LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

ANAPHY - LECTURE
FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHATIC COMPONENTS OF THE LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM SYSTEM
1. Fluid balance – Lymphatic system keeps LYMPHS:
body fluid levels in balance
- Fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries
2. Fat absorption – The lymphatic system
composed of water and some solutes
absorbs lipids and other substances from the
digestive tract through lymphatic vessels LYMPHOCYTES
called lacteals located in the lining of the
small intestine. LYMPHATIC VESSELS
3. Defense - Because the lymphatic system is LYMPH NODES
involved with fighting infections, as well as
filtering blood and lymph to remove TONSILS
pathogens, many infectious diseases produce
symptoms associated with the lymphatic SPLEEN
system THYMUS GLAND
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND LYMPH LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
DRAINAGE
Carries fluid in one direction from tissues to
circulatory system

Fluid moves from blood capillaries into tissue spaces

Lymphatic capillaries:
 Tiny, closed-ended vessels
 Fluid moves easily into
 In most tissues
 Join to form lymphatic vessels

LYMPHATIC VESSELS
Lymphatic vessels:

 Resemble small veins

 Where lymphatic capillaries join
 One-way valves

Right lymphatic duct:

 Where lymphatic vessels from right upper

limb and right head, neck, chest empty.
 Empties into right subclavian vein.

Thoracic duct:

 Rest of body empties from lymphatic

vessels.
 Empties into left subclavian.
 LYMPHATIC ORGANS
THE SPLEEN
Tonsils:
The spleen is:
 Palatine tonsils on each side of oral cavity
 Size of clenched fist
 Pharyngeal tonsils near internal opening of
 Located in abdomen
nasal cavity (adenoid)
 Lingual tonsils posterior surface of tongue  Filters blood
 Detect and respond to foreign substances
 Form a protective ring of lymphatic tissue
around nasal and oral cavities  Destroy old red blood cells
 Blood reservoir
THE TONSILS
WHITE PULP: lymphatic tissue surrounding
arteries
RED PULP: contains macrophages and red blood
cells that connect to vein

LYMPH NODES
Lymph nodes are:

 Rounded structures that vary in size

 Located near lymphatic vessels
THE THYMUS GLAND
 Groin, armpit, neck
 Lymph passes through lymph nodes before
entering blood The thymus gland is:

 Bilobed gland
- Lymph moves through and immune system
 Located in mediastinum behind the sternum
- Is activated (lymphocytes produced) if
 Stops growing at age 1
foreign substances are detected
 At age 60 decreases in size
- Removal of microbes by macrophages
  Produces and matures lymphocytes CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
IMMUNITY WHITE BLOOD CELLS:

Immunity is the ability to resist damage from foreign  Produce in red bone marrow and lymphatic
substances. tissue that fight foreign substances
Immunity can protect against microbes, toxins, and PHAGOCYTIC CELLS:
cancer cells.
 Ingest and destroy foreign substances
Types of immunity:  Example-neutrophils and macrophages
 Innate NEUTROPHILS:
 Adaptive
 First to respond to infection but die quickly
INNATE IMMUNITY
EOSINOPHILS:
Innate immunity is:
 Produced in red bone marrow
 Present at birth  Release chemicals to reduce inflammation
 Defense against any pathogen
 Accomplished by physical barriers, chemical BASOPHILS:
mediators, cells, inflammatory response  Made in red bone marrow
PHYSICAL BARRIERS  Leave blood and enter infected tissues
 Can release histamine
- First line of defense
- Skin and mucous membranes to act as MACROPHAGES:
barriers
 Initially were monocytes
- Tears, saliva, urine wash away pathogens
 Leave blood and enter tissues
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS  Can ingest more than neutrophils
 Protect lymph in lymph nodes and blood in
- Chemical mediators are chemicals that can
 Spleen and liver
kill microbes and prevent their entry into
 Given specific names for certain areas of
cells
body (Kupffer cells in liver)
Lysozyme:
MAST CELLS:
- Found in tears and saliva to kill bacteria
 Made in red bone marrow
Mucous membranes:  Found in skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract,
urogenital tract
- Prevent entry of microbes  Can release leukotrienes
Histamine:
NATURAL KILLER CELLS:
- Promote inflammation by causing
 Type of lymphocyte
vasodilation
 Produce in red bone marrow
Interferons:  Recognize classes of cells such as tumor
cells or virus infected cells
- Proteins that protect against viral infections  Release chemicals to lysis cells
by stimulating surrounding cells to produce
antiviral proteins. INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
The inflammatory response:
- Involves chemical and cells due to injury
 - Signeted by presence of foreign substances SELF-ANTIGEN:
- Stimulates release of chemical mediators
- Molecule produced by the person’s body
that stimulates an immune system response

ANTIBODY:
- Proteins the body produces in response to an
antigen.

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF

LYMPHOCYTES
STEM CELLS:

 Red bone marrow

 Give rise to all blood cells
 Give rise to some pre-T cells and pre-B cells

LYMPHOCYTES
Lymphocytes are:

 Type of WBC
 Involved in adaptive immunity
 Develop from stem cells
 Differentiate into specific lymphocytes such
as B or T cells
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
B CELLS:
Adaptive immunity is defense that involves specific
recognition to a specific antigen.  Types of lymphocytes
 Involved in antibody-mediated immunity
This immunity:  Originate from stem cells
 Mature in red bone marrow
 Is acquired after birth
 Move to lymphatic tissue after mature
 Reacts when innate defenses don't work
 Lead to production of antibodies
 Slower than innate immunity
 Has memory T CELLS:
 Uses lymphocytes (b and t cells)
 2 types of antibody-mediated and cell-  Type of lymphocytes
mediated  Involved in cell-mediated immunity
primarily and antibody-mediated immunity
TERMS RELATED TO ADAPTIVE  Mature in thymus gland
IMMUNITY  Move to lymphatic tissue after mature
 4 types
ANTIGEN:
- Substance that stimulates an immune
response.
- Example – bacteria, virus, pollen, food,
drugs
 ANTIGEN RECOGNITION  Effective against antigens in body fluids
(blood and lymph)
- Lymphocytes have antigen receptors on their
 Effective against bacteria, viruses, toxins
surface
 Use B cells to produce antibodies
- Called B-cells receptors on B cells and T-
cell receptor on T cells ANTIBODY STRUCTURE
- Each receptor only binds with a specific
antigen Antigen-binding site:
- When antigen receptors combine with the
- Site on antibody where antigen binds
antigen, the lymphocytes is activated, and
adaptive immunity begins Valence:
THE MCH MOLECULE - Number of antigen-binding sites on antibody
The major histocompatibility complex molecule 5 classes of immunoglobin used to destroy antigens:
(MHC):
- IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD
 Contain binding sites for antigens
 Specific for certain antigens
 Hold and present a processed antigen on the
surface of the cell membrane

CYTOKINES
Cytokines are:

 Proteins secreted by a cell that regulates

neighboring cells
 Example – interleukin 1 released by
macrophages stimulates helper T cells CLASSES OF ANTIBODIES
IgG
LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION
 80 to 85% in serum
1. After antigen is processed and present to
 Activates compliment and increases
helper T cells, helper T cell produces
phagocytes
interleukin-2 and interleukin 2-receptors
 Can cross the placenta and provide
2. Interleukin-2 binds to receptors and
protection to the fetus
stimulates more helper T cells production
 Responsible for Rh reactions, such as
3. Helper T cells are needed to produce B cells
hemolytic disease of the newborn\
4. B cells produce antibodies
DUAL NATURE OF THE IMMUNE IgM
SYSTEM  5 to 10% in serum
 Activates compliment
- Lymphocytes give rise to 2 types of immune  Acts as an antigen binding receptor on the
responses: antibody-mediated and cell- surface of B cells
mediated  Responsible for transfusion reactions in the
- Antigens can trigger both types of responses ABO blood system
- Both types are able to recognize self versus  Often the first antibody produced in
nonself, use specificity, and have memory. response to an antigen
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Antibody-mediated immunity is:
IgA
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
 15% in serum
 Secreted into saliva, into tears, and onto - Cell-mediated immunity is used against
antigens in cells and tissues.
mucous membranes
- It is effective against intracellular bacteria,
 Protects body surfaces
viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
 Found in colostrum and milk to provide
- It uses different types of T cells.
immune protection to the newborn
TYPES OF T CELLS FOR CELL-
IgE
MEDIATED IMMUNITY
 0.002% in serum HELPER T CELLS (𝑻𝑯 ):
 Binds to mast cells and basophils and
stimulates the inflammatory response  Activate macrophages
 Help from B cells
IgD  Promote production of 𝑇𝐶
 0.2% in serum CYTOTOXIC T CELLS (𝑻𝑪 ):
 Functions as an antigens-binding receptor on
B cells  Precursor to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)

CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES (CTL):

 Destroy antigen on contract

REGULATORY T CELLS (𝑻𝒓 ):

 Turn off immune system response when

antigen is gone
TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Naturally Acquired Immunity

Active:
EFFECTS OF ANTIBODIES  Natural exposure to antigens causes
- Inactive antigen production of antibodies
- Bind antigens together  Can be lifelong immunity
- Active complement cascades  Example – mononucleosis
- Initiates release of inflammatory chemicals
Passive:
- Facilitates phagocytosis
ANTIBODY PRODUCTION  Transfer of antibodies from mother to child
 Example – breast milk or placenta
The secondary response involves:
Artificially Acquired Immunity
MEMORY CELLS:
Active:
 Occurs when immune system is exposed to
antigen that has been seen before  Injection of antigens using vaccines which
cause the production of antibodies
 B memory cells quickly divided to form
plasma cells which produce antibodies  Immunization is a process of introducing
killed, live, or inactivated pathogen
 Produces new memory cells
Passive:

 Injection of antibodies from another person

or animal