Article On Project Planning and Scheduling - Sagar Gaur - AL
Article On Project Planning and Scheduling - Sagar Gaur - AL
Article On Project Planning and Scheduling - Sagar Gaur - AL
com
2022, Vol. 6, No. 3, 3535–3544
Sagar Gaur
Abstract
The construction sector in India aims to be the world's 3rd largest construction industry, with a 7.1
percent annual growth rate predicted by 2025. The Indian construction industry is accountable for a
9% share of India's GDP and provides employment to more than 50 million people. India is a project
driven country and around 60% of the Indian construction Projects are running behind Schedule.
Hence, Planning & Scheduling plays a vital role in completing projects within time and cost. The
Project Planning & Scheduling is the second phase of the project life cycle. In this phase, the planner
understands the contract and define Project Deliverables/ Key Milestones. The planner then creates a
detail project plan (also known as Detailed Work Programme (DWP)) to guide the execution team.
Planner breaks the Project Deliverables in Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and further into
activities and assign the required resources to complete those activities. Activities are tasks which
needs to be performed by the execution team like excavation, concreting and so on. While resources
are Manpower, Equipment and Material which are assigned to these activities for estimation of
activities duration. A detail list of WBS and activities are created along with the required resources.
All these activities are interconnected (using relationship like FS, SS, FF & SF) from start till end to
create a working project plan. The planner then coordinates with Construction Manager/ Project
Manager for validation of the project plan. The project planning & scheduling helps to cover the full
scope as per contract into a plan which benefits the project by reducing the time, cost, and risk on the
project. This phase is a vital step in conducting the construction work smoothly. There is a need to
understand the importance of Project Planning & Scheduling in success of a project. Project Planning
& Scheduling directly affects the HR functions in an organization. Not limited to this, other
departments are affected by the Project Planning & Scheduling phase. There are various available
software’s like Primavera P6 or MS Project to assist planner in preparation of project plan. Further,
AACE provide recommended guidelines (RP) like 39R-06 or 91R-16 on Schedule Development
which is very helpful and comes handy while preparing the Detailed Work Programme (DWP).
Lastly, Risk Register needs to be prepared, updated and incorporated in project plan.
Keywords— Project Planning, Project Scheduling, AACE, Planner, CPM, Primavera P6, MS Project
& Risk Register
considered during this stage are scope, with the activities is called scheduling. It not
milestones, deliverables, timeframes, and only handles the pace of the work but also
resources i.e. cost. Detailed Work Programme handles how the tasks are executed. The project
(DWP) contains various plans like Design Plan, management methodology started to grow from
Utility Diversion Plan, Execution Plan, 1950 by the CPM method. The Great Wall of
Resource Plan, Budget Plan, Procurement Plan China is a big example of project management
& so on. that was done in the 90s century. The project
management techniques are largely based in
II. RESEARCH AIM
1960 on the waterfall technique. So, the concept
Project planning is the process of doing a
of scheduling is not new around the world.
project step by step by dividing the project into
Mainly, construction planning is a challenging
WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) & further
and fundamental activity in the management of
into activities and scheduling is the process of
a construction project. A good project plan not
linking the activities using relationship like FS,
only calculate timeframe to complete the
SS, FF & SF and arranging resources and also
project but also develop the budget of the
optimizing the project i.e. Scheduling is the
project. Hence, developing a construction plan
process of arranging the work and also
is a fundamental, challenging & very critical
gathering the resources which are required. The
task in the management and execution of the
main aim of the project is to get the importance
project.
of project planning and scheduling, project
planner & project controls in the Indian
construction sector.
III.RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
There are some objectives of the research are
given below:
To evaluate how project planning & scheduling
works in the construction sector.
To evaluate how the pre-Project planning is
very helpful.
Preparation of Risk Register.
Importance of using AACE international
recommended guidelines.
To discuss the preparation of Detailed Work Source: (Hendrickson, 2008)
Programme (DWP) using Primavera P6 & MS Figure 1: Construction Planning
Project.
IV. BACKGROUND In this figure, the project plan is described.
Project planning and scheduling in the Through the project plan, the factors which are
construction sector is the process to know what affecting the construction sector are also
exactly to do, when to do and what resources described. By planning a task, it can help to
are needed to complete the task. Project reduce the time and budget of the plan.
planning serves as a roadmap for the entire (Muneeswaran, 2020).
project & project management process by Cost is divided further into direct cost i.e.
breaking down the scope of work as per labour, equipment, material cost and so on
contract into WBS and activities while while indirect cost i.e Transportation cost,
scheduling is the process to identify the Overhead cost, Depreciation cost, Taxes and so
resources which are needed to complete those on. While Schedule is prepared based on 02
tasks (Prasad, Vasugi, Venkatesan, & Bhat, types i.e. Time based or resource based.
2019). This arrangement of the resources along
The construction planning restricts the further According to Venkateswaran and Murugasan,
extension of the time within which the task or 2017, the aim of the study is the factors
the project must be done. The overall project affecting to delay of the project
plan has been divided into some tasks. Those (Venkateswaran, 2017). And the study also
tasks also need some resources to do those tasks determines what factors also affect the budget
within time. The resources are arranged of the project (Nouban, 2017). There are more
according to the task and through managing than twenty factors that can affect the time and
those tasks, which are the biggest matter of money of the constriction. The factors which
scheduling of a project plan. affect the cost and the time delay of the project
are,
V. LITERATURE REVIEW
• Insignificant project planning.
The literature review is the section where the
• Underestimate the schedule of the project.
whole process of planning and scheduling is
• Underestimate the cost of the project.
discussed.
• Bidding procedure.
According to Khun-anod and Limsawasd 2019,
• Long duration of the process.
there are many challenges in the construction
• Project execution based on Experience
projects (Khun-anod, 2019). Lack of
rather than based on Project Detailed Work
knowledge, skill, and experience are the main
Programme (DWP).
three barriers to completing a construction
• Unethical activities.
project (Dixit, 2017). The effort directly affects
• Poor Procurement Planning.
the project's success. Efforts are directly
• Poor communication with the stakeholders.
proportional to the success of the project. The
• Negligence in the site visit.
pre-project plan is the process to develop
• No Risk Management Plan.
sufficient strategies to avoid the risks and
Those are the most important factors that affect
arranging resources. Pre-project planning is an
the project time and the cost of the project.
owner-driven process. The pre-commitment
Those are the main factors for which ‘planning
process, risk management, and statement of the
and scheduling’ are very important.
work process are involved in the process of
planning (Bhosale, 2017). The pre-commitment
According to (Ryad, 2019), planning is the
is the process of committing to something in
process of doing something in some specific
advance. Risk management is also an important
steps. And the scheduling is the process of
one in planning. Risk management is the
gaining resources from the outside and also
process of controlling threats, identifying, and
arranges materials to do those steps (Ryad,
assessing organizational capital. And the work
2019). There is mainly the process of suitability
process is the process the work has been done.
and the efficient existing planning method,
And the working procedure is the procedure by
scheduling the performance and development
which the work is going in step by step.
control, scheduling concept and the knowledge-
based study. The process of scheduling and
planning goes in some steps. By completing
those steps, the full project is completed.
One Example of Project Plan using MS Project: Step 5 Ascertain the Risk Category like
Design, Procurement, etc.
will do that work. The project plan is focused planned against those in order to estimate
on the scope, time, cost, quality, environment, those risks within time. Otherwise, it will
safety, quality and risk of the work. lead to cost & time overrun. So, Risk
There are some basic steps involved in planning Register needs to be prepared showing
& scheduling for successful completion of the probability and impact of risk, thus,
project: calculating the risk value for each risk.
• Scope Planning: Specify the requirements • Communication Plan: For any project,
for the entire project and in order to create communication plan is required to make a
the WBS structure, scope planning for the suitable communication between the various
entire project is required so that the stakeholders to have timely decision. Also,
Engineers and the managing authority of the the communication between the workers,
project are able to finish the entire project managers and the supervisors are also
according to the timeline by fulfilling all the required so that there have no difficulties or
requirements. misunderstanding arises.
• Development of the project schedule: Scheduling is the process of providing the
Mapping the overall work of the entire resources, relationships, and schedule of the
project, develop the entire schedule for the tasks to calculate the completion time (Kanit,
project by creating WBS and activities in 2021). The schedule of the construction is based
detail and implement within the timeline. on the task, material, labor, and the time needed
• Resource Planning: Planning for the for completing the project. There are many
resources is also required so that it is ways to create a schedule which includes curve
possible to gather all the possible resources, S, network planning, the scheduling linear, etc.
or any extra resources required before start The construction planning and the scheduling
of the project in order to complete the are to improve the work efficiency of the
overall project successfully. Otherwise, the project. Effective material management and
overall timeline and the overall cost for the proper distribution of the material or the
entire project might be hampered. resources reduce the cost of the project and
• Design Planning: One of the most important reduce the lifetime of the project. Site planning
planning phase where Preliminary, Detailed, is a task that is done step by step on the site
Good for construction and As-built drawings (Hasan, 2019). Planning is the process by which
programme is prepared. the work simplifies. Scheduling is the process
• Procurement Planning: Besides scope of arranging the resources and managing those
planning and budget planning focusing on steps in a tabular form. The scheduling is the
the outside vendors and the subcontracting steps of the planning activities. That’s why
are also required to prepare the procurement planning and scheduling are very important
of materials and equipment to complete the criteria to do work properly. And reduce the
overall project successfully. project time and cost of the project.
• Budget Planning: To complete the overall
IX. RECOMMENDATION
project within the budget the planner needs
Mitigate the limitation of the project planning
to pre-planned for the estimate budget for
and the scheduling of the project. These above
the entire project so that they are able to
sections must be improved further, so that the
finish their work and also able to measure if
importance of the project planning and
any extra cost is required for completing the
scheduling can be focused further and proper
project.
planning to be carried out before construction
• Risk Management Plan: Before start any of
(Saad, 2020). The planning and scheduling can
the projects, the planner needs to list down
help the project complete within time without
the possible risks while performing the
cost overruns. The plan can define the work
overall work and also needs to be pre-
purpose and the schedule of the work can define