Quiz Solutions - Yellow
Quiz Solutions - Yellow
Quiz Solutions - Yellow
(ii) For the function f as in (i), the implicit solution of the ODE is u(x, y) =
constant, where
u(x, y) = y sin x(or y sin x + constant, or − y sin x, −y sin x + constant).
(Each of the above mentioned functions is a correct answer).
dy
2. The ODE (2y + 6y 3 x−1 ) − (3x + 10y 2 ) dx = 0 has an integrating factor of the form
a b
x y . Find [1+1]
a = −3, b = 2.
3. Let {φn }∞n=0 be the sequence of functions given by the Picard’s iteration method for
the IVP y 0 = x + y 2 − 1, y(0) = 1, starting with φ0 ≡ 1. Then the first two Picard
iterates are [1+1]
x2
φ1 (x) = 1 + ,
2
x 2 x3 x5
φ2 (x) = 1 + + + .
2 3 20
1
4. The solution of the IVP xy 0 + y = x4 y 3 , y(1) = 2, is given by [2]
r
1 1 5
y(x) = q , 0<x< .
x 5 − x2 4
4
5. Let f (x) = x3 and g(x) = x2 |x| for all x ∈ R. Are the functions f and g linearly
dependent on R? Ans.No [1]
6. Possibly multiple correct answers. Let f and g be two distinct solutions of y 0 +p(x)y =
q(x), where p, q are continuous on R. Circle the correct option(s). [2]
a. The solution curves associated to f and g can never intersect.
b. The solution curves associated to f and g intersect exactly once.
c. The solution curves associated to f and g intersect at least twice.
d. None of the above.
Here 2 marks for full set of correct option(s). Otherwise 0.
7. Possibly multiple correct answers. Consider the IVP: (x − 1)y 0 − y = 0, y(1) = y0 .
Circle the correct option(s). [2]
a. The ODE is linear and in homogeneous form.
b. The IVP has no solution for y0 6= 0.
c. The IVP has a unique solution for each y0 ∈ R.
d. The IVP has infinitely many solutions for y0 = 0.
Here 2 marks for full set of correct option(s). Otherwise 0.
Update: Here {(a), (b), (d)} is also considered as full set of correct options
and 2 marks for the choice {(a), (b), (d)} .
8. Let f and g be two linearly independent solutions of [2]
(x + 1)y 00 + y 0 + y cos x = 0,
on (−1, ∞). Let W (f, g; x) be the Wronskian of f and g at a point x ∈ (−1, ∞).
Given W (f, g; 0) = 9, compute
W (f, g; 2) = 3.
2
(a) Find all y0 such that the IVP is guaranteed to have a solution in an interval
containing the point 1. Justify your answer. [2]
Ans. The IVP has a solution for every y0 ∈ IR in an interval containing 1.
Step 1[1 mark] Let y0 ∈ IR be any real number. Consider a > 0, b > 0 such
that 1 − a > 0 and set R := {(x, y) ∈ R2 : |x − 1| < a, |y − y0 | <qb}. Now for any
|y|
(x, y) ∈ R, since 0 < 1 − a < x < 1 + a, the function f (x, y) := |x| , ∀ (x, y) ∈
R is well-defined and f is continuous on R. Moreover, there exists M > 0 such
that r
|y0 | + b
|f (x, y)| ≤ := M, ∀ (x, y) ∈ R.
1−a
Step 2[ 1 mark] Since for any y0 ∈ IR, there exists a rectangle R containing
(1, y0 ) such that f is continuous and bounded on R, from the existence theorem,
it is guaranteed that the IVP has a solution for every y0 ∈ IR in an interval of
1.
Full 2 marks if explicit solution is computed correctly for all y0 ∈ IR.
(b) Find all y0 such that the IVP is guaranteed to have a unique solution in an
interval containing the point 1. Justify your answer.
Ans. The IVP admits a unique solution for every y0 ∈ IR\{0} in an interval
containing 1.
Step 1[ 1 mark] Let y0 6= 0. Without loss of generality y0 > 0. Then there exists
a rectangle
R1 := {(x, y) ∈ R2 : |x − 1| < a, |y − y0 | < δ},
that does not contain points {(x, 0) | x ∈ IR} ∪ {(0, y) | y ∈ IR}. So that f is
Lipschitz with respect to y on R1 .
Step 2[1 mark] because: the partial derivative of f w.r.to y exists on R1 and
r
∂f 1 1
(x, y) = ≤ M2 , ∀(x, y) ∈ R1
∂y 2 xy
for some M2 > 0. OR it can be shown directly from the definition of the Lip
cont. Thus the IVP has a unique solution for y0 ∈ IR\{0}.
Step 3[1 Mark] For y0 = 0, the function f is not Lip w.r.to y on any rectangle
containing (1, 0). Thus, we cannot apply the ‘uniqueness Theorem’ and the
uniqueness of the solution to IVP with y0 = 0 is not guaranteed.
Or, one can give multiple
√ solutions for y(1) = 0:
( x − c)2 , x ≥ c
for any c ≥ 1, y(x) =
0, x < c