INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

Effect Of Openings On Post-Tensioned Flat Slab

M.Shallan, T. Sakr, R. Shaker, H. Abd-El- Mottaleb

Abstract: This paper investigates the effects of opening existence on the behavior of Post-tensioned flat slabs considering different opening locations
and by using the finite element method. The design status, strip moments, Stress distribution around the opening and Long-term deflection are studied.
Results indicated that, in most cases, significant decrease of bending moments in strips at which openings are located and this decrease is increased by
increasing the opening size. Maximum stresses around the opening’s perimeter and Maximum long-term deflection are increased by increasing the
opening size. The existence of opening at column strip near the column has the worst effect on design status, on the other hand the opening at the
center of the exterior panel has the least effect on the stresses around the perimeters of opening and the long-term deflection of the slab behavior. For
this case, no spans produce excessive tensile stresses for spans up to 10m and opening size up to 0.25 of span length. The existence of opening at mid
of interior or exterior span of column strip shows effects between the two previous openings concerning all parameters.

Index Terms: Post-tension, Deflections, Finite element, Floors, Stresses, Openings, Bending moments.
——————————  ——————————
1 INTRODUCTION
POST- tensioned floors are now widely used all over the world al. [14] concluded that openings with size more than one-tenth
and have too many applications due to their well-known of the span influence load -deflection curve of the slab. The
advantages related to time, cost, and behavior [1]. Openings curve inclination increased by 15% for the slab with opening at
are indispensable element in slabs whether it used for corner and by 20% for the slab with opening at column face.
architectural features, stairs, pipelines, elevator shafts, or Clément et al [15], concluded that post-tensioning influences
utilities ducts [2]. Existence of opening and changing its size the behavior of (openings, cracks, rotations) and also the slab
lead to decrease the stiffness of the floor and decrease the strength under concentrated load. Abdul-Razzaq et al [16]
collapse carrying load, Choi [3] and Seliem [4]. Many concluded that the failure load of the slab with tendons in both
researchers have studied the structural behavior of R.C slab directions increased as compared with the failure load of the
with presence of opening. Floruţ et al. [5] show how creating slab with tendons in one direction by about 89%. Abd-El-
openings affect the loading behavior of slabs. The openings Mottaleb and Mohamed [17] studied the behavior of deflection
nearby to a column are always used for plumbing and such a due to creating 8- large openings with size equal 2m on post-
position of the openings increases shear stresses in the flat tensioned flat slab by using two cases of concrete strength
slab near the column [6]. Zhang et al. [7] performed a and different values of P/A.
numerical study which showed that determination of the in- The illustrated previous literature does not include thorough
plane behavior is mainly affected by the opening presence. study for the effect of opening on the behavior of post-
The failure mechanism of the slab with opening is different tensioned floors. This paper investigates the effect of
from the failure mechanism of the slab without the presence of existence of openings, its size and location on the behavior of
opening, Khajehand and Panahshah [8]. Casadei et al. [9] post-tensioned floors. Openings with different sizes are
concluded that the existence of opening in hogging area lead applied at selected locations to floors with different spans and
to increasing in the shear stress of the concrete slab, which their effects are studied on the main design parameters such
lead to premature failure. Enochsson et al. [10] have as moments, stresses, and deflections.
concluded that large openings make the slab behave closer to
a system of beams surrounding the four edge of the opening 2 NUMERICAL MODEL
instead of a slab. Keyvani and Vaez [11] had proved that there In this work, the problem of Post-tensioned slab with opening
is an obvious change in the slab behavior with opening and is analyzed using The Finite Element Method and designed
without opening. The over-simplification by ignoring the according to the ACI-318-11[18]. RAM Concept is selected as
opening effect in analysis and design may lead to incorrect analysis and design software which applies the finite element
results. Yousef et al. [12] concluded that increasing the method for elevated concrete floor systems. It uses plate
concrete strength for slab-column connection with or without bending element to represent the floor with versatile mesh
opening led to a decrease in ductility factor. Ilbegyan et al. [13] generator as shown in Fig. 1 After performing the finite
studied the effect of opening existence in reinforced concrete element analysis, design is based on strips such that each
flat slab with High and Normal-strength concrete. Elshafiey et strip is checked/designed individually. Design is carried out
using ACI-318-11 [18] as class U (un-cracked) section under
————————————————
service loads for which tensile stresses is limited as follows.
 Mohamed Ehab Hassan Shallan, is currently pursuing MSc degree
program in Postgraduate center, zagazig University, Egypt.
PH- +201091511695. E-mail: [email protected]. Stresses due to service loads ≤ (ACI-318-11
 Tharwat Sakr is currently Professor in the Department of Structural Clause 18.3.3) -eq. (a)
engineer, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Egypt.
PH- +201111914504. E-mail: [email protected]. The section is then analyzed subjected to factored loads
 Ragab Shaker is currantly Lecturer in the Department of Structural combinations as cracked section with stresses and strain
engineer, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Egypt.
PH- +201226007322. E-mail: [email protected].
distribution as shown in Fig. 2 and its capacity is calculates
 Hanaa Abd- Mottaleb is currently Ass. Professorin the Department of using the Equation.
Structural engineer, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University,
Egypt. PH- +201006161366. E-mail: [email protected].
(ACI-318-11 Clause
18.12.2)
154
IJSTR©2020
www.ijstr.org
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

Fig. 4. Plan view of slab (model TB1) [19]

The load and central- deflection curve obtained from obtained

Fig. 1. Mesh generation tool in RAM software by the finite element analysis and verified experimentally [19]
is compared to the results of the results obtained by using our
numerical model. As shown in figure 5, good agreement can
be observed for the linear part of the curve which is accepted
as our model as used in design is linear elastic. Up to the
elastic limit almost identical results are observed.

Fig. 2. Stresses and strain distribution for Post-tensioned

section

3 VALIDATION THE NUMERICAL MODEL

Experimental work on bonded post tensioned concrete slab
done by Bailey and Ellobody [19] was chosen to verify our
numerical model. It was simply supported at its ends with
Concrete and pre-stressing reinforcement properties as shown
in table (1). BS8110-1 is used for designed. The loading and
general layout of the slab is shown in figure (3). Mono-strands Fig. 5. Load-central deflection relationship for experimental
which made of seven high-strength steel wires was used. study and our numerical model [19]
Three ducts were used in the slab as shown in figure (4). The
load was applied progressively in equal increments of 5 kN. 4 PARAMETRIC STUDY
The average measured force in the three tendons was 169 kN. An example with practical dimensions composed of post-
tensioned floor of three equal spans in each direction having
TABLE 1 dimensions as shown in Table 2 is selected. Drop panels are
CONCRETE AND REINFORCEMENT PROPERTIES used above columns to improve the resistance of the slab to
punching shear. The concrete and the reinforcement (both pre-
concrete compressive strength 40 MPa
stressing and non-pre-stressing reinforcement) properties are
The tendons tensile strength 1,846 MPa
The tendons diameter 15.7 mm
shown in Tables 3-4.
The tendons area 150 mm2
The full applied design pre-stressing 195 kN TABLE 2
force DIMENSIONS OF CASES STUDY
short-term Losses 13%

Length
from the
Internal external
Slab centerline
Span drop panel drop panel
thickness of column
length (m) thickness thickness
(mm) to the edge
(mm) (mm)
of drop
panel

Span 7 200 250 250 1400

Span 8 220 275 275 1600

Fig. 3. Loading and general layout of slab (model TB1) [19]
Span 9 240 310 300 1800

Span10 280 360 350 2000

155
IJSTR©2020
www.ijstr.org
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

TABLE 3
CONCRETE PROPERTIES

Concrete properties Value

Unit weight (γc) 24.5MPa
Cylindrical strength at 28 day (F`c) 35MPa
Cylindrical strength at transfer (F`ci) 20 MPa
Modulus of elasticity at 28 days 27805 MPa
(Ec)
Modulus of elasticity at transfer 21019 MPa
(Eci)

TABLE 4
REINFORCEMENT PROPERTIES

Non pre-stressing
Pre-stressing reinforcement
reinforcement

Modulus
Modulus of Yield Ultimate Post-
of Strand
elasticity strength strength tensioni
elasticity diamete
for steel for steel for steel ng
for steel r
(Es) (fy) (fPu) system
(EPs)
Fig. 6. Position of openings.
Low
Relaxati
200000 420MP 195000 12.7
1860 MPa on,seve
MPa a MPa mm
n wire
strand

Four positions had been chosen to create square openings as

shown in Fig. 6 at which pronounced impact is expected to the
floor behavior. Four different sizes are studied in each opening
position which is proportional to the span length (0.125, 0.15,
0.2, and 0.25 of span). Tendon distribution in the slab is taken
as banded /banded with minimum tendons in field strip. Fig. 7
shows the tendon distribution for x-direction for slab of 7m
span. The distribution is kept the same as possible for all
spans and opening sizes to enable studying the effect of
opening Subjected to the same conditions.

Fig. 7. Tendons layout (x-direction).

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Several parameters are considered to investigate the effects of
opening existence and its size on the behavior of Post-
tensioned slabs. Moments, stresses, deformations are of most
importance as main design parameters. In the original
problem, the slab is designed such that tensile stresses are
within the code limits for all spans. As openings are applied to
the slab, some spans may fail depending on opening size,
location, and the span length. The effect of opening existence
with different size and location on design status is discussed in
Figs. (8-11) which show the total number of failed spans
against span length and opening sizes. For opening at location
1, as shown in Fig. 8, the existence of opening with all studied
sizes does not affect the status of design spans for the cases
156
IJSTR©2020
www.ijstr.org
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

of 7, 8, and 9m spans. In the 10m span, design status

changes as openings are applied such that tensile stresses
exceed allowable for limited spans. As shown in Fig. 9, the
existence of openings at location 2 affects the status of spans
for all span lengths and opening sizes with more affected
spans for longer span lengths. On the other hand, only the
status of the 9 and 10m spans are affected by openings in
position 3 as shown in Fig. 10 while spans 7, and 8m still not
affected. The existence of opening in position 4 does not affect
the status of any spans for all studied cases as shown in Fig.
11. The above discussions indicate the high sensitivity of slabs Fig. 11. Number of spans exceeding the allowable tensile
to opening at column strip near the column for all spans, the stresses for opening position 4.
relative sensitivity to openings at column strip mid-span for
relatively long span slabs and the low sensitivity to openings at The moment behavior is then investigated in Fig. 12 which
field strip mid-span for all spans and opening sizes. shows the bending moment diagrams for the case of 7 meters
span. For opening 1, change in results is observed at
horizontal strips B, E, and F and vertical strips 6 with strips B
and 6 more affected. In both strips, as openings are located
through these strips, bending moment is decreased due to
opening existence or the increase of opening size. The
maximum decrease of moments related to the original bending
moment without opening reaches 23.1%, 31.2%, 45.7%,
58.9% at strip B and 27.2%, 32.7%, 45.5%, 56.1% at strip 6
for opening size 0.125, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25 of the span length,
respectively. For opening 2, the maximum decrease reaches
8.3%, 10.4%, 15.6%, and 20.1% at strip B, while for strip 5 the
bending moment increased by 8.5% for opening size 0.125
then decreased by 3.5%, 31.1%, and 49.8% for opening size
Fig. 8. Number of spans exceeding the allowable tensile 0.15, 0.2, 0.25. For opening 3, the maximum decrease
stresses for opening position 1. reaches 18.9%, 27.9%, 38.7%, 50.3% at strip B and 26.1%,
29.3%, 51.5%, 69.5% at strip 5 for opening size 0.125, 0.15,
0.2, 0.25, respectively. For opening 4, the maximum decrease
reaches 13.0%, 15.8%, 22.8%, and 40.2% at strip E and
12.7%, 16.2%, 22.9%, 39.5% at strip 5 for opening size 0.125,
0.15, 0.2, 0.25, respectively. Other strips show no or little
changes in bending moment due to the existence of openings
or the change of their size for all studied span length.

Fig. 9. Number of spans exceeding the allowable tensile

stresses for opening position 2.

a. Strip B - Opening 1

Fig. 10. Number of spans exceeding the allowable tensile

stresses for opening position 3.

b. Strip 6 - Opening 1

157
IJSTR©2020
www.ijstr.org
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

Considering the effect of opening existence on moment values

at specific points is discussed in this section for only opening
at location (2) as it shows the most critical behavior in design
status. Figures 13 and 14 show the effect of opening size on
strip moments at different points at the affected strips for
opening location (2), Fig. 13 shows the effect of opening size
on moment for the point at strip B through grid 2 for spans 7,
8, 9, and 10m. The bending moment ratio shown in the vertical
c. Strip B - Opening 2 axis is defined as the moment at the specified section divided
by the moment at the same section for the case of the original
slab (without opening) for the same span length. The
horizontal axis represents the ratio between the opening size
and the span length. The figure shows that the bending
moment ratio is decreased by increasing the opening size for
all spans. It also shows that the values of bending moment
ratio are less than (1.00) which means that the existence of
opening causes a decrease in bending moment for all cases of
opening size compared to the case of no opening. The
decrease is approximately uniform for all spans such that the
d. Strip 5 - Opening 2 relationship is almost linear. Increasing of opening size from
0.125 span length to 0.25 span length leads to a decrease in
bending moment from 0.965 to 0.798 which mean that, the
ratio of decrease is about 3.5% to 20.2%, which is considered
a large decrease. The figure also shows a similar behavior for
all spans with remarkably similar moment ratios which means
that the existence of opening with specified size (percent of
span) decreases the moment with the same ratio (percent of
original moment). The above-mentioned observation does not
mean that the value of moment decrease is the same for all
spans. The same relationship is shown in Fig. 14 for the point
e. Strip B - Opening 3 at strip 5 through grid B for the same opening location 2 from
which the same behavior is observed concerning the opening
size. The main difference is that the creation of the first
opening with size 0.125 span length leads to an increase of
bending moment with a ratio equal 1.10% related to the
bending moment at the same section for the case of the
original slab (without opening) then the bending moment
return to decrease by increasing the opening size . This can
be attributed to that opening 2 is located near the column strip
at axis 2 than the column strip at axis 1 which makes the first
f. Strip 5 - Opening 3 opening (0.125 span length) change the original path of
loading to the column strip at axis 1 instead of going to the
column strip at axis 2.

g. Strip E - Opening 4

Fig. 13. Relation between the moment ratio for the point at
strip B through grid 2 and the opening size for different span
h. Strip 5 - Opening 4 lengths for opening location 2

Fig. 12. (a- h)The bending moment diagrams for the most
affected strips (7 m span)
158
IJSTR©2020
www.ijstr.org
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

location (2) which shows a large increase in maximum

deflection which reaches 33.5% from the original case (without
openings) due to increasing the opening size. Opening (3)
show a behavior between opening (1) and opening (2). For
opening (4), the existence of opening increases the values of
the maximum long-term deflection with small values
decreased by increasing the opening size.

Fig. 14. Relation between the moment ratio for the point at
strip 5 through grid B and the opening size for different span
lengths for opening location 2.

Elastic Stresses around openings are also studied as a main

parameter affected by the existence of openings. Top and
bottom stresses in both direction of the slab is investigated for
Fig. 16. Maximum deflection due for different opening size at
eight points (four points at corners and four points at mid of
different location
each edge). Figure 15 Shows the maximum stresses
(maximum from both top and bottom stresses in both direction
x, y for all points) for different opening size at different opening 6 CONCLUSION
location (for 7.00 m span). The figure shows compressive Regarding the parameter’s studied about the effect of
stresses at the location of opening (4) while tensile stresses openings on the behavior of PT flat slabs, it can be concluded
are shown for other opening locations. The maximum tensile that
stresses are shown at the location of opening (2) and the 1. The existence of opening at column strip near the
minimum tensile stresses are shown at the location of opening column has the worst effect on the slab behavior. It
(1) .Tensile stresses values at the location of opening (3) is causes tensile stresses to exceed the allowable values
located between the stresses values of opening (1) and (2). at number of spans, increases significant the tensile
The same behavior is shown for all openings size. The figure stresses around the opening and the long-term
also shows that cutting opening with any size will lead to deflection of the slab which increases by increasing the
increase of tensile stress or decrease of compression stress or opening size.
change the stress gradually from compression to tension. So 2. Creating opening at the center of the exterior panel has
our main observation is that the existence of opening near the least effect on the stresses around the opening and
column at the column strip has the worst effect on the stresses the long-term deflection of the slab behavior. In
around opening while opening at mid span of field strip has the addition, no spans produce excessive tensile stresses
lowest effect which is consistent with design status results. for spans up to 10m and opening size up to 0.25 of
span length.
3. The openings located at mid interior span and mid
exterior have no effect on the status of design for
relatively short spans ( 7, 8 and 9m) for the interior
opening and (7 and 8m) for the exterior one while for
longer spans, it is related to the opening size. Both
stress around the opening and long-term deflection are
increased due to the opening existence
4. Bending moments Values of at the strips through
openings are reduced for all studied spans and opening
sizes with more than 65% of the original moment
without openings.

DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

The authors have declared no conflict of interests.
Fig. 15. Maximum tensile stress around openings

Long-term deflection is also studied as shown in Fig. 16 which

FORMATTING OF FUNDING SOURCES
illustrates the maximum long-term deflection for different This research did not receive any specific grant from funding
opening positions and sizes (in case of 7.00 m span). The agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
figure shows that the maximum deflection is increased by
increasing the opening size for openings located at column
strip B ―opening (1), (2), (3)‖. Increasing in maximum deflection
is considered small at opening location (1), in contrast opening
159
IJSTR©2020
www.ijstr.org
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

REFERENCES [17] Abd-El-Mottaleb, H.E., and Mohamed, H.A., ―Behavior of Two-

[1] Török, I., Puskás, A., and Virág, J, ―Post-tensioned Flat Slabs Way Post Tension Flat Slab‖, Applied Engineering, Vol. 2(2), pp.
with Unbonded Tendons for Public Buildings‖, Procedia 54, 2019.
Manufacturing, Vol (32), pp 102-109, (2019). [18] Standard, A.A., ―Building Code Requirements for Structural
[2] Mota, M.C., and Kamara, M., ―Floor Openings in Two-Way Concrete (ACI 318-11)‖, In American Concrete Institute, 2011.
Slabs‖. Concrete International-Detroit, Vol. 28(7), pp.33, 2006. [19] Bailey, C.G., and Ellobody, E. ―Fire tests on bonded post-
[3] Choi, Y., Park, I.H., Kang, S.G., and Cho, C.G, ―Strengthening of tensioned concrete slabs‖. Engineering Structures, 31(3), 686-
RC Slabs with Symmetric Openings Using GFRP Composite 696, (2009).
Beams‖, Polymers, Vol. 5(4), pp. 1352-1361, 2013.
[4] Seliem, H.M., Seracino, R., Sumner, E.A., and Smith, S.T.,
―Case Study on the Restoration of Flexural Capacity of
Continuous One-Way RC Slabs with Cutouts‖ , Journal of
Composites for Construction, Vol. 15(6), pp. 992-998, 2011.
[5] Floruţ, S.C., Sas, G., Popescu, C., and Stoian, V., ―Tests on
Reinforced Concrete Slabs with Cut-Out Openings
Strengthened with Fibre-Reinforced Polymers‖. Composites
Part B: Engineering, Vol. 66, pp. 484-493, 2014.
[6] Augustín, T., Fillo, Ľ., Halvonik, J., and Marčiš, M. ―Punching
Resistance of Flat Slabs with Openings–Experimental
Investigation‖. In Solid State Phenomena, Vol. 272, pp. 41-46,
2018.
[7] Zhang, H., Jin, D., and Zhao, X.J., ―Reinforced Concrete Frame-
Shear Wall Structure, Floor Open Hole Static Finite Element
Analysis‖, In Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 788, pp. 521-
524, 2013.
[8] Khajehdehi, R., and Panahshahi, N., ―Effect of Openings on In-
Plane Structural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Floor Slabs‖,
Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 7, pp. 1-11, 2016.
[9] Casadei, P., Ibell, T., and Nanni, A., ―Experimental Results of
One-Way Slabs with Openings Strengthened with CFRP
Laminates‖, In Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement for
Concrete Structures, In 2 Volumes, pp. 1097-1106, 2003.
[10] Enochsson, O., Lundqvist, J., Täljsten, B., Rusinowski, P., and
Olofsson, T., ―CFRP Strengthened Openings in Two-Way
Concrete Slabs–An Experimental and Numerical Study‖,
Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 21(4), pp. 810-826,
2007.
[11] Keyvani, S., and Vaez, S.R.H., ―Using DLO Procedure to
Investigate the Effect of Openings on Ultimate Load and
Collapse Pattern of Slabs‖. In Structures Vol. 20, pp. 717-727,
Elsevier, 2019.
[12] Yousef, A.M., El-Metwally, S.E., Askar, H.H., and El-Mandouh,
M.A., ―Behavior of High-Strength Concrete Interior Slab-Column
Connections with Openings under Seismic Loading‖,
Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 214, pp. 619-630,
2019.
[13] Ilbegyan, S., Ranjbar, M.M., and Abdollahi, S.M., ―Shear
Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Flat Slabs Made with High-
Strength Concrete: A Numerical Study of The Effect of Size,
Location, and Shape of the Opening‖. International Journal of
Engineering, Vol. 30(2), pp. 162-171, (2017).
[14] Elshafiey, T.M.F., Hussien, M., and Abdel-Aziz, M., ―Behaviour of
Flat Slab with Opening Adjacent to Columns‖, Conference:
STRUCTURAL FAULTS and REPAIR-2012 14th International
Conference, At Concrete Behaviour Part (CB) CB-AZIZ, Vol. 2,
(2012).
[15] Clément, T., Ramos, A.P., Ruiz, M.F., and Muttoni, A., ―Influence
of Pre-Stressing on the Punching Strength of Post-Tensioned
Slabs‖. Engineering Structures, Vol. 72, pp. 56-69, 2014.
[16] Abdul-Razzaq, K.S., Mohammeda, A.H., and Mohammedalia,
T.K., ―Finite Element Modeling of Post-Tensioned Two-Way
Concrete Slabs Under Flexural Loading‖, Civil Engineering
Journal, Vol. 4(1), pp. 1-10, 2018.
160
IJSTR©2020
www.ijstr.org