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    ss2 Recent Chem - 115653

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    The document discusses the nitrogen family and the properties and preparation of nitrogen and ammonia. The nitrogen family includes nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth, which all have the electron configuration 1s2, 2s2, 2p5. Nitrogen exists freely in air and can be prepared industrially by fractional distillation of air or in the lab by removing oxygen and carbon dioxide from air. Ammonia was first identified in 1716 and can be prepared by heating ammonium chloride with slaked lime or industrially via the Haber process of combining nitrogen and hydrogen under pressure with an iron catalyst. Both nitrogen and ammonia have various industrial uses including in fertilizers and refriger

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    ss2 Recent Chem - 115653

    Uploaded by

    lindaoeghaghara
    13 views5 pages
    The document discusses the nitrogen family and the properties and preparation of nitrogen and ammonia. The nitrogen family includes nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth, which all have the electron configuration 1s2, 2s2, 2p5. Nitrogen exists freely in air and can be prepared industrially by fractional distillation of air or in the lab by removing oxygen and carbon dioxide from air. Ammonia was first identified in 1716 and can be prepared by heating ammonium chloride with slaked lime or industrially via the Haber process of combining nitrogen and hydrogen under pressure with an iron catalyst. Both nitrogen and ammonia have various industrial uses including in fertilizers and refriger

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    Specially for Senior secondary school 2 To help them improve on certain topics in chemistry

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    ss2 recent chem_115653

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    The document discusses the nitrogen family and the properties and preparation of nitrogen and ammonia. The nitrogen family includes nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth, which all have the electron configuration 1s2, 2s2, 2p5. Nitrogen exists freely in air and can be prepared industrially by fractional distillation of air or in the lab by removing oxygen and carbon dioxide from air. Ammonia was first identified in 1716 and can be prepared by heating ammonium chloride with slaked lime or industrially via the Haber process of combining nitrogen and hydrogen under pressure with an iron catalyst. Both nitrogen and ammonia have various industrial uses including in fertilizers and refriger

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    13 views5 pages

    ss2 Recent Chem - 115653

    Uploaded by

    lindaoeghaghara
    The document discusses the nitrogen family and the properties and preparation of nitrogen and ammonia. The nitrogen family includes nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth, which all have the electron configuration 1s2, 2s2, 2p5. Nitrogen exists freely in air and can be prepared industrially by fractional distillation of air or in the lab by removing oxygen and carbon dioxide from air. Ammonia was first identified in 1716 and can be prepared by heating ammonium chloride with slaked lime or industrially via the Haber process of combining nitrogen and hydrogen under pressure with an iron catalyst. Both nitrogen and ammonia have various industrial uses including in fertilizers and refriger

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    of 5

    Nitrogen Family

    The nitrogen family includes the following compounds: nitrogen (N), phosphorus
    (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and bismuth (Bi).
    All Group 5 elements have the electron configuration 1s2, 2s2, 2p5. Nitrogen
    family elements often form covalent compounds, usually with the oxidation
    numbers +3 or +5.
    Nitrogen
    Daniel Rutherford, a Scottish Physician, discovered Nitrogen in 1772. But it was
    Lavoisier, who proved that nitrogen is an element and called it ‘azote’ meaning ‘no
    life’. While the name ‘Nitrogen’ was given to it by Jean Antoine Chaptal,in the
    year 1790.
    Nitrogen exists in the free state( 78% of air ) and in combined form in the
    atmosphere of the earth.
    Industrial Preparation (large scale)

    Industrially, Nitrogen is prepared by fractional distillation; Oxygen is obtained at


    the same time. Air is purified by removing gas from it.
    Then carbondioxide is removed and lastly water vapour. The remaining air is
    compressed allowed to expand to enhance cooling which eventually brings about
    liquefaction. The liquefied air is subjected to fractional distillation during which
    nitrogen evaporates first because it has a lower boiling point (-1960C, leaving
    behind liquid oxygen.
    Laboratory Preparation of Nitrogen
    Preparation of Nitrogen from Air
    Nitrogen is prepared from the air by removing oxygen and carbon dioxide. Water
    is used to push air through sodium hydroxide solution (caustic soda solution)
    which removes carbon dioxide.
    2NaOH (ag) + CO2 (g) Na2CO3 (g) + H2O (i)
    The remaining gas is passed over heated copper turnings to remove Oxygen.
    2Cu (s) + O2 (g)2CuO (s)
    Nitrogen is collected over water as it is insoluble in water.
    LEAVE 15 LINES FOR DIAGRAM
    Preparation of Nitrogen from Chemical Compounds
     By treating excess ammonia with chlorine, ammonium chloride and nitrogen
    are formed.
     Nitrogen can also be prepared by b heating a mixture of ammonium chloride
    and sodium dioxonitrate (III).
    NaNO2 (s) + NH4Cl (s) NH4NO2 (s) +NaCl (s)
     Nitrogen is formed by decomposition of ammonium dioxonitrate (III)
    NH4NO2 (s)N2 (g) + 2H2O (i)
    Physical Properties of Nitrogen
    1. it is colourless gas without smell
    2. it does not burn / doesn’t support combustion
    3. it is neither acidic nor basic
    4. Density of nitrogen is 1.25 x 10-3 g.cm-3 at 20°C
    5. Melting point of nitrogen is -210°C and boiling point of nitrogen is -195.8
    °C
    Chemical Properties of Nitrogen
    1. Nitrogen with some metals at very high temperatures forming nitrides e.g.
    Calcium and magnesium.
    3Mg (s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)
    3Ca (s) + N2 (g) Ca3N2 (s)
    2. It forms nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide with oxygen
    N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g)
    3. Its reacts with hydrogen to give ammonia
    N2 + 3H2 2NH3
    Uses of Nitrogen
    1. Nitrogen is used in high temperature thermometers where mercury cannot be
    used.
    2. Nitrogen is used in the manufacture of ammonia, trioxonitrate (V) acid,
    trioxonitrate (V) salt and fertilizer
    3. Liquid nitrogen is used as refrigerant and also used to shrink metal parts that
    are to be fitted inside other parts
    4. Liquid nitrogen is also used in grinding substances that are too tough or too
    sticky to grind at normal temperature, including drugs, cosmetics and
    plastics

    AMMONIA
    Ammonia was earlier known by the name "alkaline air". It was identified in 1716
    by J. Kunckel. It was prepared in a lab for the first time by Joseph Priestly in 1774
    it was Davy who proved in 1800 that it was composed of the elements nitrogen and
    hydrogen. In nature, ammonia occurs in both free as well as in combined state.

    Preparation of ammonia:
    By heating urea with soda lime.
    LEAVE 15 LINES FOR DIAGRAM AND EQUATION

    Hydrolysis of metal nitrides:


    Magnesium nitride reacts with water to produce a suspension of magnesium
    hydroxide in water along with ammonia.
    Mg3N2 + 6H2O → 3Mg(OH)2 + 2NH3

    Laboratory preparation:
    By heating ammonium chloride and slaked lime and then passing the ammonia
    formed through a drying tower illed with calcium oxide.

    LEAVE 12 LINES FOR DIAGRAM AND EQUATION


    Industrial preparation:
    By the direct union of nitrogen and hydrogen with Haber's process.
    When dry nitrogen and hydrogen mixed in 1:3 ratio at higher pressure of 200
    atmosphere and is then heated electrically in catalytic chamber over finely divide
    iron as catalyst, at a temperature of 450oc gives ammonia gas
    N2 + 3H2 2NH3
    LEAVE 12 LINES FOR DIAGRAM AND EQUATION
    Physical properties:
    1. Ammonia is a colourless gas with characteristic pungent odour.
    2. It is lighter than air
    3. Ammonia can easily liquefiable even at low temperatures
    4. Boiling point of ammonia: –33.5° C and Freezing point of ammonia: – 77.7° C
    5. It is highly soluble in water
    6. It causes irritating burning sensation in nasal passage

    Chemical properties:
    Ammonia gives reddish brown precipitate with Nessler's reagent.
    Neither combustible nor a supporter of combustion

    Basic nature:
    In general dry ammonia is neutral and aqueous solution of ammonia acts as a
    weak base.

    Reaction with acids:


    Ammonia can react with acids to form ammonium salts.
    NH3 (g) + HCl (g) → NH4Cl (s)
    NH3 (g) + H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4

    Reaction with metallic salts:


    Ammonia disolved in water to form ammonium hydroxide which reacts with
    metallic salts to form insoluble precipitates.
    NH3 + H2O → NH4OH
    NH4OH + CuSO4 → (NH4)2SO4 + Cu(OH)2

    Formation of urea:
    Ammonia can reacts with carbon dioxide to form urea at 423K temperature and
    150 atmospheric pressure.
    2NH3 + CO2 NH2CONH2 + H2O

    Dissociation of ammonia:
    Can dissociate to form nitrogen and hydrogen when passed through a red-hot tube
    or electric spark at temperatures above 500oC.
    2NH3 N2 + 3H2

    Oxidation of ammonia:
    Ammonia reacts with oxygen when heated in the presence of platinum at 800° C
    to yield nitric oxide.
    4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O + heat energy
    2NO + O2 → 2NO2

    Reduction of halogens:
    Ammonia reduces halogens to hydrogen halides.
    2NH3 + 3Cl2 → N2 + 6HCl

    Uses:
    1. Ammonia is a popular laboratory reagent
    2. It is useful o clean grease.
    3. Ammonia can be useful as a refrigerant in an ice plant.
    4. Ammonia is useful in the manufacture of washing soda and baking
    soda, Urea, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate.
    5. It is also useful manfacture of plastics, explosives, artificial silk, nitric acid,
    dyes and drugs.

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