Geg 311 Vector Functions
Geg 311 Vector Functions
Geg 311 Vector Functions
Vector Functions
Partial, Directional Derivative
Differentiable Transformation
Gradients, Divergence, Curls Dr. Patrick S. Olayiwola
Dr. John Ogbemhe
Engr. Chidi Onyedikan
Vector Functions
Defn: Let 𝐴 ⊆ ℝ𝑛 be an open set. A function 𝑓: 𝐴 → ℝ𝑚 is
said to be differentiable at 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 if there is aa linear
transformation, called the derivative of 𝑓 at 𝑎, 𝐷𝑎(𝑓):ℝ𝑛 →
ℝ𝑚 such that
𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑎 − 𝐷𝑎(𝑓)(𝑥 − 𝑎)
lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
Denoting 𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ − 𝑓 𝑎 − 𝐷𝑎(𝑓)(𝑎)(ℎ) as 𝐸(ℎ), we
write
𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ − 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝐷𝑎 𝑓 ℎ + 𝐸(ℎ)
i.e., 𝑓: 𝐴 → ℝ𝑚 is said to be differentiable at 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 if there
is a linear transformation 𝐷𝑎(𝑓)(ℎ) such that
𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ − 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝐷𝑎 𝑓 ℎ + 𝐸(ℎ)
𝐸(𝑥−𝑎)
With 𝐸(ℎ) a function that satisfies lim =0
ℎ→0 ℎ
Vector Functions
Example: Let
ℝ3 × ℝ3 → ℝ
𝑓:
(𝒙, 𝒚) → 𝒙 ∙ 𝒚
be the dot product in ℝ3. Show that 𝑓 is differentiable and
that
𝐷(𝒙,𝒚) 𝑓 𝒉, 𝒌 = 𝒙 ∙ 𝒚 + 𝒉 ∙ 𝒌
Solution: 𝑓 𝒙 + 𝒉, 𝒚 + 𝒌 − 𝑓 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝒉 ∙ 𝒚 + 𝒌
=𝒙∙𝒚+𝒙∙𝒌+𝒉∙𝒚+𝒉∙𝒌−𝒙∙𝒚
=𝒙∙𝒌+𝒉∙𝒚+𝒉∙𝒌
Since 𝒙 ∙ 𝒌 + 𝒉 ∙ 𝒚 is a linear function of (𝒉, 𝒌) if we choose
𝑬 𝒉 = 𝒉 ∙ 𝒌, using CBS inequality, i.e., 𝒉 ∙ 𝒌 ≤ 𝒉 𝒌 and
𝑬(𝒉)
lim ≤ 𝒌 = 0 QED
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝒉
Partial and Directional Derivative
Defn: Let 𝐴 ⊆ ℝ𝑛 , a function 𝑓: 𝐴 → ℝ𝑚 and put
𝑓1(𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛)
𝑓2(𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛)
𝑓 𝒙 =
⋮
𝑓𝑚(𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛)
𝜕𝑓𝑖
Here 𝑓𝑖 : ℝ𝑛 → ℝ. The partial derivative is defined as
𝜕𝑥𝑗
𝜕𝑓𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑥1,…,𝑥𝑗+ℎ,…,𝑥𝑛 −𝑓𝑖(𝑥1,…,𝑥𝑗,…,𝑥𝑛)
𝜕𝑗 𝑓𝑖 = =lim
𝜕𝑥𝑗 ℎ→0 ℎ
whenever the limit exist.
Example: If 𝑓: ℝ3 → ℝ and 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧3 + 3𝑥𝑦2𝑧3, then
𝜕𝑓
𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 1 + 3𝑦2𝑧3,
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 2𝑦 + 6𝑥𝑦𝑧3,
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓
𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 3𝑧2 + 9𝑥𝑦2𝑧2,
𝜕𝑧
Partial and Directional Derivative
Let 𝑓(𝒙) be a vector-valued function. Then its derivative in
the direction 𝒖 is defined as
𝑑
𝐷𝑢𝑓 𝒙 ≔ 𝐷𝑓 𝒙 𝒖 = 𝑓 𝒗 + 𝛼𝒖 𝛼 = 0,
𝑑𝛼
for all values of 𝒖.
Differentiable Transformations
Let 𝐴 ⊆ ℝ𝑛, 𝐵 ⊆ ℝ𝑚 be open sets 𝒇, 𝒈: 𝐴 → ℝ𝑚, 𝛼 ∈ ℝ, be
differentiable on 𝐵, and 𝑓(𝐴) ⊆ 𝐵. Then we have
Addition rule: 𝐷𝒙 𝒇 + 𝛼𝒈 = 𝐷𝒙 𝒇 + 𝐷𝒙 𝒈
Chain rule: 𝐷𝒙 𝒉 ⋄ 𝒇 = 𝐷𝒇(𝒙) 𝒉 + 𝐷𝒙 𝒇
Example: Let
𝒇 𝑢, 𝑣 = (𝑢𝑒𝑣, 𝑢 + 𝑣, 𝑢𝑣)
𝒉 𝑥, 𝑦 = (𝑥2 + 𝑦, 𝑦 + 𝑧)
Find 𝒇 ⋄ 𝒉 ’ 𝑥, 𝑦 .
Solution:
𝑒𝑣 𝑢𝑒𝑣
2𝑥 1 0
𝒇 𝑢, 𝑣 = 1 1 and ℎ′ 𝑥, 𝑦 =
𝑣 𝑢 0 1 1
Differentiable Transformations
Observe that
𝑒 𝑦+𝑧 (𝑥2 + 𝑦)𝑒 𝑦+𝑧
𝒇′ ℎ 𝑥, 𝑦 = 1 1
𝑦+𝑧 𝑥2 + 𝑦
𝑓 ⋄ ℎ ’ 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑓 ′ ℎ 𝑥, 𝑦 ℎ′ 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑒 𝑦+𝑧 (𝑥2 + 𝑦)𝑒 𝑦+𝑧
2𝑥 1 0
= 1 1
2 0 1 1
𝑦+𝑧 𝑥 +𝑦
𝒆𝟏 𝒆𝟐 𝒆𝟑 𝒆𝟒
𝜕1 𝜕2 𝜕3 𝜕4
= 𝑑𝑒𝑡 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 0 0 𝑤2 = 𝑥𝑧 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝒆4
0 0 𝑧 0