletely filled d-orbital.
35. The Mn2+ compounds are more stable than Fe2+ towards oxidation to their +3 state.
Ans- Mn2+ has 3d5 (stable electronic configuration), therefore, it does not get oxidised to Mn3+,
whereas Fe2+ has 3d6 which readily changes to Fe3+ (3d5), which has stable electronic
configuration
36. In the 3d series from Sc (Z = 21) to Zn (Z = 30), the enthalpy of atomization of Zn is the
lowest.
Ans- Zinc does not have unpaired electrons and larger in size, therefore, it has weak metallic bonds.
That is why it has least enthalpy of atomisation.
37. Sc3+ is colourless in aqueous solution, whereas Ti3+ is coloured. Explain.
Ans- Sc3+ is colourless as it does not have unpaired electron and cannot undergo d-d transition,
whereas Ti3+ is coloured due to presence of unpaired electrons and undergoes d-d transition
by absorbing light from visible region and radiate complementary colour.
38. Name the element of 3d transition series which shows maximum number of oxidation states.
Why does it show so?
Ans- Mn because it has five unpaired electrons and 2 electrons in s-orbital which can take part in
bond formation, therefore, it shows maximum number of oxidation states.
39. Which transition metal of 3d series has positive E°(M2+/M) value and why?
Ans- E°Cu2+/Cu has +ve value due to high ionisation enthalpies and sublimation energies and lower
hydration energy
40. Out of Cr3+ and Mn3+, which is a stronger oxidizing agent and why?
Ans- Mn3+ is stronger oxidising agent because it can gain electrons to become Mn2+ which is more
stable due to 3d5 (half filled d-orbitals), whereas Cr3+ is stable due to f3 (half filled orbitals).

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41. Name a member of the lanthanoid series which is well known to exhibit + 2 oxidation state.
Ans- Europium shows +2 oxidation state. Ytterbium (Yb) also shows +2 oxidation state.
42. Complete the following equation:
MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e- ———->Mn2+ +4H2O
43. Account for the following: Transition metals form a large number of complexes.
Ans- It is due to small size, higher charge and presence of vacant d-orbitals of suitable energy.
44. Name a member of the lanthanoid series which is well known to exhibit +4 oxidation state.
Ans- Ce shows +4 oxidation state.
45. Out of Mn3+ and Cr3+, which is more paramagnetic and why?
(Atomic nos.: Mn = 25, Cr = 24)
Ans- Mn3+ (3d4) has 4 unpaired electrons, therefore, it is more paramagnetic than Cr3+) which has
three unpaired electrons.
46. Which metal in the first transition series (3d series) exhibits +1 oxidation state most frequently
and why?
Ans- Copper exhibits +1 oxidation state frequently due to stable electronic configuration
47. Which of the following cations are coloured in aqueous solutions and why?
Sc3+, V3+, Ti4+, Mn2+
(At. Nos. Sc = 21, V = 23, Ti = 22, Mn = 25)
Ans- V3+ and Mn2+ are coloured, due to the presence of unpaired electrons, they can undergo d-d
transitions. Others are colourless due to the absence of unpaired electrons and cannot undergo
d-d transitions.
48. Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation states. Why?
Ans- It is because electrons from (n – 1 )d and ns take part in bond formation.
49. Zr (Z = 40) and Hf (Z = 72) have almost identical radii. Why?
Ans- It is due to lanthanoid contraction which is due to poor shielding effect of f-electrons, due to
which effective nuclear charge increases, therefore, Zr and Hf have almost identical radii.
50. Name the element which shows only +3 oxidation state.
Ans- Sc shows only +3 oxidation state.
51. What is lanthanoid contraction? Name an important alloy which contains some of the
lanthanoid metals.
Ans- The decrease in atomic and ionic size with increase in atomic number is called lanthanoid
contraction. Misch metal is an important alloy which contains some of the lanthanoid metals.
52. Cr2+ is a very good reducing agent. Why ?.
Ans- It is because Cr2+ loses an electron to form Cr3+ which is more stable as t2g orbitals are half-
filled, i.e. more stable.
53. The metallic radii of the third (5d) series of transition metals are virtually the same as those
of the corresponding group members of the second (4d) series.
Ans- It is due to lanthanoid contraction.
54. Lanthanoids form primarily +3 ions, while the actinoids usually have higher oxidation states
in their compounds, +4 or even +6 ?
Ans- It is because lanthanoid lose 2 electrons from 6s orbitals and one from 5d – or 4/ orbitals and
are stable in +3 oxidation state. Actinoids can lose electrons from 7s, 6d and 5/ orbitals easily
due to comparable energies and show higher oxidation states +4 and +6.
55. There occurs much more frequent metal-metal bonding in compounds of heavy transition
metals (i.e. 3rd series).

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Ans- It is due to presence of unpaired electrons which participate in metal-metal bonding in 5d series
(3rd series).
56. The higher oxidation states are usually exhibited by the members in the middle of a series of
transition elements.
Ans- It is due to large number of unpaired electrons in the middle of series of transition metals.
57. Calculate the number of unpaired electrons in the following gaseous state ions:
Mn2+, Cr3+, V3+ and Fe2+
(At. nos. V = 23, Cr = 24, Mn = 25, Fe = 26)
Ans-

58. Unlike Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe3+ and the subsequent other M2+ ions of the 3d series of elements, the 4d
and the 5d series metals generally do not form stable cationic species.
Ans- It is because energy required to remove electron is more due to greater effective nuclear charge
which is due to lanthanoid contraction
59. The chemistry of actinoids is not so smooth as that of lanthanoids.Give reason.
Ans- It is because all of them are radioactive and some of them have short half life, therefore, the
chemistry of actinoids is not smooth.
60. Mn(III) undergoes disproportionation reaction easily.why?
Ans- It is unstable, therefore, undergoes disproportionation
61. Co (II) is easily oxidised in the presence of strong ligands. Why?
Ans- Strong ligands provide energy which overcomes 3rd ionisation enthalpy of Co(II) and it gets
oxidised to Co3+ to form more stable complex.
62. Generally there is an increase in density of elements from titanium (Z = 22) to copper (Z = 29)
in the first series of transition elements. Give reason.
Ans- It is because atomic mass increases more than atomic volume, therefore, density increases
from titanium (Z = 22) to copper (Z = 29).
63. Scandium (At. no. 21) salts are white.why?.
Ans- Sc3+ does not have unpaired electrons, therefore, cannot undergo d-d transition by absorbing
light from visible region. Therefore, its salts are white.
64. The E° value for the Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is much more positive than that for Cr3+/Cr2+ couple
or Fe3+/Fe2+ couple.
Ans- It is because Mn2+ is more stable than Mn3+ due to stable half filled 3d° configuration
65. The highest oxidation state of a metal is exhibited in its oxide or fluoride.
Ans- It is because oxygen and fluorine are strong oxidising agents, highly electronegative, small
size and can provide energy for formation of transition metal ion in higher oxidation state
66. Lanthanum and Lutetium do not show colouration in solutions.
(At. No. : La = 57, Lu = 71)Why?
Ans- It is due to absence of unpaired electrons, they do not absorb light from visible region and do
not radiate colour.
67. The lowest oxide of a transition metal is basic, the highest is amphoteric/ acidic.Give reason.

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Ans- It is because transition metals in lowest oxidation state are more metallic and in higher
oxidation state are least metallic, therefore, oxides in lower oxidation state are basic, whereas
in higher oxidation state are amphoteric/acidic
68. Cobalt (II) is stable in aqueous solution but in the presence of complexing agents, it is easily
oxidised.why?
Ans- Strong oxidising agents provide energy for loss of one more electron from Co2+.
69. Although Co2+ ion appears to be stable, it is easily oxidised to Co3+ ion in the presence of a
strong ligand.
Ans- Strong ligand provides energy which overcomes third ionisation energy to form Co3+ ion which
forms more stable complex than Co2+.
70. The EMn2+/Mn, value for manganese is much more than expected from the trend for other
elements in the series
Ans- It is due to low sublimation energy, low and ionisation enthalpy and high hydration energy..
71. What is meant by ‘disproportionation’?
Ans- Disproportionation: In a disproportionation reaction an element undergoes self-oxidation as
well as self-reduction forming two different compounds.
72. Give an example of a disproportionation reaction in aqueous solution’

73. What happens when (NH4)2Cr2O7 is heated? (Delhi 2017)

Ans:

74. Copper atom has completely filled d orbitals (3d10) in its ground state, yet it is regarded as a
transition element.
Ans- Copper atom has completely filled d orbitals (3d10) in its ground state, yet it is regarded as a
transition element due to incompletely filled d-orbital in its ionic states i.e. Cu2+ (3d9).
75. Silver atom has completely filled d-orbitals (4d10) in its ground state, yet it is regarded as a
transition element.
Ans- Because silver has incomplete d-orbital (4d9) in its +2 oxidation state, hence it is a transition
element
76. Explain the following observation :
Zn2+ salts are colourless.
Ans- Zn2+ salts are colourless due to absence of unpaired electrons in its ground state and ionic state
i.e Zn2+ = [Ar] 3d104s04p0
77. Mn2+ is much more resistant than Fe2+ towards oxidation.
Ans- The 3d orbital in Mn2+ is half-filled and is more stable compared to Fe2+ has 6 electrons in the
3d orbital. Mn2+ prefer to lose an electron or get oxidised whereas Fe2+ will readily loose one
electron or get oxidised. Therefore, Mn2+ is much more resistant than Fe2+ towards oxidation.
78. Among lanthanoids, Ln (III) compounds are predominant. However, occasionally in solutions
or in solid compounds, + 2 and + 4 ions are also obtained.
Ans- Among lanthanoids, Ln (III) compounds are predominant. However +2 and +4 ions in solution
or in solid compounds are also obtained. This is because they have empty, half-filled and
completely filled 4/ sub-shell respectively which show extra stability.
79. Sc (21) is a transition element but Ca (20) is not.
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Ans- Sc (21) is regarded as a transition element due to the presence of incomplete d- subshell
(3d14s2) but Ca (20) does not have any d-subshell
80. The Fe2+ is much more easily oxidised to Fe2+ than Mn2+ to Mn3+.
Ans- Fe+2[Ar] 3d6 can be easily oxidised to Fe+3 [Ar] 3d5, which is half filled and is more stable but
Mn+2 is d5 in configuration which is again half filled configuration and Mn+3 is d4 in
configuration.
81. What is lanthanoid contraction?
Ans- Lanthanoid contraction : The overall decrease in atomic and ionic radii with increasing atomic
number is known as lanthanoid contraction.
82. Mention the main consequences of lanthanoid contraction.
Ans- a) the size of elements which follow (Hf – Hg) are almost similar to the size of the elements ,
of previous row (Zr – Cd) and hence these are difficult to separate.
b) Due to small change in atomic radii, the chemical properties of lanthanoids are very similar
due to which separation of lanthanoid becomes very difficult.
c) Due to lanthanoid contraction, the size decreases from La+3 to Lu+3. Thus covalent character
increases. Hence basic character of hydroxides also decreases i.e. why La(OH)3 is most basic
while Lu(OH)3 is least basic.
83. Write the balanced ionic equation for the reaction between ferrous sulphate and acidified
potassium permanganate solution.
Ans- Balanced ionic equation :
MnO4– + 5Fe+2 + 8H+ → Mn+2 + 5Fe+3 + 4H2O
84. Write balanced chemical equation showing oxidizing nature of potassium permanganate.:
Ans- Reaction showing oxidising nature of KMnO4
2KMnO4 + 5SO2 + 2H2O → K2SO4+ 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4
85. In the 3d series (Sc = 21 to Zn = 30) :
(i) Which element shows maximum number of oxidation states?
(ii) Which element shows only +3 oxidation state?
(iii) Which element has the lowest enthalpy of atomization?
Ans- (i) Mn
(ii) Sc
(iii) Zn
86. Calculate the magnetic moment of a divalent ion in aqueous medium if its atomic number is
26.
Ans- Divalent ion with atomic number 26 is Fe2+

87. With the same d-orbital configuration d4, Cr2+ ion is a reducing agent but Mn3+ ion is an
oxidising agent.
Ans- Cr2+ has the configuration 3d4 which easily changes to d3 due to stable half filled t2g orbitals.
Therefore Cr2+ is reducing agent. While Mn2+ has stable half filled d5 configuration. Hence
Mn3+ easily changes to Mn2+ and acts as oxidising agent.
88. How would you account for the following :
Ans- The oxidising power of oxoanions are in the order VO+2<Cr2O7−2<MnO4−
The ions in which the central metal atom is present in the highest oxidation state will have the
highest oxidising power. As the oxidation state of the central metal atom increases in the order
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 V < Cr < Mn, therefore the oxidising power of the oxoanions increases in the order VO2+ <
Cr2O72- < MnO4–
89. What is the effect of change of pH on dichromate ion?
Ans- The chromate ion and dichromate ion are interconvertible in aqueous solution depending
upon pH of the solution:
2CrO4-2 + 2H+ → Cr2O7-2 + H2O
Cr2O7-2 + 2OH–→ 2CrO4-2 + H2O
90. Orange solution of potassium dichromate turns yellow on adding sodium hydroxide to it.
Ans- The orange coloured potassium dichromate solution when treated with basic NaOH solution,
is converted to chromate which gets a faint colour like yellow. The reaction is given as:
K2Cr2O7 + 2NaOH → K2CrO4 + Na2CrO4 + H2O.
This formation of chromate (CrO4–) ion converts the colour of solution to yellow
91. Zn, Cd and Hg are soft metals.Why?
Ans- Zn, Cd and Hg are soft metals because they do not exhibit covalency due to completely filled
d-orbitals. Absence of unpaired d electrons causes weak metallic bonding.
Following are the transition metal ions of 3d series:
Ti4+, V2+, Mn3+, Cr3+
(Atomic numbers: Ti = 22, V= 23, Mn = 25, Cr = 24)
Answer the following:
92. Which ion is most stable in an aqueous solution and why?
Ans- Cr3+ is most stable because of its small size and t32g configuration
93. Which ion is a strong oxidising agent and why?
Ans- Mn3+ is a strong oxidising agent because after gaining one electron it is converted into
Mn2+ which has stable d5 configuration
94. Which ion is colourless and why?
Ans- Ti4+ is colourless due to d° configuration, i.e., no unpaired electrons.
95. HCl is not used to acidify KMnO4 solution.why?
Ans- HCl is not used to the acidify KMnO4 solution because KMnO4 is a very strong oxidizing
agent and it can oxidize HCl to liberate chlorine gas.
96. Complete the following chemical equation

97. Suggest reason for the following-The transition metals and their compounds are usually
paramagnetic.
Ans- The transition metals and their compounds are usually paramagnetic because of the presence
of unpaired electrons in their d-orbitals.
98. Both oxygen and flourine stabilize high oxidation states of transition metals but the ability of
oxygen to do so exceeds that of fluorine.why.
Ans- The ability of oxygen to stabilize higher oxidation states exceeds that of fluorine because
oxygen can form multiple bonds with metals.
99. Which group metals among d block has lowest melting point.
Ans- Group 12

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100. Electronic configuration of a transition element X in +3 oxidation state is [Ar]3d 5 . What is its
atomic number.
Ans-25
101. Which metal is present in german silver.
Ans- Ni, Cu, Zn
102. Name the oxide of chromium which is the least basic.
Ans- CrO3
103. The electronic configuration of Cu(II) is 3d 9 whereas that of Cu(I) is 3d10. Which is more
stable?
Ans- Cu(II) due to greater charge density.
104. The magnetic nature of elements depends on the presence of unpaired electrons. Identify the
configuration of transition element, which shows highest magnetic moment?
Ans- [Ar] 4s23d7
105. Which oxidation state is common for all lanthanoids ?
Ans- +3
106. What is meant by ‘lanthanoid contraction’?
Ans-The steady decrease in the ionic radius from La3+ to Lu3+ is termed as lanthanoid contraction.
107. Why highest oxidation state are stable with F and O?
Ans-Both have small size and high electronegativity.
108. When KMnO4 solution is added to oxalic acid solution, the decolourisation is slow in the
beginning but becomes instantaneous after some time why?
Ans- CO2 is formed as the product .
109. How many elements are there in actinoid series?
Ans- 14 elements
110. Gadolinium belongs to 4f series. It’s atomic number is 64. What is the correct electronic
configuration of gadolinium?
Ans [Xe] 4f 75d 1 6s 2,
111. When are Interstitial compounds formed .
Ans-When small atoms are trapped inside the crystal lattice of metals.
112. Write one characteristic property of interstitial compounds ?
Ans - They retain metallic conductivity..
113. Write the formula to calculate magnetic moment.
Ans- 𝜇 = √𝑛(𝑛 + 2)
114. When alkaline KMnO4 is treated with KI, iodide ion is oxidised to which compound.
Ans- IO3- solution.
115. When acidified K2Cr2O7 solution is added to Sn2+ salts then Sn2+ changes to which ion.
Ans-Sn4+
116. which elements are not considered as transition elements.
Ans- Zn, Cd and Hg
117. Scandium is a transition element but Zinc is not.
Ans-Zinc has fully filled d orbitals.
118. Transition elements exhibit higher enthalpy of atomization.
Ans- Due to the presence of unpaired electrons, and metallic bonding.
119. Hardness of transition metal is due to
Ans- Metallic bonding
120. Why Ce+4is a good oxidising agent?

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Ans - Due to high reduction potential of Ce+4/Ce+3 which is 1.74 V.
121. Transition metals show paramagnetic behaviour.
Ans-Due to the presence of unpaired electrons..
122. Transition metals form complexes.
Ans- Due to small size, high ionic charge and vacant d orbital.
123. Which is the most abundant transition metal?
Ans- Iron
124. Why do Zn and Hg not form coloured ions?
Ans-Their inner d orbitals are completely filled.
125. Transition metals form interstitial compounds.
Ans-Tendency to entrap smaller atoms in their interstitial sites
126. Most of the transition metals form alloys.
Ans- Due to Similar atomic radii,
127. Transition elements generally form coloured compounds.
Ans- d-d transition
128. Transition elements show variable oxidation states.
Ans-Due to the participation of (ns) and (n -1) d electrons
129. Why actinoid contraction is more than lanthanoid contraction?.
Ans-This is due to poor screening of 5f orbital.
130. Write the formula of an oxo-anion of manganese (Mn) in which it shows the oxidation state
equal to its group number.
Ans-Permanganate ion, i.e., Mno4– with oxidation number +7.
131. Write the formula of an oxo-anion of chromium (Cr) in which it shows the oxidation state
equal to its group number.
Ans-Cr2O72- in which oxidation state of Cr is +6 which equal to its group number 6.
132. Most of the transition metals and their compounds possess catalytic properties.
Ans-Variable oxidation state,to provide suitable surface for reaction.
133. Chromium has highest melting point amongst 3d-series elements.
Ans- Half filled and very stable d orbital
134. In general the atomic radii of transition elements decreases with atomic number in the given
series.
Ans-The nuclear charge increases, the electros entering (n-1)d orbital reduces nuclear attraction on
the outer electrons.
135. Members of second (4d) and the third (5d) series in each group of transition elements have
similar radii.
Ans- Due to filling of 4f orbitals which have poor shielding effect (lanthanoid contraction)
136. Zr and Hf exhibit similar properties.
Ans- Due to lanthanoid contraction.
137. There is in general increase in density of element from titanium to copper.
Ans- As the atomic radii decreases its volume will decrease and density is expected to increase.
138. Mn2+ exhibits maximum paramagnetism.
Ans- The Mn(II) ion has 5 unpaired electrons in 3d sub shell which is a maximum value for a transition
metal ion.
139. Zn+2 salts are white but Cu+2 are coloured.
Ans- No d-d transition in Zn+2.
140. E0 value for the Mn3+ /Mn2+ couple much for positive than that for Cr3+/ Cr2+

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Ans-Mn2+ is 3d5. Mn3++e−→Mn2+ corresponds to 3d4→3d5. 3d5 is half filled and stable.
141. Of the d species, Cr2+ is strongly reducing while Mn+3 is strongly oxidising.
Ans-Cr2+ has a d4 configuration. While acting as a reducing agent, it gets oxidized to Cr3+.
142. Cr2+ is a stronger reducing agent Fe2+
Ans-After losing an electron Fe has d5 configuration which is stable as it is half-filled configuration.
143. CrO42- is a strong oxiding agent while MnO-4 is not.
Ans-Due to higher standard reduction potential of Cr.
144. The greatest number of oxidation states are exhibited by the elements in the middle of
transition series.
Ans-Because of participation of 2( ns) electron and (n-1)d electron in the bond formation in
middle
145. The third ionization enthalpy of manganese (Z=25) is exceptionally high.
Ans-Because in Mn+2 where d-orbital is half filled and thus vey stable
146. Cu+ ion has d10 configuration while Cu+2 has d9 still Cu+2 is stable in aqueous solutions.
Ans-Because of more negative enthalpy of hydration
147. E0 value for the Mn2+/ Mn much more than expected.
Ans-Because it is half filled and it gives them stability to not get reduced.
148. E0 value for the Cu2+ / Cu is positive.
Ans-Because Cu has low enthalpy of hydration and the high energy to transform Cu(s) to Cu+2
is not balanced by hydration enthalpy.
149. Although Co2+ ion appears to be stable it is easily oxidized to Co3+ ion in the presence of
a strong ligand.
Ans-Because the CFT stabilization energy of ions with a d6 configuration is higher than d7
configuration.
150. The increasing oxidizing power of Oxo anions are in the order VO 2+ < Cr2O7-2 <MnO4-
ion in the presence of a strong ligand.
Ans-Because oxidizing power increases with increase in oxidation number.
151. What is the colour of light absorbed by an aqueous solution of CuSO4 .
Ans Orange Red.
152. MnO is basic while Mn2O7 is acidic in nature.
Ans- lower oxidation state of a Mn is basic and in the higher oxidation is acidic.
153. Metal-metal bonding is more frequent for the 4d & 5d series of transition metals than that
for the series.
Ans-Due to their greater enthalpies of atomisation.
154. Chromium is a typical hard metal while mercury is a liquid.
Ans- Due to absence of unpaired electrons in Hg result in it being a liquid
155. Cobalt (II) is stable in aqueous solution but in the presence of complexing reagents it is
easily oxidized.
Ans-Because it undergoes change in oxidation state from +2 to+3 and is easily oxidised.
156. K2[PtCl6] is well known compound where as the corresponding Ni compound is not
known.
Ans- Pt+4 is more stable than Ni+4 as the sum of 4 ionisation energies of Pt is less than Ni.
157. In the titration of FeSO4 with KMnO4, in acidic medium, why is dil H2SO4 used instead
of dil HCl.
Ans-HCl reacts with KMnO4 to form chlorine.
158. KMnO4 is a stronger oxidizing Agent in an acidic medium than in alkaline medium.

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Ans- The MnO4– ion is reduced to Mn2+ ions, and the number of electrons transferred is 5.
159. Chemistry of all the lanthanoids is quite similar.
Ans-because their valence shell configuration remains the same .
160. Size of trivalent lanthanoid cations decreases with increase in the atomic number
Ans- due to lanthanide contraction.
161. It is difficult to separate lanthanoid elements in pure state.
Ans-due to lanthanoid contraction.
162. Ce4+ in aqueous solution is a good oxidizing agent.
Ans-Because it can give an electron to become more stable at +3state
163. Ce3+ can be easily oxidized to Ce4+.
Ans-The config. of Ce3+ can easily loose electron to acquire stable config. and form Ce4+
164. d-block elements exhibit more oxidation states than f block elements.
Ans-because of less energy gap between d and s subshells
165. Actinoids contraction is greater from element to element than lanthanoid contraction.
Ans-Actinoid experience greater effective nuclear charge than lanthanoids
166. The actinoids exhibit larger number of oxidation states than the corresponding
lanthanoids.
Ans-becauseof the very small energy gap between 5f 6d and 7s subshells.
167. La3+ and Lu3+ do not show any colour in solutions.
Ans-They have completely filled F orbitals.
168. Complete and balance the following chemical reactions :
Cu+2 + I- →Cu+ +I2
169. Copper is regarded as transition metal though it has completely filled d-orbitals.
Ans-It exhibits +2 oxidation state wherein it will have incompletely filled d-orbitals.
170. The ionization energies of 5d elements are greater than 3d elements.
Ans-Because 5d elements have much more nuclear charge and weakest shielding of valence
electrons.
171. Mn 2+ compounds are more stable than Fe 2+ towards oxidation to their +3 state.
Ans-Due to half filled d-orbitals.
172. Zn 2+ salts are colourless but Ni 2+ salts are coloured.
Ans-Because zn 2+ have all paired electrons.
173. Transition elements exhibit higher enthalpies of atomization.
Ans-Due to presence of strong metallic bond which is due to unpaired electron in the (n-1)d subshell.
174. The melting points of Zn, Cd and Hg are low.
Ans-Because metallic bonds present in them are weak.
175. Fe3+ is more stable than Fe2+.
Ans-Due to half filled d-orbital Fe3+ is more stable.
176. Lanthanide contraction is due to
Ans- Poor shielding of 4f electrons.
177. Q79-Vanadium pentaoxide acts as a good catalyst.Why?
Ans-It exhibits multiple oxidation states and forms unstable intermediate.
178. Name the transitional metals which do not show variation in their oxidation state in the
compounds?
Ans-Scandium Sc
179. What are different oxidation states exhibited by lanthanoids?
Ans- +2,+3,+4

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180. What are the transition elements?
Ans-Elements that have partially filled d-orbitals.
181. Why are the transition elements called d-block elements?
Ans-Becausethe last electron of these elements enters the very last d-subshell.
182. Copper, silver and gold have completely filled d-orbital but they are known as transition
elements. Why?
Ans-They have incompletely filled d-orbitals in their common oxidation states.
183. Write the name of the one ore each of manganese and chromium.
Ans-Mn- MnO2 Cr- chromite
184. With the increase in atomic number the atomic radius does not change very much in the
transition series. Why?
Ans-Due to increased shielding effect of the electrons in the d-orbitals.
185. Among the first transition metals which divalent metal ion has maximum paramagnetic
character and why?
Ans-Mn+2
186. What is the basic difference between the electronic configuration of the transition and inner
transition metals?
Ans-transition metals have last electron in the outermost d orbital and inner transition have in anti-
penultimate shell.
187. The equivalent weight of KMnO4 (formula weight ) in neutral medium is:
Ans- 158/5=31.6
188. Which ion is detected by Nessler’s reagent?
Ans-NH4+
189. Which reactions represents “developing” in photography
Ans- AgBr + 2Na2S2O3 Na3[Ag(S2O3)2] + NaBr
190. What does manganese dioxide give when fused with KOH in air
Ans-Potassium manganate
191. Which element among lanthanides has the smallest atomic radius.
Ans-Lutetium
192. What is the electronic configuration of lanthanum
Ans- [Xe ]5d16s2
193. Name the first synthetic element of LANTHANIDE SERIES
Ans-Tc
194. In which oxidation state cerium acts as agood oxidising agent.
Ans- +4
195. Write one use of misch metal.
Ans-Used in making gun bullets.
196. Name any two transition metals which exhibit oxidation state of +8
Ans-Ru and Os
197. Name the element in first transition series with highest melting point
Ans-Chromium Cr-24
198. Why is E0value for the Mn+3/Mn+2 couple much more positive than that for Cr+3/cr+2 or
fe+3/fe+2?
Ans-Much larger third ionisation energy of Mn(d5 to d4) is responsible for this.

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 UNIT-V
COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

1. What is a coordination compound?

Ans: coordination compound is a compound in which a central metal ion is bonded to a number
of ligands through coordinate covalent bonds.
2. What is the Werner theory of coordination compounds?
Ans: The Werner theory of coordination compounds states that the central metal atom in a
coordination compound is surrounded by a number of ligands, which are bonded to the metal
atom through coordinate covalent bonds.
3. What were the two valences given by Werner for coordination compounds?
Ans. Werner gave the concept of two valences-
(a) Primary or ionisable valences.
(b) Secondary or non ionisable valences
4. What is the difference between a complex and a double salt?
Ans: Double salts dissociate into ions completely when dissolved in water. On the other hand,
in complexes, the complex ion does not dissociate.
5. Enlist the common shapes of Werner’s complexes.
Ans. The common shapes given by Werner were – octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar.
6. What do you understand by stability of a complex and instability constant of coordination
compounds?
Ans. The stability of a complex in solution is the degree of association between the two species
involved in the state of equilibrium. The instability constant is reciprocal of the formation
constant. It is also called dissociation constant.
7. What do you mean by homoleptic complexes? Give two examples.
Ans: When the metal atom/ion is bound to only one type of donor groups (ligands) in a
complex, it is known as homoleptic complex. For example [CO(NH3 )6]3+ or [Fe(H2O)6 ] 2+ are
homoleptic complexes.
8. What is the difference between homoleptic and heteroleptic complexes?
Ans: Homoleptic complexes have all the ligands of the same type. Heteroleptic complexes have
ligands of different types.
9. Complete the following statements for coordination entity (complex ion) [CrCl2 (OX)2 ] 3+.
(a) OX is abbreviation for ...............
(b) ..............is. a bidentate ligand.
Ans:(a) OX is the abbreviation for oxalate ion.
(b) Oxalate ion is a bidentate ligand.
10. What is the difference between a ligand and a chelating agent?
Ans : A ligand is a molecule or ion that donates an electron pair to a central metal ion. A
chelating is a ligand that can bond to a central metal ion through two or more donor atoms.
11. What are the different types of chelating agents?
Ans: The different types of chelating agents include bidentate, tridentate, quadridentate, and
polydentate chelating agents
12. Chelates are generally more stable than the complexes of unidentate ligands. Explain.
Ans: Chelates are cyclic compounds so they are more stable than normal complexes. In chelates
ligands are held by two or more bonds with the transition metals.
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13. Why CO is a stronger ligand for many metals?
Ans: Due to greater magnitude of Δ0, CO produces strong fields which cause more splitting of
d-orbitals and moreover it is also able to form π bond due to back bonding.
14. Which of the following is more stable complex and why?
[Co(NH3)6]3+ and [Co(en)3]3+
Ans:[Co(en)3]3+ is more stable complex than [CO(NH3)6]3+ because of chelate effect.
15. Ammonia acts as a very good ligand but ammonium ion does not form complexes. Why?
Ans: NH4 + ion does not have any lone pair of electrons which it can donate to central metal ion
hence it does not form complexes.
16. What are the factors that affect the coordination number of a central metal ion?
Ans: The coordination number of a central metal ion is affected by the size of the metal ion,
the size and charge of the ligands, and the electronic configuration of the metal ion.
17. What is the difference between coordination number and oxidation number?
Ans: Coordination number is the number of ligands bonded to a central metal ion. Oxidation
number is the number of electrons lost or gained by an atom to form a compound.
18. Write the state of hybridization of the Compound [Cr(NH3 )6 ]3+
Ans: d2sp3 geometry octahedral
19. Give the formula of the given Co‐ordination compound Ni ion is bound to two water molecules
and two oxalate ions.
Ans: [Ni(H2O)2(Ox)2 ]2– Diaquadioxalatonickelate (II)
20. Write the formula for the coordination compound Tetraamineaquachloridocobalt(III) chloride
Ans: [Co(NH3)4(H2O)Cl]Cl2
21. Write the formula for the following coordination compound- Potassium tetrahydroxozincate(II)
Ans: K2[Zn(OH)4]
22. Write the formula for the following coordination compound- Potassium
trioxalatoaluminate(III)
Ans. K3[Al(C2O4)3]
23. Write the formula for the following coordination compound- Potassium tetrahydroxozincate(II)
Ans: K2[Zn(OH)4]
24. Write the formula for the coordination compound Dichloridobis(ethane-1,2-diamine)
cobalt(III)
Ans: [CoCl2(en)2]+
25. Write the formula for the following coordination compound:Tetracarbonylnickel(0)
Ans: [Ni(CO)4]
26. Write the formula of tetraamminechloridonitroplatinum(IV) sulphate
Ans: Tetraamminechloridonitroplatinum(IV) sulphate can be written as [Pt(NH3)4(NO2)Cl]SO4
27. Write the formula of the following coordination compound: Iron (III) hexacyanoferrate(II)
Ans: Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
28. Write the IUPAC name of the coordination compound: [Pt(NH3)2Cl(NO2)]
Ans: Diamminechloridonitrito-N-platinum(II)
29. Write the IUPAC name of the coordination compound: K3[Cr(C2O4)3]
Ans: Potassium trioxalatochromate(III)
30. Write the IUPAC name of the coordination compound: [CoCl2(en)2]Cl
Ans: Dichloridobis(ethane-1,2-diamine) cobalt(III) chloride
31. Write the IUPAC name of the coordination compound: [Co(NH3)5(CO3)]Cl
Ans: Pentaamminecarbonatocobalt(III) chloride

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32. Write the IUPAC name of the coordination compound: Hg[Co(SCN)4]
Ans: Mercury tetrathiocyanatocobaltate(III)
33. What is the IUPAC name of the complex ion [Fe(CN)6]3-?
Ans: Hexacyanoferrate(III) ion
34. Write down the IUPAC name of the following complex: [Cr(NH3)2Cl2(en)] Cl
Ans: Diamminedichlorido(ethane-1,2-diamine) chromium(III)chloride
35. FeSO4 solution mixed with (NH4)2SO4 solution in 1:1 molar ratio gives the test of Fe2+ ion but
CuSO4 solution mixed with aqueous ammonia in 1:4 molar ratio does not give the test of Cu2+
ion. Explain
Ans : FeSO4, when reacted with (NH4)2SO4, does not form any complex whereas they form a
double salt, (Mohr salt) which dissociates into ions in the solution. So, it gives the test of Fe2+
ions. CuSO4 solution when mixed with aqueous ammonia in 1: 4 molar ratio forms a complex
which does not dissociate to give Cu2+ ions. Therefore, it does not give the tests of the Cu2+
ion.
36. Write the coordination number and oxidation state of platinum in the complex [Pt(en)2Cl2].
Ans -Coordination number and oxidation state of Pt in the complex [Pt(en)2Cl2] are 6 and +2
because en is a bidentate and neutral ligand
37. Give the formula of the coordination entity Co 3+ ion bound to one Cl-, one NH3 molecule and
two ethylene diamine molecules.
Ans: [Co (NH3)Cl (en)2]2+
38. Give the formula of the coordination entity: Ni 2+ ion is bound to two water molecules and two
oxalate ions.
Ans: Ni(H2O)2(ox)2]
39. Give the oxidation state and coordination number of the central metal ion in the K3[Co(C2O4)3]
complex.
Ans: K3[Co(C2O4)3] =>[Co(C2O4)3] 3-.
x + 3 (-2) = -3
Oxidation state x= +3
Coordination number is also 6 as C2O42- is bidentate.
40. Give the d orbital occupation of the central metal ion in the following complex (NH4)2[COF4]
Ans: (NH4)2[COF4] = (NH4)22+[COF4]2- x - 4 = -2. Oxidation state x = + 2 Co2+ is a d5 case,
paramagnetic
41. What is the magnetic nature of [Ni(CN)4]2-?
Ans: The nickel atom in [Ni(CN)4]2- has no unpaired electrons, so the compound is
diamagnetic.
42. What is the hybridization of the central metal atom in [Fe(H2O)6]3+?
Ans: d2sp3
43. What is the magnetic nature of a high spin octahedral complex?
Ans: Paramagnetic.
44. Which of the following is a strong field ligand? F-, H2O, CN-, NH3
Ans: CN-
45. Define – isomerism.
Ans. Isomerism is the phenomenon of existence of two or more compounds with same chemical
formula but a different arrangement of atom
46. What is geometrical isomerism?

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 Ans: Geometrical isomerism is a type of isomerism in which the coordination complex has
different spatial arrangements of its ligands.
47. Which of the following is an example of geometrical isomerism? [Co(en)3] 3+, [Cr(NH3)6]3+,
[PtCl2(NH3)2], [Ni(en)3]2+
Ans: [PtCl2(NH3)2]
48. For the complex [Fe(en)2Cl2], Cl, (en = ethylene diamine), identify the number of geometrical
isomers.
Ans: The number of geometrical isomers are two:

49. Whether the complex [Fe(en)2Cl2], Cl shows an optical isomerism?

Ans: In coordination complex of [Fe(en)2Cl2] Cl, only cis-isomer shows optical isomerism

50. What type of isomerism is exhibited by the complex [Co(en)3]3+?

Ans: Optical isomerism is exhibited by the [Co(en)3]3+ complex.
51. For the [Co(en)2Cl2]+ coordination entity draw the structures of their stereoisomers.
Ans: The geometrical isomers of [CoCl2(en)2]+ (2 isomers)

52. For the [Cr(C2O4)3]3- coordination entity draws the structures of their stereoisomers.
Ans:

53. For the [Co(NH3)3Cl3] coordination entity draws the structures of their stereoisomers.
Ans: The geometrical isomers of [Co(NH3)3Cl3] (2 isomers) :

54. Indicate the type of isomerism exhibited by the complex [Co(en)3]Cl3

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 (en = ethylene diamine)
Ans: [Co(en)3]Cl3 shows optical isomerism

55. Indicate the type of isomerism exhibited by the complex [Pt(NH3)2Cl2]

Ans: Pt(NH3)2Cl2] shows geometrical isomerism

56. How many geometrical isomers are possible in the coordination entity [Cr(C2O4)3]3– ?
Ans: No geometrical isomer is possible for [Cr(C2O4)3]3–
57. How many geometrical isomers are possible in the coordination entity [Co(NH3)3Cl3] ?
Ans: There are two types of ligands present i.e NH3 and Cl-. Coordination number is 6.
Therefore 2 isomers possible for the complex - facial and Meridional.
58. What is the difference between cis and trans isomers?
Ans: Cis isomers have the same ligands on adjacent coordination sites, while trans isomers
have the same ligands on opposite coordination sites.
59. What is the difference between geometrical isomerism and optical isomerism?
Ans: Geometrical isomerism is a type of isomerism in which the coordination complex has
different spatial arrangements of its ligands. Optical isomerism is a type of isomerism in which
the coordination complex is not superimposable on its mirror image.
60. A complex of the type [M(AA)2X2 ] n+ is known to be optically active. What does this indicate
about the structure of the complex? Give one example of such complex.
Ans: An optically active complex of the type [M(AA)2X2] n+ indicates cis-octahedral structure,
e.g. cis-[Pt (en)2Cl2 ] 2+ or cis-[Cr(en)2Cl2 ] +
61. What is the difference between valence bond theory (VBT) and crystal field theory (CFT)?
Ans: VBT explains the bonding in coordination compounds using the hybridization of the
central metal ion and the overlap of its orbitals with the orbitals of the ligands. CFT explains
the bonding in coordination compounds using the splitting of the d-orbitals of the central metal
ion in the presence of a ligand field.
62. What is the difference between inner orbital and outer orbital complexes?
Ans: Inner orbital complexes have the d-orbitals of the central metal ion involved in the
hydridisationa are in a lower energy level than s and p orbitals. Outer orbital complexes have
the d-orbitals of the central metal ion involved in the hybridization are in a same energy level
than s and p orbitals
63. What are t2g and eg orbitals?
Ans: In a free transition metal ion, the d orbitals are degenerate. When it form complex, the
degeneracy is split and d orbitals split into t2g and eg orbitals.
64. What is the significance of crystal field splitting energy (Δo)?

66
 Ans: Crystal field splitting energy (Δo) is the difference in energy between the two sets of d-
orbitals.
65. Write electronic configuration of [Cu(NH3)6]2+ on the basis of crystal field splitting theory.
Ans- In [Cu(NH3)6]2+, oxidation state of Cu = +2, Cu2+ = 3d9 3d 9 = t 62g e3g
66. Explain why low spin octahedral complexes of nickel are not known?
Ans: There are four empty orbitals in Ni while octahedral complexes require six empty orbitals.
67. Why the π-complexes are known for transition only?
Ans: Due to presence of empty d-orbitals in transition metals, they can accept electron pairs
from ligands containing π electrons.
68. What is spectrochemical series?
Ans: Spectrochemical series is the arrangement of common ligands in the increasing order of
their field strength. It is an experimentally determined series based on the absorption of light
by complexes with different ligands.
I– < Br– < SCN– < Cl– < S2- < F- < OH- < C2O42- < H2O < NCS- < NH3 < en < CO
69. What is the magnetic moment of a coordination compound?
Ans: The magnetic moment of a coordination compound is a measure of the number of unpaired
electrons in the complex.
70. What are the applications of coordination compounds in catalysis?
Ans: Coordination compounds are used as catalysts in a variety of industrial processes, such as
the polymerization of alkenes and the cracking of petroleum.
71. What is the magnetic nature of a low spin octahedral complex?
Ans: Diamagnetic.
72. What is the hybridization of the central metal atom in a tetrahedral complex?
Ans: sp3.
73. What is the crystal field splitting energy for a tetrahedral complex?
Ans: 2/3 of the crystal field splitting energy for an octahedral complex.
74. Why are low spin tetrahedral complexes not formed?
Ans: Because the crystal field splitting energy for a tetrahedral complex is not large enough to
overcome the pairing energy for the electrons.
75. How does the crystal field splitting energy affect the color of a complex?
Ans: The crystal field splitting energy can cause d-d transitions, which can absorb visible light.
The color of the complex is determined by the wavelength of light that is absorbed.
76. A metal ion Mn+ having d4 valence electronic configuration combines with three didentate
ligands to form a complex compound. Assuming ∆o > P
(i)Write the coordination number of the metal ion.
(ii)Write the electronic configuration of the metal.
Ans : (i) 6 (ii) t2g4 eg
77. On the basis of crystal field theory, write the electronic configuration of d4 ion if ∆o < P.
Ans: t32g e1g .
78. Explain why the coordination-complexes are known for transition elements only?
Ans: Transition metals have vacant d-orbitals which accept lone pair from ligands to form a
bond and give pair of electron to molecular orbital of ligand forming d π -p π -bond.
79. Nickel (II) does not form low spin octahedral complexes.
Ans: Ni2+ has unpaired electrons, therefore, forms high spin complex as pairing of electrons
does not take place because after pairing only one d-orbital will be left which cannot be used
in octahedral complex.

67
80. [Fe(CN)6]4- and [Fe(H20)6]2 + are of different colours in dilute solutions.
Ans: They absorb different wavelengths from visible light, undergo d-d transitions and radiate
complementary colour. CN- is stronger ligand than H2O.
81. [Cr(NH3) 6] 3+ is paramagnetic while [Ni(CN)4] 2– is diamagnetic. Explain why?
Ans: The presence of unpaired electrons in [Cr(NH3)6] 3+ explains its paramagnetic character
while [Ni(CN)4] 2– is diamagnetic, since there is no unpaired electrons.
82. What do you understand by ‘denticity of a ligand’?
Ans: Denticity: The number of coordinating groups present in a ligand is called the denticity of
ligand.
83. Give an example of denticity of a ligand.
Ans: Example, bidentate ligand ethane-1, 2-diamine has two donor nitrogen atoms which can
link to central metal atom
84. What will be the correct order of absorption of wavelength of light in the visible region for the
complexes, [Co(NH3)6]3+, [Co(CN)6]3–, [Co(H2O)6]3+ ?
Ans- The order of absorption of wavelength of light in the visible region: [Co(H2O)6]3+ >
[Co(NH3)6]3+ > [Co(CN)6]3–
85. Arrange the following complexes in increasing order of conductivity of their solutions.
[Co(NH3)3Cl3] , [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl ,[Co(NH3)6]Cl3 , [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
Ans- [Co(NH3)3Cl3] < [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl < [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 < [Co(NH3)6]Cl3
Reason-Higher the number of ions in the solution, higher is the conductivity. No. of ions:
[Co(NH3)3Cl3] = 0; [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl = 2[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 = 3; [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 = 4
86. When a coordination compound CrCl3.6H2O is mixed with AgNO3, 2 moles of AgCl are
precipitated per mole of the compound. Write structural formula of the complex.
Ans- For one mole of the compound, two moles of AgCl are precipitated which indicates that
two ionisable chloride ions in the complex. Hence, its structural formula is
[CrCl(H2O)5]Cl2.H2O
87. Which complex ion is formed when undecomposed AgBr is washed with hypo solution in
photography?
Ans: Sodium dithiosulphatoargentate (I) complex is formed

88. Why a solution of [Ni(H2O)6]2+ is green while a solution of [Ni(CN)4]2– is colourless?(At.no.

Ni = 28)
Ans:In [Ni(H2O)6]2+ complex, d-d transitions are taking place
89. Why CuSO4.5H2O is blue in colour while CuSO4 is colourless?
Ans: In CuSO4.5H2O, water acts as ligand and as a result d-d transition possible in
CuSO4.5H2O. Hence, it is coloured. Due to absence of water (ligand), d-d transition is not
possible in CuSO4
90. Write electronic configuration of d-orbitals in [Ti(H2O)6]3+ ion in an octahedral crystal field.
Ans: In [ Ti (H2O)6]3+, Ti is in +3 oxidation state and there is only one electron in d-orbital E.C
is t2g1 eg0
91. Why Co2+ is easily oxidized to Co3+ in presence of a strong ligand?
Ans: In presence of strong field ligand, Co(II) has electronic configuration t6 2g e1g. It can
easily lose one electron present in eg orbital to give stable t62g configuration.
92. Explain why [Fe(H2O)6 ] 3+ has magnetic moment value of 5.92 BM whereas [Fe(CN)6 ] 3– has
a value of only 1.74 BM.

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 Ans: [Fe(CN)6 ]3– involves d2 sp3 hybridization with one unpaired electron and [Fe (H2O)6]3+
involves sp3d2 hybridization with five unpaired electrons. This difference is due to the presence
of strong ligand CN– and weak ligand H2O in these complexes
93. How is EDTA used in estimation of hardness of water?
Ans. Hard water is titrated with Na2 ---EDTA complex for estimation of its hardness. During
the process, the Ca2+ and Mg2+ions form complex with EDTA replacing Na+. The method is
based on the difference in the stability constant of calcium and magnesium complexes.
94. Give two examples of ligands which form coordination compounds useful in analytical
chemistry.
Ans :(a) EDTA (Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid)
(b) Dimethyl glyoxime (DMG)
95. Give two examples of coordination compounds used in industries.
Ans: (a) Pure Ni can be obtained from Ni(CO)4
(b) Gold and Ag are extracted by the use of complex formation like Na[Ag(CN)2].
96. Give names of two complexes which are used in medicines.
(a)Cis – platin[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] is used in the treatment of cancer.
(b) EDTA is used in the treatment of lead poisoning.
97. Discuss the role of coordination compounds in extraction metallurgy of metals.
Ans: Extraction metallurgy of metals - Gold and silver are extracted from their ores through
formation of cyanide complexes [Ag(CN)2]– and [(Au(CN)2]– respectively.
98. Discuss the role of coordination compounds in analytical chemistry.
Ans: In analytical chemistry, they are used in qualitative analysis in which basic radicals are
determined by converting them into suitable complexes with specific colour. Ni, Co, Fe, Zn are
determined by converting them into complexes.
99. How is excess of copper and iron removed from body?
Ans. Excess of copper and iron are removed by chelating Ligands D – penicillamine and
desferrioxime B through the formation of coordination compounds.

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