Higher Cortical Functions
Higher Cortical Functions
Higher Cortical Functions
4- Speech: شنو لغته؟ سمعه زين؟ التعليم؟ يمناوي لو يسراوي؟,الزم نتأكد من المريض
Notes
1- Auditory area (cortex) → receiving input from the ears in temporal lobe
2- Wernicke’s area → responsible for comprehension of speech (sensory part) يفسر الحجيin temporal lobe.
3- arcuate fasciculus → connect Wernicke’s to Broca’s
4- Broca’s area → responsible for production of speech (motor part) تحول الكالمin frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere
- Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder in which the muscles that are used to produce speech are damaged, paralyzed, or
weakened.
- anomia is a type of aphasia characterized by problems recalling words, names, and numbers
- Agnosia is an inability to recognize and identify objects or persons.
من احجي وياه الزم يكون مفتهم و أحاول اغطي حلكي من احجي بااليد,يحجي بطالقة و مفتهم
– أوامر3 ما اغطي حلكي او اوكف وره المريض و انطي
Damage to the broca’s area (Inferior frontal gyrus *superior branch of MCA)
- Broca's dysphasia → partial loss of the ability to produce language
(spoken, manual, or written
قليل يحجي بس يفهم األوامرeffortful speech
Global aphasia → no comprehension or fluency (both areas effected) stroke (Complete MCA
2- Scanning speech: is a type of ataxic dysarthria in which spoken words are broken up into separate
syllables, often separated by a noticeable pause, and spoken with varying force.
a- Cerebellum lesion (specific)
2- Tandem gait (Heel to toe walking) Cerebellar lesion → ipsilateral gait ataxia
This gait is useful for emphasizing
Damage to vermis (median segment of cerebellum) →ataxia
gait ataxia but it can not enable
on both sides (truncal ataxia)
me to differentiate between
cerebellar or sensory ataxia.
Gait Abnormality
a- Flexion of hand
b- Extension of the lower limb
2- Shuffling Gait
Causes:
a- Parkinson’s disease
b- Extrapyramidal lesion
4- Ataxic Gait
يترنح ويه المشي على جهة
Causes:
Cerebellum lesion (unilateral)
Causes:
a- Pregnant
b- Proximal weakness
(hypothyroidism, osteoporosis,
osteomalacia)
6- Stomping Gait (foot drop) → sensory ataxia
يطب رجله بالكاع
Causes:
a- distal nerve injury
b- Loss of position & vibration
sensation → peripheral
neuropathy, B12 Deficiency
Causes: