F,

0.6

0.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
--- s ---
Ir,
,, C
Figure 12.19. Temperature correction factor: one shell pass; two or more even tube passes
1.0

0
0.71--+,i-f-+-l-l-+--++--1H-t-++-l--1r+-+--+-\-\-+1~t--\l--+-Hrl

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
--s

I"
I: ) ;\
h,
Figure 12.20. Temperature correction factor: two shell passes; four or multiples of four tube passes

675

Figure 12.21. Temperature correction factor: divided-flow shell; two or more even-tube passes
1.0

--•-
t,
t,

Figure 12.22. Temperature correction factor, split flow shell, 2 tube pass
 HEAT-TRANSFER EQUIPMENT 637
Table 12.1. Typical overall coefficients
Shell and tube exchangers

Hot fluid Cold fluid U f'/'Jlm 20 C)

Heat exchangers
Water Water 800-1500
Organic solvents Organic solvents 100-300
Light oils Light oils 100-400
Heavy oils Heavy oils 50-300
Gases Gases 10-50
Coolers
Organic solvents Water 250-750
Light oils Water 350-900
Heavy oils Water 60-300
Gases Water 20- 300
Organic solvents Brine 150-500
Water Brine 600-1200
Gases Brine 15-250
Heaters
Steam Water 1500-4000
Steam Organic solvents 500-1000
Steam Light oils 300-900
Steam Heavy oils 60-450
Steam Gases 30-300
Dowtherm Heavy oils 50-300
Dowtherm Gases 20-200
Flue gases Steam 30-100
Flue Hydrocarbon vapours 30-100
Condensers
Aqueous vapours Water 1000-1500 654
Organic vapours Water 700-1000
Organics (some non-condensables) Water 500-700
Vacuum condensers Water 200-500
Vaporisers
Steam Aqueous solutions 1000-1500
Steam Light organics 900-1200
Steam Heavy organics 600-900
'-
..__ ..__
' ..__ ..__ LlD - 24

'- '- 48

" '' ,
<.._'--.._

0
/ 120

~I><
"-
240

500

..__
--
-- -
'-
,--........:_
'--,
,,/
;

, 5678ll
--- ,-..._

5 6788 ' 56789 56789 '56789

10' 10' 10' 10' 10'
Reynolds number, Re

Figure 12.23. Tube-side heat-transfer factor

 Table 12.4. Constants for use in equation 12.3

Triangular pitch, Pt = l.25do

No. passes 2 4 6 8
K1 0.319 0.249 0.175 0.0743 0.0365
n1 2.142 2.207 2.285 2.499 2.675
Square pitch, Pt = l.25d 0
No. passes 2 4 6 8
K1 0.215 0.156 0.158 0.0402 0.0331
n1 2.207 2.291 2.263 2.617 2.643
 100

E
E
90
- Pull-through floating head

*-~
E 80
i----

--
'C
;; L---
§ 70
.c

*
I

60
i----
L---
----
Split-ring floating head
'c L---
'C
:~
50
-----
w
.c:
Vl 40

Outside packed head

30

20

10
Fixed and LI-tube

0
I I
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Bundle diameter, m

Figure 12.10. Shell-bundle clearance

 100
,,1 2 3 , 5 6 1 a9 1 -2

!'
10

',
.
'
'
' ...._
I I
15
.
'
I/
' ;t45 '
, ~:::-- ,
'', !
'
.
' :--.. Bafflecuts,percent . ''
' '"' '
' "'"" / 15
25
35
45
'
110' ,',, ,''
, 10~

.
''
'
..__..__c-...
---C:t:-s
.
''
'
' '
, 4 56789 1 2 3 4 567891 56789 1 4 56789 1
,
10' 10'
1 2 3 56789 1
101 , o-2 10' 10'
- ~ Reynolds number Re - -

Figure 12.29. Shell-side heat-transfer factors, segmentaJ baffles

 Table 12.2. Fouling factors (coefficients), typical values

Fluid Coefficient (Wim 2 ' C) Factor (reslslance) (m2'C/W)

River water 3000-12,000 0.0003-0.0001
Sea water 1000-3000 0.001-0.0003
Cooling water (towers) 3000-6000 0.0003-0.00017
Towns water (soft) 3000-5000 0.0003-0.0002
Towns water (hard) 1000-2000 0.001-0.0005
Steam condensate 1500-5000 0.00067 -0.0002
Steam (oil free) 4000-10,000 0.0025-0.0001
Steam (oil traces) 2000-5000 0.0005-0.0002
Refrigerated brine 3000-5000 0.0003-0.0002
Air and industrial gases 5000-10,000 0.0002-0.0001
Flue gases 2000-5000 0.0005-0.0002
Organic vapours 5000 0.0002
Organic liquids 5000 0.0002
Light hydrocarbons 5000 0.0002
Heavy hydrocarbons 2000 0.0005
Boiling organics 2500 0.0004
Condensing organics 5000 0.0002
Heat transfer fluids 5000 0.0002
Aqueous salt solutions 3000-5000 0.0003-0.0002
10--J , .~~,__,_,_,_.,.....,_,,__ _,.__,,,--,.--,..,--,..,.,,,__ _,__,__,_,_,_,..,...,__,__,_.,....,._,_,.,..,.,__ ___,,__,,,_.--,,"","",c>,"'
., ,
,o' 10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6

- - Reynolds number, Re -------+

Figure 12.24. Tube-side friction factors
 1 4 5678911
1 011

!, !,

"'
"'" Baffle cuts, percenl

" "-
~ 15

:--. 'r--
/r,1\;
, 45

~
-- -.::- r----,-...

4 56789 1
10' 10l
2
104
J 4 56789 1 2 l 4 567891
105
4 567891 '
- - Reynolds number. Re - - ""
Figure 12.30. Shell-side friction factors, segmentel baffles