Tema 1.

Express your opinion on ‘face-to-face’ learning vs. online learning,

elaborating on the advantages and disadvantages:

In my opinion, both face-to-face and online learning have their advantages

and disadvantages. Face-to-face learning allows for direct interaction with
teachers and peers, fostering better understanding and collaboration. It also
provides a structured environment that some students find conducive to
learning. However, online learning offers flexibility and convenience,
allowing students to learn at their own pace and from anywhere with an
internet connection. It also provides access to a wide range of resources and
materials. However, it can lack the personal touch and social interaction of
traditional classrooms, and some students may struggle with self-discipline
and motivation in an online setting.

How do you think the use of computer can effectively broaden a child’s mind
and worldview?

The use of computers can effectively broaden a child's mind and worldview
by providing access to a vast amount of information and resources from
around the world. It allows children to explore different cultures,
perspectives, and ideas that they may not encounter in their immediate
surroundings. Additionally, interactive educational software and online
platforms can engage children in learning activities that stimulate critical
thinking, problem-solving, and creativity, thereby expanding their cognitive
abilities and understanding of the world.

Questions based on the provided text:

1. What percentage of American families with children under 19 owns a

computer? Do you think the situation is similar in Romania?
92% of American families with children under 19 own a computer. The
situation in Romania may be similar given the increasing prevalence of
technology worldwide, but specific data would be needed to confirm.

2. How many hours a week do kids use their computer on average?

Kids use their computers on average for 6 hours a week.

3. Do you consider playing with a computer as distracting and time-

consuming an activity as watching TV?
 It depends on the context and content. While excessive screen time, whether
on a computer or TV, can be distracting and time-consuming, educational and
productive computer activities can provide valuable learning experiences.

4. What do you think the pros and cons of giving a child such a ‘toy’ are?
Pros: Access to educational resources, development of technical skills,
exposure to diverse perspectives.
Cons: Risk of excessive screen time, potential for exposure to inappropriate
content, reduced physical activity.

5. How many American teenagers think it is trendy to be online?

96% of American teenagers think it is trendy to be online.

6. Why does John Tapscott call the users of computers ‘actors’ and ‘not just
recipients’?
Tapscott believes that users of computers are 'actors' because they actively
engage with the technology, shaping their own experiences and contributing
to the content and discourse online, rather than passively receiving
information.

7. How does he define the new media tools?

He defines new media tools as interactive, distributed, malleable, and
reflective of the user's desires and intentions.

8. What personality traits and abilities does the computer foster, according to
Tapscott? Would you suggest others?
Tapscott suggests that computers foster acceptance of diversity, curiosity,
assertiveness, critical thinking, and information literacy. Other traits and
abilities could include adaptability, problem-solving, and collaboration skills.

9. Why is the generation gap becoming wider and wider?

The generation gap is widening due to differences in technological literacy
and access between younger generations, who are more proficient with
technology, and older generations, who may struggle to keep up with rapid
advancements.

10. Why does he think that the computer generation will be more critical and
more fluent in thinking?
Tapscott believes that the interactive and collaborative nature of learning
on computers encourages critical thinking and fluency in processing
information, leading to more analytical and adaptable individuals.
11. How does he think the way kids learn on the computer will affect their
concept of hierarchy and attitudes at work? Do you agree?
Tapscott suggests that collaborative learning on computers will lead to less
hierarchical and more team-oriented attitudes at work, as individuals are
accustomed to working together and sharing knowledge. I agree to some
extent, as collaborative learning can indeed foster teamwork skills, but other
factors also influence workplace dynamics.

12. Do you think that computers will make today’s kids into better, cleverer
adults? Why or why not?
Computers can provide valuable learning opportunities and skill
development, but whether they make today's kids into better, cleverer adults
depends on various factors, including the quality of content consumed,
guidance from parents and educators, and individual motivation and
discipline.

13. May computer use have negative effects on socializing and on the
development of personality? Do you think that the possession of a computer
might eventually prove a dividing socio-cultural factor among young people?
Why or why not?
Excessive computer use can potentially have negative effects on
socializing and personality development if it replaces real-world interactions
and activities. However, when used in moderation and with guidance,
computers can enhance communication skills and provide opportunities for
socializing online. The possession of a computer alone may not be a
significant dividing factor among young people, as access to technology is
increasingly common, but differences in usage habits and digital literacy may
contribute to socio-cultural divides.

Tema 2.

Can TV reinforce education by stimulating the abilities necessary for

school achievement? How or why not?

While TV can offer educational content and stimulate certain abilities,

such as language skills or exposure to new ideas, it often falls short in
promoting critical thinking, deep understanding, and active
engagement with the material. Passive consumption of TV content
may not effectively develop the analytical skills and comprehension
needed for academic success.

How can students be convinced to spend more time reading?

Students can be encouraged to spend more time reading by providing

access to a variety of engaging and age-appropriate reading materials,
fostering a culture of reading at home and in school, setting aside
dedicated time for reading without distractions, modeling reading
behavior by parents and teachers, and celebrating reading
achievements.

What are the possible consequences of spending much time listening

and watching? Explain why working in silence is/is not important.

Spending excessive time listening and watching can lead to poor

concentration, a short attention span, and superficial understanding of
information. Working in silence is important because it allows
individuals to focus their attention fully on the task at hand, promoting
deeper comprehension and critical thinking skills. Silence provides a
conducive environment for concentration and reflection, essential for
effective learning and problem-solving.

How can parents adequately control how their children spend their
time?

Parents can control how their children spend their time by setting clear
rules and boundaries around screen time, monitoring and limiting
access to electronic devices, providing alternative activities that
promote physical activity and social interaction, leading by example
through their own behavior, and actively engaging with their children
to understand their interests and activities.

How can parents encourage their children’s reading?

Parents can encourage their children's reading by creating a home

environment that values and supports reading, providing access to a
variety of books and reading materials, reading together as a family,
discussing books and sharing reading experiences, visiting libraries
and bookstores, and setting aside dedicated time for reading each day.

Would Romanian parents be willing to share more responsibilities

with the school teachers? How?

Romanian parents may be willing to share more responsibilities with

school teachers if they are provided with clear communication and
opportunities for involvement. This could include parent-teacher
conferences, workshops or seminars on parenting and education,
volunteering opportunities within the school, participation in decision-
making processes, and open channels of communication between
parents and teachers to discuss their child's progress and needs.

Express your agreement or disagreement concerning the various

points stated by Mr. Roberts.

Mr. Roberts makes valid points about the potential negative effects of
excessive screen time on children's academic performance and the
importance of parental involvement in shaping their children's
educational habits. I agree that parents play a crucial role in fostering a
culture of learning and reading at home, and that limiting distractions
like TV and computer games can benefit children's academic
development.

Speech by Mr. Roberts at Oakbank School:

Good evening, parents of Oakbank School students. I appreciate your

attendance at this meeting as we discuss an important topic: your role
in your children's education.

As the headmaster of Oakbank School, I have observed a concerning

trend among our students - the prevalence of distractions in their
bedrooms, namely televisions, videos, and computer games. These
distractions often hinder their academic progress and hinder their
ability to concentrate and understand complex concepts deeply.
I firmly believe that high-level reading skills are essential for
academic success. Reading enables children to draw conclusions,
understand structure, and learn new ideas. Unfortunately, excessive
screen time can impede the development of these skills, leaving our
children at a disadvantage in school and later in life.

Parents, you have a crucial part to play in your children's education.

You are not just spectators but active participants in shaping their
habits and behaviors. By limiting screen time, providing suitable
conditions for homework, and modeling reading behavior, you can
create a conducive environment for learning at home.

Furthermore, I urge you to prioritize conversation and interaction with

your children. Spend time talking to them, discussing their interests,
and engaging in activities that promote verbal skills and critical
thinking. Your involvement and encouragement are invaluable in
fostering a love for reading and learning in your children.

At Oakbank School, we have initiated a partnership agreement that

emphasizes the values of the school and asks parents to commit to
supporting their children's education. I am pleased to see that many of
you have already signed this agreement, demonstrating your
commitment to your children's future.

Together, let us re-open the world of imagination and learning that

books offer. Let us work hand in hand to ensure that our children have
every opportunity to achieve their potential and succeed academically.

Thank you for your attention, and I look forward to our continued
partnership in the education of our children.

Tema 3.

In Giovanni Istroni’s opinion, what’s the advantage of mamma’s love

if compared to that of a girlfriend? What do you think of such an idea
and its implications?
Giovanni Istroni believes that the advantage of his mother's love
compared to that of a girlfriend is the freedom from playing roles and
the freely given love without guarantees. This idea suggests that
familial love is unconditional and less restrictive compared to
romantic relationships. However, it also implies a reluctance to
embrace adult responsibilities and form independent partnerships
outside of the family unit.

Why do you think the Catholic Church finds the tendency to stay
home longer dangerous? Do you agree with this?

The Catholic Church may find the tendency to stay home longer
dangerous because it could contribute to the decline in birth rates,
which is a concern for the church's teachings on family and
procreation. Additionally, prolonged dependence on parents may
delay the development of maturity and self-sufficiency in young
adults. I agree with this to some extent, as prolonged dependence on
parents may hinder personal growth and societal contributions.

What are the main differences between ‘Mediterranean’ and ‘Anglo-

Saxon’ upbringing?

Main differences include:

- Mediterranean cultures, like Italy, emphasize close-knit family bonds

and staying close to home, while Anglo-Saxon cultures prioritize
individual independence and leaving home at a young age.
- Mediterranean upbringing often involves multigenerational
households and a strong focus on family support, while Anglo-Saxon
upbringing encourages individualism and self-reliance.
- Mediterranean cultures may have a more relaxed attitude towards
extended parental involvement in adult children's lives, while Anglo-
Saxon cultures expect early independence and autonomy.

What are the main differences among Romanian, ‘Mediterranean’ and

‘Anglo-Saxon’ upbringing?
- Romanian upbringing may share similarities with Mediterranean
cultures in terms of valuing family bonds and parental involvement
but may also exhibit influences from Eastern European traditions and
values.
- Mediterranean upbringing, as seen in Italy, emphasizes close family
ties and staying close to home, while Romanian upbringing may have
its unique cultural practices and expectations.
- Anglo-Saxon upbringing, characterized by individualism and early
independence, contrasts with both Mediterranean and Romanian
upbringing, which may prioritize family cohesion and support.

List the reasons why Italian men don’t move out.

- Emotional comfort and attachment to family.

- Cultural emphasis on family bonds and staying close to home.
- Economic factors, such as high housing costs and limited job
opportunities.
- Delayed marriage and formation of independent households.

List the reasons why Romanian young people don’t move out.

- Economic factors, including limited job opportunities and financial

dependence on parents.
- Cultural values that prioritize family cohesion and support.
- Delayed marriage and formation of independent households.
- Lack of affordable housing options.

How would you describe the gender gap in Romania?

The gender gap in Romania has narrowed in recent years, with

significant progress in educational attainment and workforce
participation for women. However, disparities still exist in areas such
as wages, leadership positions, and domestic responsibilities,
reflecting ongoing gender inequality in Romanian society.

Here are some statements about Romanian young people. Decide

whether they are true or false and comment on the false ones.

1. Nowadays young people tend to marry later in life.

 True. Marriage trends in Romania, like in many other countries,
show a tendency towards later marriage.

2. They stay home longer mostly for economic reasons.

True. Economic factors, among others, contribute to young people
staying home longer in Romania.

3. Some young people stay home even after they get married.
True. In certain cases, economic factors or cultural norms may lead
young married couples to live with parents for some time.

4. Young people find it difficult to commit themselves to a lasting

love relationship.
True. This statement reflects a broader societal trend and is not
specific to Romanian young people.

5. Fewer children are born in Romania than in previous decades.

True. Romania has experienced a decline in birth rates in recent
decades.

6. Young people move out when they go to university/when they

graduate.
False. Economic factors and cultural norms may influence when
young people move out, not necessarily tied to educational milestones.

7. Parents are happy when their children leave home and go their own
way.
False. While some parents may encourage independence, others may
feel emotional attachment and reluctance when their children leave
home.

8. Women wish to marry sooner as they still see in marriage their

main goal in life.
False. This statement oversimplifies women's motivations and
aspirations, which vary widely among individuals in Romania as in
any other society.

Tema 4.
Multiple Choice Activity:

1. The World Discovery Tour is

- A package holiday specially designed for elderly people
- Part of some Japanese pensioners’ retirement packages
- A plan to build retirement cities abroad for Japanese oldies
Answer: A plan to build retirement cities abroad for Japanese oldies

2. The growing number of pensioners will soon result in

- More jobs for younger population
- More women to be trained as carers
- Less prosperity for everybody
Answer: Less prosperity for everybody

3. Housing and health care

- Are not very expensive in Japan
- Can be provided abroad at a lower price
- Are normally offered by Japanese companies
Answer: Can be provided abroad at a lower price

4. Most Japanese elderly people are looked after

- In residential homes
- At home
- Abroad
Answer: At home

5. The ‘Silver Villages’ plan was criticized by

- The host countries
- The Japanese public opinion
- Both
Answer: Both

6. According to its manager, the ‘Long Stay Foundation’

- Promotes cultural exchanges
- Encourages Japanese women to expand their knowledge of the world
- Tries to send the elderly into exile
Answer: Promotes cultural exchanges

7. The crisis of Japan’s ageing society may be solved by

- Implementing the special schemes devised by the Government (Silver
Villages etc)
 - Giving families who care for an elderly people more financial help
- Investing more money in community-based care.
Answer: Investing more money in community-based care.

Answering the Questions:

1. Do you think ‘retirement cities’ can be a successful solution for our ageing
society? How/why not?

Retirement cities abroad may offer some benefits, such as reducing the
burden on families and providing a change of scenery for elderly individuals.
However, they also come with challenges, including cultural adaptation,
language barriers, and potential isolation from family and familiar
surroundings. Additionally, creating retirement cities abroad does not address
the underlying issues of ageing societies, such as the need for comprehensive
healthcare and community-based care services.

2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of ‘retirement cities’ abroad?

Advantages:
- Potential cost savings for elderly individuals and their families
- Access to new experiences and environments
- Opportunities for socialization and community engagement

Disadvantages:
- Cultural and language barriers
- Potential isolation from family and support networks
- Lack of comprehensive healthcare and support services
- Difficulty in adapting to a new environment and lifestyle

3. How do you think Romanian pensioners would react to the proposal of

living abroad?

Romanian pensioners may have mixed reactions to the proposal of living

abroad. Some may see it as an opportunity for adventure and new
experiences, while others may feel hesitant or reluctant to leave their familiar
surroundings and support networks. Factors such as language proficiency,
cultural familiarity, and personal preferences would likely influence their
responses.

4. Can you think of any alternative?

 Alternative solutions to address the challenges of ageing societies could
include:
- Investing in comprehensive healthcare and community-based care services
- Implementing policies to support families in caring for elderly relatives
- Promoting active ageing initiatives and social inclusion programs
- Encouraging intergenerational solidarity and support networks within
communities

5. Do you think the skills of retired people can be useful to society? How/why
not?

Yes, the skills and experiences of retired people can be valuable assets to
society. Retired individuals often possess a wealth of knowledge, expertise,
and life experience that can contribute to various aspects of society, including
mentorship, volunteerism, education, and community development.
Harnessing the skills of retired people can help address societal needs,
promote intergenerational exchange, and enhance the overall well-being of
communities.
Tema 5.

Dialogue between a Specialist and a Person Interested in Beghini’s

Scheme:

S: Hello, thank you for expressing interest in Giovanni Beghini's

adoption scheme. My name is Elena, and I'm here to guide you
through the process. Can you tell me why you are considering
adopting an elderly person?

P: Hi Elena, I've been reading about Mr. Beghini's initiative, and I feel
it's a unique way to address the loneliness and isolation many elderly
individuals are facing. I believe our family can provide
companionship and support.

S: That's wonderful to hear. We have a few preliminary questions to

help us understand your suitability for this program. Firstly, can you
briefly describe your family environment?

P: Sure, we're a family of four – my spouse, our two children, and me.
We live in a suburban area with easy access to community resources.
S: Great. Do you have any social clubs or community centers nearby?

P: Yes, there's a community center just a few blocks away, and we

often participate in local events and activities.

S: Excellent. Now, let's discuss the living arrangements. Do you have

a house in town or in the country? And is there an elevator in your
building?

P: We live in a house in the suburbs, and unfortunately, we don't have

an elevator.

S: That's alright. Now, the last question for this preliminary phase –
can you tell me how you envision your adopted grandparent becoming
a part of your family?

P: We believe they can contribute to our lives with their wisdom and
experience. We're committed to making them feel welcomed and
valued.

S: That's a thoughtful approach. Once we review your responses, we'll

proceed to the next step, which involves sending us a detailed family
CV. If your application is successful, you'll then negotiate the terms
directly with the adopted grandparent.

P: Thank you, Elena. We look forward to the opportunity to make a

positive impact and provide companionship to someone in need.

Essay: Caring for the Elderly During the Coronavirus Pandemic:

The coronavirus pandemic has brought into sharp focus the

vulnerabilities of the elderly population. As the world grapples with
unprecedented challenges, it is essential to address the unique needs
and concerns of our senior citizens.

Isolation measures and social distancing have taken a toll on the

mental and emotional well-being of the elderly. Many find themselves
cut off from family, friends, and the support systems they rely on. In
these challenging times, it becomes paramount for communities to
come together to ensure the welfare of their elderly members.

One effective way to address the issue is by establishing support

networks within neighborhoods. Community volunteers can assist
with grocery shopping, medication delivery, and other essential tasks
to reduce the risk of exposure for the elderly. Additionally, virtual
communication platforms play a crucial role in maintaining social
connections while adhering to safety guidelines.

Healthcare professionals and caregivers must remain vigilant in

monitoring the health of the elderly, especially those with pre-existing
conditions. Telehealth services have emergedas a valuable tool for
remote consultations, allowing seniors to receive medical guidancewit
hout unnecessary exposure to potentialrisks.

Moreover, initiatives like

Mr. Beghini's adoptionscheme offer innovative solutions to
combat loneliness among the elderly.
By integratingthem into caring families, we
not only addresstheir immediate needs
but also create lastingconnections that contribute to emotional well-
being.

In conclusion, the coronavirus pandemic callsfor

a collective effort to prioritize the well-beingof
the elderly. Through community support, technological innovation,
and creative solutionslike adoption schemes, we can ensure that
our elderly population receives the care, attention,
and companionship they deserve during these challenging times.

Tema 6.

Tick as many items as you think right:

- The expression ‘I was forever hearing’ communicates that the poet was
pleased/annoyed by his parents’ attitude. [Annoyed]
- His parents made him feel he was a joy/a burden to them. [A burden]
- They manifested generosity/emotional blackmail by making him aware of
their happiness in giving/expectations of him. [Expectations of him]
- When consulting the dictionary, he selected the definition which best fitted
in with the perception of reality. In fact, from the boy’s point of view, his
parents had been making sacrifices for him and expected him to compensate
them with good school achievements and, later, a successful career.
Accordingly, he found confirmation of his suspicion that he had been
overestimated / underestimated. [Overestimated]
- Eventually, his parents’ ‘blood’ didn’t pay off; it actually contributed to
building up his self-esteem/destroying his self-esteem. [Destroying his self-
esteem]
- The tone of the poem is angry / bitter / critical / lyrical / resentful / ironic /
unsentimental / sad. [Bitter, resentful, ironic]
- The poem is obscure/refined/straightforward. [Straightforward]

Possible consequences of different parental attitudes on the child’s behavior:

- Positive reinforcement and encouragement from parents can lead to
increased motivation, confidence, and achievement in children.
- On the other hand, excessive pressure or unrealistic expectations from
parents can cause stress, anxiety, and low self-esteem in children.

Possible dialogue between the young poet and his parents:

Poet: Mom, Dad, can we talk?

Parents: Of course, what's on your mind?
Poet: I've been feeling a lot of pressure lately, especially with school and all
the expectations you have for me.
Mom: We just want what's best for you, dear. We know you're capable of
great things.
Poet: But sometimes it feels like I can never live up to your expectations. It's
overwhelming.
Dad: We understand it may seem that way, but we believe in you. We've
made sacrifices to give you the opportunities we never had.
Poet: I appreciate everything you've done for me, but I also need space to
figure things out on my own.
Mom: We'll try to ease off the pressure, but remember, we're here to support
you no matter what.
Poet: Thanks, I needed to hear that.

Tema 7.

Why do eating disorders develop during adolescence?

Eating disorders often develop during adolescence because this is a
period of significant physical, emotional, and psychological changes.
Adolescents may face pressures related to body image, societal
expectations, academic performance, and peer relationships, which
can contribute to the development of disordered eating behaviors as a
coping mechanism.

Why are most people with eating disorders female?

There are several factors contributing to the higher prevalence of

eating disorders among females. Societal pressures related to beauty
standards and body image tend to affect females more intensely.
Additionally, females may be more likely to internalize societal
expectations and place greater emphasis on thinness as a measure of
self-worth. Hormonal factors and genetic predispositions may also
play a role in the development of eating disorders.

Discuss the psychological aspect of these disorders vs. the attitude

towards food and eating. Which aspect should be tackled first by
specialists?

The psychological aspect of eating disorders involves underlying

emotional or psychological issues such as low self-esteem,
perfectionism, anxiety, depression, trauma, or a need for control.
These psychological factors often manifest in disordered eating
behaviors as a means of coping or exerting control over one's life.

On the other hand, the attitude towards food and eating encompasses
behaviors related to food intake, body image, and weight
management. This includes restrictive eating, binge eating, purging
behaviors (such as vomiting or excessive exercise), and distorted body
image perceptions.

Specialists should prioritize addressing the psychological aspect of

eating disorders first, as these underlying issues drive the disordered
eating behaviors. By addressing the root causes of the disorder
through therapy and counseling, individuals can develop healthier
coping mechanisms and attitudes towards food and eating.
Possible underlying causes of eating disorders include:

1. Psychological factors:
Low self-esteem, perfectionism, anxiety, depression, trauma, or a need
for control.
2. Sociocultural factors:
Societal pressures related to beauty standards, body image, and media
portrayal of thinness.
3. Genetic predisposition:
Family history of eating disorders or mental health conditions.
4. Environmental factors:
Childhood experiences, family dynamics, peer relationships, and
societal influences.
5. Biological factors:
Hormonal imbalances, neurotransmitter imbalances, or brain
chemistry abnormalities.

Express your opinion regarding the prevalence of eating disorders

among Romanian youngsters.

While specific data on the prevalence of eating disorders among

Romanian youngsters may vary, it is likely that they face similar
societal pressures and influences as young people in other countries.
Sociocultural factors, such as media portrayal of beauty standards and
societal expectations related to body image, may contribute to the
development of eating disorders among Romanian youngsters.
Additionally, access to mental health resources and awareness of
eating disorders may vary, impacting the ability to recognize and seek
help for these issues.

Similarities and differences between anorexia and bulimia:

Similarities:
- Both disorders involve disordered eating behaviors and distorted
body image perceptions.
- Individuals with both disorders may experience severe weight loss
and engage in excessive exercise.
- Both disorders can lead to physical health complications such as
dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and organ damage.

Differences:
- Anorexia involves self-starvation and a fear of gaining weight, while
bulimia involves binge-eating followed by purging behaviors such as
self-induced vomiting or laxative abuse.
- Individuals with anorexia often maintain a significantly low body
weight, while those with bulimia may maintain a normal weight or
fluctuate between weight extremes.
- Anorexia may involve symptoms of isolation, emotional and irritable
behavior, and feeling cold due to severe weight loss, while bulimia
may involve secretive binge-eating behaviors, self-disgust, and fear of
discovery.

Tema 8.

Questions on Media and Eating Disorders:

1. How much and for what kind of products do commercials influence

you when you do the shopping?

Personal response will vary. Some individuals may find that

commercials influence their shopping habits for various products such
as clothing, beauty products, or food items.

2. What is the ideal body image proposed by TV? Do the other media
reinforce or contrast this ideal? Is your ideal similar or different?

The ideal body image proposed by TV often emphasizes thinness,

particularly for female adolescents. Other media outlets may reinforce
this ideal through advertising, social media influencers, and celebrity
culture. However, there are also movements in media promoting body
positivity and diversity. Personal ideal body image may vary
depending on individual preferences and values.

3. Does success depend on physical appearance? Why or why not?

Success should not depend solely on physical appearance. True
success encompasses various aspects such as personal achievements,
relationships, emotional well-being, and contributions to society.
While physical appearance may influence certain societal perceptions,
it should not dictate one's overall success or worth.

4. Discuss the cultural and social role of the media in understanding

the development and prevalence of eating disorders.

The media plays a significant role in shaping societal norms and

ideals, including those related to body image and beauty standards.
The portrayal of thinness as the ideal body type in media can
contribute to unrealistic standards and body dissatisfaction, which are
risk factors for the development of eating disorders. Additionally,
media messages emphasizing dieting, weight loss, and appearance-
based values can further perpetuate disordered eating behaviors.

5. What other factors may influence the development of eating

disorders?

Other factors influencing the development of eating disorders may

include genetic predispositions, psychological factors (such as low
self-esteem, perfectionism, and negative body image), sociocultural
influences, interpersonal relationships, trauma, and environmental
stressors.

Questions on Eating Attitudes Test:

1. What result did the present study confirm?

The present study confirmed the association between inappropriate

parental pressure and adolescent girls with eating disorders.
Specifically, it found that inappropriate parental pressure was specific
to adolescent girls with eating disorders, and the severity of the
disorder was positively correlated with Eating Attitudes Test (EAT)
scores.

2. What kinds of pressures are significant in the development of eating

disorders?
Significant pressures in the development of eating disorders include
gender-inappropriate pressure, age-inappropriate pressure, and
pressures inappropriate to the child's abilities. These pressures may
manifest as forced adoption of exaggerated feminine behavior,
premature discussions of certain topics, and engagement in activities
reflecting parental ambitions rather than the child's own interests.

3. How can negative emotional feelings manifest themselves in the

family?

Negative emotional feelings in the family can manifest as hostility

towards the child, parental overprotection, inappropriate parental
pressures, and negative changes in family relationships. These
negative emotional dynamics may contribute to the development of
eating disorders or defective eating attitudes in adolescents.

4. What do the results of the study reveal?

The results of the study reveal a correlation between negative

emotional family dynamics and impaired child-parent relationships
with the development of eating disorders or defective eating attitudes
in adolescents. Additionally, the study suggests that negative
emotional family tone may lead to a conflict between premature
exposure to the adult world and the fear of its implications.

5. Discuss the significance of the influence of the peer group vs.

impaired child-parent relationships for the development of eating
disorders.

Both peer group influence and impaired child-parent relationships

play significant roles in the development of eating disorders. Peer
groups can influence body image perceptions, dieting behaviors, and
social norms related to appearance, contributing to the development of
eating disorders. On the other hand, impaired child-parent
relationships characterized by inappropriate pressures and negative
emotional dynamics can also contribute to disordered eating attitudes
and behaviors in adolescents. Both factors interact and influence each
other, impacting the individual's overall risk for developing eating
disorders.

Tema 9.

Pre-Questions:

1. Has the pandemic transformed the way people make and maintain
friendships? How?

Yes, the pandemic has transformed the way people make and maintain
friendships by shifting interactions to virtual platforms, limiting face-
to-face interactions, and altering social dynamics due to lockdowns
and restrictions on gatherings. People have relied more on digital
communication tools, such as video calls and messaging apps, to stay
connected with friends. Social activities and gatherings have moved
online, impacting the spontaneity and frequency of social interactions.

2. Will the pandemic reshape the structure of our social networks and
change the way we think about our closest connections? How?

The pandemic has the potential to reshape the structure of our social
networks by emphasizing the importance of quality over quantity in
relationships. With limitations on social interactions, individuals may
prioritize deeper connections with their closest friends and family
members. The experience of navigating through a challenging time
together may strengthen bonds and lead to a reevaluation of the
significance of friendships in our lives.

Text Analysis:

1. What is the connection between friendship and good health or life

satisfaction?

Friendship is linked to good health and life satisfaction as studies

show that having strong social connections can reduce the risk of
illness, promote faster recovery from illnesses, and contribute to
overall happiness and well-being.

2. Comment on the possible health risks of having too few friends,

especially during adolescence and old age.

Having too few friends, particularly during adolescence and old age,
can pose health risks such as increased inflammation, hypertension,
and heightened stress responses. Social isolation during these life
stages can negatively impact physical and mental health, leading to
various health complications.

3. Write about the possible social and psychological adverse

consequences of reduced social contact.

Reduced social contact can lead to social isolation, loneliness, and

feelings of alienation, resulting in adverse psychological effects such
as depression, anxiety, and decreased self-esteem. Socially isolated
individuals may also experience cognitive decline and have a higher
risk of developing mental health disorders.

4. Comment on the growing significance of friends as one of the most

important and significant cultural changes of our time.

Friends are gaining significance as one of the most important cultural

changes due to shifting demographics, evolving social norms, and
changing family structures. With fewer people marrying and
traditional family units declining, friends are playing a more central
role in providing support, companionship, and care across various life
stages.

5. Make a comparison between valuing of friends vs. valuing of

family, in the current context of a steady decline in traditional values.

In the current context of declining traditional values, there is a shift

towards valuing friends more highly relative to family in many
societies. This trend reflects changing social dynamics, increased
individualism, and the recognition of friends as significant sources of
support and companionship, especially in the absence of traditional
family structures.

Tema 10.

Opinion on the Importance of Motivation in HR:

Motivation plays a crucial role in human resources (HR) management

as it directly impacts employees' performance, productivity, and job
satisfaction. Motivated employees are more likely to be engaged,
committed, and productive in their roles, leading to higher levels of
organizational success and achievement of objectives.

Importance of Monitoring Employees' Degree of Motivation:

Managers need to monitor employees' degree of motivation to ensure

that they remain engaged and committed to their work tasks. By
understanding the level of motivation among employees, managers
can identify any potential issues or concerns that may be affecting
performance and take proactive measures to address them.
Additionally, monitoring motivation allows managers to provide
appropriate support, recognition, and feedback to employees, fostering
a positive work environment.

Possible Consequences of Employees' Dissatisfaction:

Employee dissatisfaction can lead to various negative consequences

for organizations, including decreased productivity, increased
absenteeism and turnover rates, lower morale among employees, and
ultimately, reduced organizational performance and competitiveness.
Additionally, dissatisfied employees may exhibit negative behaviors
such as resistance to change, conflicts with colleagues, and decreased
commitment to organizational goals.

Description of a Positive Motivational Climate:

A positive motivational climate within an organization is

characterized by factors such as open communication, collaboration,
recognition of employee contributions, opportunities for professional
growth and development, supportive leadership, and a culture of trust
and respect. In such an environment, employees feel valued,
empowered, and motivated to perform at their best.

Negative Motivational Climate:

On the other hand, a negative motivational climate involves factors

such as lack of recognition and feedback, micromanagement, unclear
expectations, limited opportunities for growth, poor interpersonal
relationships, high levels of stress, and a culture of blame and
criticism. In such an environment, employees may feel demotivated,
disengaged, and uncommitted to their work.

Determinants of Motivation:

Motivation is determined by a combination of internal and external

factors, including individual attitudes, needs, interests, behaviors,
organizational culture, leadership style, job design, compensation and
rewards, career opportunities, and work environment.

Classification of Motivation Theories:

Motivation theories can be classified into three main categories:

theories of content, process theories, and consolidation theories.

- Theories of content focus on identifying specific factors that

motivate employees, such as needs, goals, and aspirations.
- Process theories examine the psychological processes underlying
motivation, including expectations, perceptions, and decision-making.
- Consolidation theories emphasize the relationship between specific
outcomes and individual behavior, highlighting the role of rewards
and reinforcement in motivating employees.

Classification of Motivation Strategies:

Motivation strategies can be classified into pecuniary (monetary) and

non-pecuniary (non-monetary) strategies.
- Pecuniary motivation strategies include salary, bonuses, profit-
sharing, and other financial incentives tied to performance.
- Non-pecuniary motivation strategies include recognition, feedback,
career development opportunities, flexible work arrangements, job
enrichment, and a positive work culture.

Examples of Motivation Strategies:

1. Providing regular feedback and recognition for employees'

achievements.
2. Offering opportunities for professional development and
advancement.
3. Implementing flexible work arrangements to accommodate
employees' needs.
4. Creating a supportive work environment that values diversity and
inclusion.
5. Establishing clear performance goals and expectations.
6. Offering competitive salaries and benefits packages.
7. Providing opportunities for employees to participate in decision-
making and problem-solving processes.

Ranking these strategies according to effectiveness would depend on

the specific context, organizational culture, and individual preferences
of employees. However, strategies that focus on intrinsic motivation,
such as recognition, autonomy, and opportunities for growth, are often
considered more effective in the long term compared to solely
extrinsic motivators like financial incentives.