28 通信 Ecohydrology riffle-pool Ecohydrology - 2023 - Wang
28 通信 Ecohydrology riffle-pool Ecohydrology - 2023 - Wang
28 通信 Ecohydrology riffle-pool Ecohydrology - 2023 - Wang
DOI: 10.1002/eco.2579
RESEARCH ARTICLE
1
State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and
Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan Abstract
University, Chengdu, China
Riffle-pool constructions are common practice in river management and fish conser-
2
Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
vation, but insufficient science exists to guide objective design of riffle-pool. Under-
Alberta, Canada standing the spatial design of a riffle-pool in river systems has significant value
3
Department of Infrastructure Engineering, because it can provide important information to ameliorate aquatic species decline.
The University of Melbourne, Melbourne,
Australia In this study, six types of riffle-pool structures were designed to assess hydrodynamic
and riverbed morphology effects on stream habitat status. A two-dimensional ecohy-
Correspondence
Weiwei Yao, State Key Laboratory of draulic model was used to assess the roles of different riffle-pool designs in river hab-
Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering,
itat conditions. The natural flow condition and three types of flood flow conditions
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
Email: [email protected]; science_research@ were applied to the six types of riffle-pool structures to evaluate the habitat quality
126.com
and the sustainability of the riffle-pool design in mountain rivers. The long-term
Funding information impacts of the hydrodynamic and hydromorphology conditions on river physical habi-
National Key Research and Development
tat status were also analysed. The results indicate substantial differences in habitat
Program of China, Grant/Award Number:
2022YFC3202002 quality among six riffle-pool structures. It was found that narrow riffle-pool construc-
tion yielded the best performance for the fish habitat, which had the best habitat
quality among six riffle-pool designs with the smallest pool area. In the same riffle-
pool structure, the habitat suitability in the riffle-pool sequence will primarily increase
more rapidly and then decrease gradually along with the discharge increase. Under
the flood discharge scenarios, low flood discharge could improve riffle-pool habitat
quality, while high flood discharge could fragment the riffle-pool habitat quality fur-
ther. The long-term hydrodynamic conditions have the same effects on all six cases.
Overall, low discharge and smaller pool design would be beneficial to the river sys-
tem, which could help maintain habitat diversity of mountain rivers. This analysis
could provide valuable information for river management and decision-making, which
could assist in designing better mountain river habitats to promote conservation and
rehabilitation of endangered biota.
KEYWORDS
habitat suitability, hydrodynamic conditions, riffle-pool, river habitat conservation and
rehabilitation, two-dimensional ecohydraulic modelling tools
2 | MATERIALS AND METHOD In each case, the distance between the two pools was equal. The
topography of six sequences and different riffle-pool sequence config-
2.1 | Experimental design urations are indicated in Figure 1.
Two types of discharge, normal (including low, middle and high) dis-
Six riffle-pool sequences with total areas of approximately charge and flood flush, are conducted in this study to evaluate habitat
6.4 104 m2 were designed. For six sequences, the pools are evenly quality for riffle-pool sequences under these two flow conditions. The
distributed, with spacing between two pools of 10 m. From cases 1 to normal discharge is used to determine the riffle-pool sequences habitat
6, the pools' widths are 10, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 m, respectively. quality, while the flood flush is used to determine the stability of the
FIGURE 1 Tophography map (a) and pool configuration (b) for six designed riffle-pool sequences. Top to bottom is case 1 to case 6.
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4 of 18 WANG ET AL.
riffle-pool sequences. The computational domain was composed of where x and y are the horizontal and vertical directions in coordi-
9658 meshes and 9067 nodes; bed elevations were interpolated from nate system (); u and v are depth-integrated velocity components
surveyed cross-section values and the flow chart of the model system in x and y directions, respectively (m/s); h is the fluid column height
is shown in Figure 2. The model contains three components: (1) the (m); t is the time (s); g is the gravitational acceleration (m/s2); η is
hydrodynamic simulation model, (2) the sediment transport simulation the water surface elevation (m); xu and xv are the depth-integrated
model and (3) the habitat model based on preference curves. Reynolds stress (m2/s); Ar is Archimedes number; and T is
temperature.
To simulate the river flow turbulence, the standard k–ε turbulence
2.2 | Description of hydrodynamic simulation model was used to solve the momentum equation (Shaheed
et al., 2019). The standard k–ε model contains two transport equa-
In the riffle-pool sequences, the governing equations for simulating tions, one for the turbulence kinetic energy (k) term and the other one
flow characteristics in rivers are the continuity equation and the for its dissipation rate (ϵ) term (Ferziger et al., 2002). The k in the
momentum equation (Dresback et al., 2005): model equation was derived from the exact equation, while the ε in
Continuity equation the model transport equation was obtained from physical reasoning.
Turbulent kinetic energy equation
∂h ∂h ∂h
þu þv ¼0 ð1Þ
∂t ∂x ∂y
∂k ∂k ∂k ∂ ∂k ∂ ∂k
þu þv ¼ χk þ χk ε Gb þ Gk ð4Þ
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
Momentum equation
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂η 1 ∂hχ u ∂hχ u Dissipation rate equation
þ u þ v ¼ g þ þ ArT ð2Þ
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x h ∂x ∂y
∂ε ∂ε ∂ε ∂ ∂ε ∂ ∂ε C2 ε2 ε ε
þu þv ¼ χε þ χε C1 C3 Gb þ C1 Gk
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂η 1 ∂hχ v ∂hχ v ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y k k k
þ u þ v ¼ g þ þ ArT ð3Þ
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂y h ∂x ∂y ð5Þ
FIGURE 2 Flowchart of the ecohydraulic model system for assessing habitat suitability of six riffle-pool sequences.
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WANG ET AL. 5 of 18
where Gb and Gk represent the turbulent kinetic energy production 1 V tur 1 V tur
Xk ¼ þ , Xε ¼ þ ð7Þ
due to shear and due to buoyancy, respectively. Gb and Gk are based Re σ k Re σ ε
on Boussinesq's assumptions. They can be written as follows:
The turbulent eddy viscosity is defined by V tur ¼ cμ k2 =ε, which
cμ k 2 2 will be applied to measure the turbulence strength and its develop-
ε ∂T ∂T k ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
Gb ¼ Ar þ eg ; Gk ¼ Cμ þ þ þ ð6Þ
σT ∂x ∂y ε ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y ment. For the standard k–ε model, model constants cμ , σ K , σ ε , σ T , C1 ,
C2 and C3 are 0.09, 1.00, 1.30, 0.90, 1.44, 1.92 and 1.00, respectively
where eg is a vector in the direction of gravity and σ T is turbulent (Versteeg & Malalasekera, 2007).
Prandtl number. In the turbulence equation, the diffusion coefficients
are described as follows:
2.3 | River bed shear stress and river bed evolution
T A B L E 1 Three evaluation criteria of habitat suitability index with River bed shear stress is a crucial hydrodynamics parameter, which
the riffle-pool sequences. can potentially impact river bed evolution and therefore the fish habi-
tat (Lee et al., 2019; Mirauda & Russo, 2020). The river bed shear
Habitat suitability index Level Percentage of HSI level
stress can be calculated as:
0.0–0.3 Low LSP
0.3–0.7 Middle MSP
1 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
τb ¼ ρCd ðu, v Þ u2 þ v2 ð8Þ
0.7–1.0 High HSP 2
F I G U R E 3 The simulated distribution of (a) water depth, (b) flow velocity (b) and (c) substrates for six designed riffle-pool sequences under
low, medium and high discharge (low discharge = 100 m3/s, medium discharge = 340 m3/s, high discharge = 630 m3/s).
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6 of 18 WANG ET AL.
2g where SIv is the suitability index of flow velocity, SId is the suitability
Cd ¼ M2a ð9Þ
h1=3 index of water depth and SIs is the suitability index of sediment
grain size.
where τb is shear stress (kg/ms2), ρ is the density of water, Cd is the WUA and OSI are defined as follows:
friction coefficient () and Mα is Manning friction.
The riverbed evolution can be calculated from a sediment continu-
ity equation, known as the Exner equation (Coleman & Nikora, 2009;
González-Aguirre et al., 2022):
0
∂Z ∂Qbs ∂Qbn
b
1p þ þ ¼0 ð10Þ
∂t ∂x ∂y
τb
θ¼ ð12Þ
ðρs ρÞgd50
where C is the Chézy friction coefficient (), C90 is the grain size-
related Chézy value (), θ is the Shields parameter, θcr is the critical
Chézy value (0.047), ρρs is relative density () and d50 is fractional grain
size (m).
X
M 2.5 | Model setup
WUA ¼ Ai HSIi,t ð14Þ
i¼1
P
M This model was run on six riffle-pool sequences with 32 simulations.
Ai HSIi Finite volume method was employed to solve the model system cou-
OSI ¼ i¼1 M 100% ð15Þ
P pling all governing equations used in this study. Three types of bound-
Ai
i¼1 ary conditions, inlet, outlet and side boundary, were applied in the
where HSIi is the habitat suitability index of cell i, Ai is the horizontal model system. Flow discharge and time were applied as the boundary
surface of cell i and M is the total number of grid meshes. condition at the riffle-pool sequence inlet. The initial water depth and
The HSP, MSP and LSP indicate the percentage of habitat suit- velocity in the riffle-pool sequences were 0. The elevation was set as
ability that is high, middle and low for fish species in the studied sites, the outlet boundary condition, and zero gradient outflow boundaries
respectively: were adopted for turbulent kinetics and velocity. The riverside bank
was set as a solid wall boundary condition.
P
Μ
In the model system, the dynamic flow velocity and water depth
ΗSIAi ≥ 0:7
ι¼1 could be calculated by the hydrodynamic model. The suspended con-
HSP 100% ð16aÞ
P
M
Ai centration and riverbed substrate distributions were solved by sedi-
i¼1
ment transport. Subsequently, the calculated flow velocity, water
depth and substrates were used as inputs in the habitat model to pre-
P
Μ
0:3 ≤ HSIAi < 0:7 dict the HSI, WUA, OSI, HSP, MSP and LSP. The fish habitat suitability
MSP ¼ ι¼1 100% ð16bÞ level could then be evaluated. More details about the model setup are
P
M
Ai
i¼1
introduced in Yao (2016) and Zhang et al. (2016).
P
Μ
HSIAi < 0:3
3 | RE SU LT S
LSP ¼ ι¼1 100% ð16cÞ
P
M
Ai
i¼1 3.1 | Hydrodynamic simulation results
3.4 | Three flood flow effects on habitat quality sequences. With the increase of flood flow, the riverbed deforma-
tion intensity is becoming more serious with a maximum deposition
Three types of flood flow (Q1, Q2 and Q3) were selected to evaluate of 3.7 m in pools and 2.7 m in riffles. It is noted that the stability of
the physical stability and the fish habitat fluctuation of riffle-pool the riffle-pool sequences is becoming better along with the increas-
sequences. Riverbed deformation intensity patterns for six riffle- ing of pool areas and the structure of case 6 is the most stable
pool sequences under these three flood scenarios are illustrated in among all six cases.
Figures 6 and 7. It is noted that the deformation of riffle-pool Figure 8 shows the substrates distribution for six riffle-pool
sequences is sensitive to the flood flow (especially cases 1 and 2) sequences under three designed flood scenarios. It is indicated that
and the high flood flush had significant impacts on riffle-pool the substrate size becomes finer in the pools while the grain size
FIGURE 7 Evolution of the longitudinal section for six riffle-pool sequences under original scenario and three types of flood flush.
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10 of 18 WANG ET AL.
scenario, the low HSI values are mainly located in pools, and high
HSI values are located in riffles, as well as near the riverbank. Under
the first flood flush scenario, the HSI quality in riffles is improved
when compared with the initial scenario. Under the second flood
flush scenario, the habitat quality is worse than the first flood flush
scenario, and the worst HSI quality is displayed under the third
flood flush.
The WUA and OSI values under three flood flush scenarios are
shown in Figure 10. It is indicated that case 1 has the highest WUA
and OSI values. The case 1 WUA values are 45,455, 50,374, 45,312
and 45,679 m2 for Q0, Q1, Q2 and Q3 flood flush, respectively. The
OSI values of case 1 are 0.69, 0.77, 0.69 and 0.70 for the initial, first,
second and third types of flood flush scenarios, respectively. It is
noted that the WUA and OSI values in cases 2 and 3 are lower than
the related values in case 1, while the WUA and OSI values in cases
4 to 6 are kept at the same level, having the lowest values among all
riffle-pool sequences. It is also noted that these flood flushes do not
have significant effects on the riffle-pool habitat quality. Figure 11
shows the LSP, MSP and HSP for all six riffle-pool sequences; notably,
case 1 has the highest HSP values, with values of 0.76, 0.84, 0.76
and 0.76 for initial, first, second and third types of flood flush sce-
nario, respectively. The HSP shows a slightly decreasing trend from
cases 1 to 6, while the LSP shows a slightly increasing trend from
cases 1 to 6. Overall, the physical stability of these riffle-pool
sequences is in good condition, and the fish habitat quality is also
within a reasonable range.
F I G U R E 9 The HSI simulation results for six riffle-pool sequences under original scenarios and three types of flood flush. (Q0 = 300 m3/s;
Q1 = 400 m3/s; Q2 = 500 m3/s; Q3 = 600 m3/s).
He, 2020; Schwartz et al., 2015; Wyrick & Pasternack, 2014). Also, Discharge Low Medium High Low Medium High
substrates are the main physical indexes affecting aquatic habitats Case 1 1.44 5.09 2.02 0.22 0.78 0.31
(Hellmair et al., 2018; Yarnell et al., 2019). Riffle-pool sequences pro- Case 2 1.42 4.54 1.83 0.21 0.70 0.28
vide preferable habitat for fish species and aquatic organisms with
Case 3 1.30 4.53 2.07 0.20 0.69 0.32
diverse hydrological and bed material conditions (Salmela et al., 2020;
Case 4 1.09 4.14 2.07 0.17 0.63 0.32
Schwartz et al., 2015). These hydrodynamic conditions combine to
Case 5 1.45 4.10 1.54 0.22 0.63 0.24
form unique habitats, which facilitate the refuge and breed of fish
Case 6 1.18 4.05 2.08 0.18 0.62 0.32
species and aquatic organisms.
F I G U R E 1 1 The LSP, MSP and HSP for six riffle-pool sequences under original scenarios and three types of flood flush, (Q0 = 300 m3/s;
Q1 = 400 m3/s; Q2 = 500 m3/s; Q3 = 600 m3/s).
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WANG ET AL. 13 of 18
stability (Chapuis et al., 2014; Hassan et al., 2022; MacVicar & 5 | CONC LU SIONS
Roy, 2011). Riffle-pool sequences can be widely employed in moun-
tain rivers with their unique hydraulic characteristics (Ruiz-Campos In this study, an ecohydraulic model was employed to investigate
et al., 2022; Taylor, 2000). In addition, the diversity of hydrody- the habitat suitability for six types of riffle-pool sequences under
namic and geomorphic environments in riffle-pool sequences pro- different discharges. The HSI was simulated based on water depth,
vide suitable habitat to all life stage of fish, satisfying different flow velocity and substrate distribution. The WUA and OSI were
requirements under various flow conditions (Brown & calculated. Flood flushes were also used to analyse the habitat sta-
Pasternack, 2009; Choi et al., 2020; Hassan et al., 2022; Hauer bility of riffle-pool sequences. The proposed riffle-pool evaluation
et al., 2011). This analysis could provide valuable information in with mountain river restoration strategies provides advance knowl-
mountain river conservation, which could assist in designing better edge to promote mountain river ecosystem management. This study
mountain river habitats to promote conservation and rehabilitation could also provide valuable information for river management, which
of endangered biota. could assist in designing better mountain river habitats to promote
conservation.
The simulation results suggested that a smaller pool area would
4.3 | The advantage and limitation of the improve the habitat quality of riffle-pool sequences. Besides, the first
ecohydraulic model system flood flush was beneficial to riffle-pool habitat quality. The habitat
quality would decrease slightly under a second flood flush. The third
In this study, only three main physical indexes were considered. How- flood flush could destroy the riffle-pool sequences, resulting in poor
ever, water temperature and quality are also important elements to habitat quality. It is worth noting that the simulation results in this
evaluate habitat diversity in some rivers and streams (Liu et al., 2022; study can be easily extended to other reaches in mountain rivers or
Morid et al., 2020). Water quality and physical habitat play important upstream from large rivers, providing valuable information for
roles in ecosystem health (Liao et al., 2018; Shahiri Tabarestani researchers devoted to studying riffle-pool sequences.
et al., 2022). Water temperature displays little difference in this study,
and the water quality in mountain rivers is often not considered (Liu
et al., 2020). LIST OF SYMBOLS
The ecohydraulic model system may overpredict or underpre- Ai the area of the mesh i
dict the ecological status, but the accuracy of the model can be Ar Archimedes number
enhanced by applying a support vector machine (SVM) and func- χu,v turbulence diffusivity scalar
tional data analysis (FDA), or by improving the precision of SI curves χk,ε diffusivity scalar
and SI combinations (Bellamy et al., 2020; Boudreault et al., 2022; θ non-dimensional skin friction number/shields number
Cervantes et al., 2020; Rosenfeld et al., 2016). Overall, the ecohy- θcr critical shields value
draulic model has been widely used in river ecosystem management vt the eddy viscosity
and has been proven to be an increasingly valuable tool. This model C1, C3 the constant values 1.44 and 1, respectively
can simultaneously predict hydrodynamic conditions, sediment Cd Chezy friction coefficient
transport and habitat distribution. This model provides a quantita- d50 particle size parameter in 50%
tive way to link river fluvial, sediment transport and habitat quality g gravitational acceleration
to evaluate the riffle-pool ecosystem status. In doing so, it could be Gb, k The production of turbulent kinetic energy due to shear
able to better characterize the riffle-pool sequence's ecological and due to buoyancy, respectively
integrity and ecological connectivity response to discharge h fluid column height
fluctuation. HSI habitat suitability index
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APPENDIX A