SEL-451

Protection, Automation, and Bay Control System

Advanced feeder protection and

complete substation bay control in one
economical system
• Customize distribution protection using multiple instantaneous,
time-overcurrent, and directional elements.
• Detect high-impedance faults with Arc Sense™ technology (AST).
• Implement bay control with complete two-breaker control and
high-speed breaker failure detection.
• Transform the way you modernize your substation with SEL
Time-Domain Link (TiDL®) and Sampled Values (SV) technologies.
Functional Overview
Bus
ANSI Numbers/Acronyms and Functions
25 Synchronism Check

3
1 27 Undervoltage

SEL-451 32 (O,U) Over- and Underpower

50 RMS Overcurrent
25 27 32OU 50 50BF 51
50BF Dual Breaker Failure Overcurrent
Line
52PB 59 67 79 81OU 85 51 Time-Overcurrent
RIO
52PB Trip/Close Pushbuttons*
BRM DFR HIZ HBL HMI LGC
59 Overvoltage
3
67 Directional Overcurrent
LOC MET PMU SER SBM SIP
79 Autoreclosing
THM 16 C
S
E 81 (O,U) Over-/Underfrequency

1 4
2 Additional Functions
1 IRIG-B
Ethernet1* EIA-232 16 SEC Access Security (Serial, Ethernet)
3 SEL-451-5
50G Best Choice Ground

2 2 1 85 RIO SEL Mirrored Bits® Communications

Bus
BRM Breaker Wear Monitor
Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet
Station Bus Process Bus Engineering
Access DFR Event Reports
SEL-451-6*†
HBL Harmonic Blocking

HIZ High-Impedance Fault Detection AST*

HMI Operator Interface

LDE Load Encroachment

LGC Expanded SELogic® Control Equations

LOC Fault Locator

MET High-Accuracy Metering

PMU Synchrophasors

SBM Station Battery Monitor

SER Sequential Events Recorder

SIP Software-Invertible Polarities

SV IEC 61850-9-2 Sampled Values Technology*†

THM IEC 60255-Compliant Thermal Model

TiDL Time-Domain Link Technology*†

1
Copper or fiber-optic *Optional feature
TiDL and SV relays receive current and voltage values from remote
†

merging units.
Key Features
Comprehensive Feeder Protection
Customize distribution protection in the SEL-451 Protection, Automation,
and Bay Control System with multiple instantaneous, time-overcurrent, and
directional elements combined with SELogic control equations. AST detects
high-impedance faults, while low-energy analog (LEA) voltage inputs help
protect pad-mounted switchgear.

Powerful Bay Control and High-Speed Breaker Protection

Comprehensive two-breaker control and breaker failure protection
complement the versatility of the SEL-451 programmable logic to meet
your bay control needs. Easily control motor-operated switches, capacitor
banks, and field I/O from the front panel or remotely.

Built-In Real-Time Synchrophasor Measurements

Help system operators understand the network status with real-time
visual displays of system phase angles and frequency. High-accuracy
synchronized phasor measurements provide information and control
to match the frequency and phase angle for critical activities, such as
switching, startup, and power transfer.

Monitoring That Maximizes the Capability of Substation Equipment

Fully load equipment by monitoring power, including thermal or rolling
interval demand as well as peak demand on positive-, negative-, and
zero-sequence current.

Digital Secondary System Technologies

Modernize your substation by applying SEL TiDL technology or SEL SV
technology. Both of these digital secondary system solutions replace
copper wires with fiber-optic cables to increase safety, reduce costs
associated with using copper wires, and limit the impact
of electromagnetic interference.
TiDL is a simple and secure point-to-point solution that is easy to
implement, with no external time source or network engineering required.
SEL-TMU TiDL Merging Units placed in the yard digitize signals and
transmit them over fiber-optic cables to the SEL-451-6 TiDL relay in the
control house.
SEL SV combines protection in the merging unit with the flexibility of
IEC 61850-9-2 to increase power system reliability. SEL SV merging units
(or other IEC 61850-9-2 SV-compliant units) digitize signals and transmit
them via Ethernet over fiber-optic cables to an SEL-451-6 SV relay in the
control house.
Product Overview—SEL-451-5 Relay

EIA-232 front serial port is quick

and convenient for system setup
and local access.
Front-panel LEDs indicate custom alarms
and provide fast and simple information
Easy-to-use keypad to assist dispatchers and line crews with
aids simple navigation. rapid power restoration.

Interactive bay display with user- Programmable operator pushbuttons

configurable apparatus labels with user-configurable labels allow
allows the operator to view the front-panel customization.
status of breakers and disconnect
switches and to control them.
Choose from a vertical or horizontal, Use one front and three rear
panel-mount or rack-mount chassis EIA-232 ports for Mirrored Bits
and different size options. Communications protocols include FTP, communications, DNP3, SCADA,
Telnet, synchrophasors, DNP3 LAN/WAN, and engineering access.
the Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP), the
IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol Version 2
Use a maximum of (PTPv2),** and IEC 61850 Edition 2.
68 output contacts.1

Order six current inputs in standard Use a maximum of

terminal blocks (as shown) or a 103 input contacts.1
Connectorized® hardware configuration.

Choose six voltage inputs in either standard Choose from power supply
terminal blocks, a Connectorized hardware options such as 24–48 Vdc;
configuration, or an LEA hardware 48–125 Vdc or 110–120 Vac; or
configuration. 125–250 Vdc or 110–240 Vac.

1
Requires 8U chassis
**For PTP implementation, Ports 5A and 5B
must be ordered as an option.
Applications
Protection
Complete Overcurrent Protection Pad-Mounted Switchgear Protection
Customize distribution protection with multiple Protect pad-mounted switchgear using the SEL-451 with
instantaneous and time-overcurrent elements LEA voltage inputs. This helps reduce overall system
combined with SELogic control equations. You can costs by eliminating amplification electronics between
select from four phase, four negative-sequence, and the line sensor and the relay. Having fewer devices leads
four ground instantaneous overcurrent elements to a simpler system, a reduction in labor costs, and the
to best fit your application. Best Choice Ground elimination of a possible point of failure.
Directional Element® logic optimizes directional
element performance and eliminates the need Electric
for many directional settings. Voltage Divider

High-Impedance Fault Detection C1

Cable
Detect high-impedance faults with AST. High- SEL-451
impedance faults are a common result of a downed
conductor on surfaces with poor conductivity. With Vpri
VY or VZ Terminal
AST, alarm or trip for faults that produce low fault C2 Cc Vsec Voltage Input
(8 Vac LEA input)
current and are undetectable with conventional
overcurrent relays.
Bay Control BAYNAME

Two-Breaker Bay Control BAYLAB1

SW1
Meet your bay control needs with complete two-breaker
control and high-speed breaker failure detection. You
can easily control motor-operated switches, capacitor
banks, and field I/O from the front panel or remotely. BK1 BAYLAB2

Configurable labels make it easy to customize the

relay controls to match your application. Different bus BK2
configurations are available, including single- and dual- SW2
busbar, transfer bus, tie-breaker, breaker-and-a-half, ring-
bus (shown in the figure), double-bus/double-breaker, and 6 ANALOGS
source-transfer configurations. I:99999.9 A
V:9999.9 KV
P:9999.9 MW
Flexible I/O Options Q:9999.9 MV
SW3
F:99.9 HZ
Select different combinations of I/O boards to match each
application. The SEL-451 supports up to four additional I/O NAVIG ESC
boards for a total of up to 103 inputs and up to 68 outputs
depending on configuration.
Panel Integration
Racked Breaker Support
Improve efficiency and simplify installation with more
Support racked breakers where they are used. Racked
target LEDs and operator pushbuttons. The 4U, 5U, and
breaker mosaics provide visual indication of not only
8U chassis have options for an additional eight target
whether the breaker is open or closed but also for which
LEDs and four operator control pushbuttons. You can
position the breaker is in (racked in, test, or racked out).
also include arc-suppressed trip/close pushbuttons for
Disconnect Monitoring and Control an enhanced solution.
Use up to 20 disconnects for bay control applications. All Display the breaker status and control the breaker
disconnects can be either controlled or in a monitor-only position, even if the relay is not powered, with auxiliary
state. A setting for each disconnect allows you to tailor it breaker trip/close control pushbuttons and indicating
for each application. lamps. The 24 target LEDs indicate the relay state
and various trip conditions and are configurable for
specific applications. You can modify the 12 operator
pushbuttons to replace traditional panel switches and
meet operator control needs.

+ +

Close Breakerr Breaker

Breaker
B Trip
(manual/local) Openn C losed
Closed (manual/local)

43 43
4
Remote Close/ local local Remote Trip/
Autoreclose Protection Trips
52a
To Close Circuit

52
52b TC
- -
Automation VAR-Supervised Time-Undervoltage Characteristic
Custom Automation With SELogic Control Equations
Create your own custom applications using powerful SELogic 15
control equations. This allows you to:
• Prevent cascading voltage collapse using VAR-supervised
time-undervoltage elements.
10
• Monitor VAR loading, and trip only the feeders with high
VAR demand to prevent voltage collapse.

Time (s)
• Create an adaptive inverse-time overcurrent characteristic
to adjust pickup based on load conditions.
5
• Protect ungrounded-wye shunt capacitor banks.
Trip Time
• Create your own custom curves.

0 0.5 1.0
Voltage Per Unit

Harmonic Analysis
120
Harmonic Monitoring
110
Apply the second-, fourth-, and fifth-harmonic elements
100
with individual threshold settings to detect transformer Harmonics % of Fundamental
90
energization and overexcitation conditions. You can use
the output from these harmonic detection elements for 80

a variety of functions. For example, modifying the relay 70

settings can improve security, and event reporting makes 60

the identification of transformer energization events fast 50

and simple. 40

30

20

10
60 120 180 240 300 360 420
Frequency

Breaker Wear Monitoring Excess Breaker

Contact Wear
Compare the breaker manufacturer’s published data to
the actual interrupted current and number of operations Excess Mechanical
for two breakers, and create alarms accordingly. By Operating Time
monitoring the mechanical and electrical interruption
Excess Electrical
time per pole, you can compare average and last trip Operating Time
times for maintenance scheduling.
Excess Pole Scatter or
Pole Discrepancy

Excess Breaker
Phase Currents
Inactivity Time
Relay
Auxiliary Contact Circuit Excess Motor Running
Inputs Breaker Time
Monitor
Station Battery Excess kA
Voltages Interrupted

Deviations in Station
Battery Voltages
Enhanced Event Analysis Software Synchrophasors
Use the SEL-451 as a multichannel (six voltages, Significantly improve your system’s performance with
six currents) digital fault recorder. With SEL-5601-2 SEL’s complete synchrophasor solutions, including
synchroWAVe Event Software, you can view COMTRADE hardware, communications, viewing and analysis
®

files from the SEL-451 and other digital fault recorders. software, data collection, and data archiving. The
Event resolutions from 1 to 8 kHz and event report SEL-451 provides real-time system state measurement
lengths from 0.25 to 24.00 seconds (1 kHz resolution) with time-synchronized voltages and currents in the
are possible. You can perform harmonic analysis of any IEEE C37.118 standard format. In addition, SEL-5078-2
voltage or current and select the prefault, fault, or post- synchroWAVe Central Software or third-party software
fault portion of the event report to examine. allow you to view and analyze system phase angles,
load oscillations, voltage profiles, and other critical
system information.
SEL TiDL Process Bus Solutions
SEL Time-Domain Link (TiDL) technology is a protection- Strong Cybersecurity Posture
centered digital secondary system solution engineered The dedicated, deterministic TiDL system helps secure
with simplicity in mind. This technology minimizes mission-critical systems. The isolated point-to-point
cybersecurity risks and network engineering by using connections and the absence of switches and routers
point-to-point communications and a nonroutable reduce the electronic security perimeter and limit attack
protocol. A TiDL-based solution does not require an points. This security-minded architecture prevents
external time reference. remote access, and its simplicity eliminates
the need for managing port access.
Simple Architecture
SEL-TMU devices are placed in the yard close to the Minimal Training Required
primary equipment and digitize discrete I/O signals The relay settings for the SEL-451-6 TiDL relay are the
and analog data, such as voltages and currents. These same as those in all popular SEL-400 series models,
data are then transported over fiber-optic cables to an providing consistency and simplicity. You can use the
SEL-451-6 TiDL relay in the control house. The point-to- same protection schemes and applications for complete
point architecture simplifies implementation and drives feeder protection.
overall maintenance and maintenance costs down.
Flexible Communications Options
Data-Sharing Capabilities
The SEL-451 can be configured with a five-port Ethernet
Each SEL-TMU can be paired with up to four SEL-400 card supporting PRP or failover functionality to increase
series TiDL relays. This data-sharing capability allows system availability. Use PTPv2 on process bus or station
design flexibility, and point-to-point connections simplify bus ports to provide time synchronization.
system expansion.
This card also features dedicated ports and IP addresses
Built-In Data Synchronization for station bus and engineering access networks to
TiDL relays measure the path delay between the relay and provide selective access control.
the merging unit on each connected port to align current Use the small form-factor pluggable (SFP) transceivers
and voltage measurements acquired from different on process bus, station bus, and engineering access
merging units. This eliminates the need for external time ports. Single- and multimode communications options
sources, such as GPS clocks, for synchronization. All data provide increased flexibility.
from the SEL-TMU devices are synchronized with each
other regardless of the number of units connected to the
SEL-451-6 relay or the length of the fiber.

Substation Yard

VAY, IAW, IBW, ICW IAW, IBW, ICW

VBY,
VCY
VAZ
(Sync-
Check)

SEL-TMU SEL-TMU SEL-TMU

Feeder 1
Feeder 2
Fiber-Optic Cable

SEL-451 SEL-451

Control House
SEL-451-6 With TiDL Technology

4U chassis with horizontal mounting Select a five-port Ethernet card

options (panel or rack) accommodates for dedicated station bus and
your application needs. engineering access ports.

Eight 100 Mbps fiber-optic ports allow LEDs for viewing the connection
the TiDL relay to connect with eight status to an SEL-TMU TiDL Merging
remote SEL-TMU devices and to receive Unit on a per-port basis.
remote analog and digital data.
SEL SV-Based Process Bus Solutions
SEL Sampled Values (SV)-based solutions are Interoperability
communications-centric, network-based solutions that SEL-451-6 SV relays and other SEL SV devices are fully
combine protection in the merging unit with the flexibility compliant with IEC 61850-9-2 and the UCA 61850-9-2LE
of IEC 61850-9-2. guideline. You can use them with primary equipment
that generates SV streams or with other manufacturers’
Networked Architecture
SV-compliant units.
The SEL-451-6 SV relay (subscriber) in the control house
receives digitized analog signals from SV merging Advanced Network Monitoring and Diagnostic Tools
units (publishers) in the yard via a fiber-based Ethernet The SEL-451-6 SV relay provides advanced network
network. SEL SV-based solutions allow you to create monitoring and diagnostic tools through standard
a flexible Ethernet-based network using tools such as IEC 61850 logical nodes. Additional diagnostic
software-defined networks or VLANs. You can use SEL information and statistics are available through COM
software-defined networking (SDN) switches to provide SV, GOO, ETH, and COM PRP commands, which aid in
centralized traffic engineering and improve Ethernet troubleshooting. The TEST SV command allows you to
performance. SEL SDN switches act as transparent PTP check the network connectivity as well as the CT and
clocks that support the IEEE C37.238 power system PT ratios between publisher and subscriber devices.
profile, ensuring submicrosecond time synchronization
of the end devices. Flexible Communications Options
The SEL-451 can be configured with a five-port Ethernet
Merging Units With Built-In Protection
card supporting PRP or failover functionality to increase
Some SEL relays can be used as SV merging units. Apply system availability. Use PTPv2 on process bus or station
the SEL-401 Protection, Automation, and Control Merging bus ports to provide time synchronization.
Unit for overcurrent and breaker failure protection. Use
the SEL-421 Protection, Automation, and Control Merging This card also features dedicated ports and IP addresses
Unit for complete line protection, including five zones of for station bus and engineering access networks to
subcycle mho and quadrilateral distance elements. If provide selective access control.
IEC 61850 network communications are lost, the SEL Use the SFP transceivers on process bus, station bus,
merging units provide backup standalone protection. and engineering access ports. Single- and multimode
communications options provide increased flexibility.
All ports support 100 Mbps SFPs, and process bus ports
also support 1 Gbps SFPs.

Substation Yard

VAY, IAW, IAW,

VBY, IBW, IBW,
VCY ICW ICW

SEL-401 SEL-401

Feeder 1 Feeder 2

Fiber-Optic Cable
Control House

GPS Clock
Ethernet Switch SEL-2741 SEL-2488

SEL-451 SEL-451
SEL-451-6 With SV Technology

Choose an SFP transceiver to match application

requirements. Process bus ports support 100 Mbps
4U chassis with horizontal mounting and 1 Gbps connections. Station bus and engineering
options (panel or rack) accommodates access support 100 Mbps connections. Select single-
your application needs. or multimode fiber.

Select a five-port Ethernet communications

card for dedicated process bus, station bus,
and engineering access ports.
Accessibility and Communications
Built-In Web Server
Access basic SEL-451 information on a
standard Ethernet network with the built-in
web server. From there you can view the
relay status, Sequential Events Recorder
(SER) data, metering information, and
settings with easy access within a local
network. For increased security, web server
access requires a relay password and the
information is limited to a read-only view.

Mirrored Bits Communications 52 52

This field-proven technology provides
simple and powerful bidirectional
digital communications between
devices. Mirrored Bits communications
can transmit/receive information
between upstream relays and down-
SEL-451 SEL-451
stream recloser controls to enhance MIRRORED BITS® Communications
Digital, Analog, or Virtual Terminal
coordination and generate faster
tripping for downstream faults.

Ethernet-Based Communications
Engineering Wide-Area
SEL-2488
An Ethernet communications card Access Network
GPS Clock
enables you to communicate using
a variety of protocols, including FTP,
HTTP, DNP3, PTPv2, PRP, Telnet, Ethernet
Switch
synchrophasors, and IEC 61850 SEL-2741
Edition 2. Select between copper, SEL-451
fiber, or a combination of port types.

SEL-421 SEL-487B

SEL-3530

SEL-451
Setting and Commissioning Software
Save Time and Eliminate Costly Errors With SEL
Commissioning Assistant Software
SEL Commissioning Assistant Software recommends
matrix compensation settings after automatically
identifying incorrect field wiring and improper CT
configurations, such as incorrect CT polarities,
inconsistent CT ratios, or crossed phases.

Apply the Commissioning Assistant in Five Easy Steps

1. Define the system one-line diagram.
2. Assign any two windings to conduct a test.
3. Validate the current flow, CT ratios, and polarity.
4. Run the test to start the matrix calculation process.
5. Document and implement the correct compensation
matrix recommended for the transformer application.

Simplify the SEL-451 Configuration Process With

the Graphical Logic Editor (GLE)
With the GLE, you can view SELogic control equations
graphically and document settings files for easier
validation and commissioning. You can also convert
existing SELogic control equations to easy-to-read
diagrams and save diagrams with your acSELerator
QuickSet® SEL-5030 Software settings.
The GLE capability in QuickSet makes it easy to design
new SELogic control equations with the convenient
diagram navigation tool, drag-and-drop interface, function
block diagrams, and automatic layout function. You can
manage your control diagrams with a full element palette.
The GLE aids in reducing design errors and reducing the
time and expense of commissioning relays.

Next-Generation Configuration Software

Included with the TiDL and SV relays, SEL Grid
Configurator is a new software tool that allows
engineers and technicians to quickly create, manage,
and deploy settings for SEL power system devices.
It features a modern interface designed for ease
of use, with powerful protection visualization
and comprehensive reporting to reduce device
deployment complexity.
SEL-451 Specifications
General
AC Current Inputs 5 A nominal TiDL Ports Fiber-optic ports: 8
(6 total) 1 A nominal Range: ~2 km
Data rate: 100 Mbps
AC Voltage Inputs
0–300 VL-N operational Protocol: SEL T-Protocol
(6 total)

LEA Voltage Inputs 0–8 VL-N operational SV Ports Subscriber: As many as 7 SV data streams
Data rate: 4.8 kHz for 60 Hz system,
Communications FTP, HTTP, Telnet, SEL ASCII, SEL Fast 4 kHz for 50 Hz system
Protocols Message, synchrophasors, DNP3, PRP,
Protocol: IEC 61850-9-2
PTPv2, and IEC 61850 Edition 2 (optional)
Precise-Time Demodulated IRIG-B time input and
Communications Serial Ports
Input PTPv2 (default, IEEE C37.238:2011,
Ports One front-panel and three rear-panel
and IEC 61850-9-3:2016 profiles)
EIA-232 serial ports
300–57,600 bps Processing AC voltage and current inputs: 8,000
Two-Port Ethernet Card samples per second
Two 100BASE-FX fiber-optic Protection and control processing: 8
network ports times per power system cycle
Four-Port Ethernet Card
Power Supply 24–48 Vdc
Four 10/100BASE-T twisted-pair
network ports, or 48–125 Vdc or 110–120 Vac
Four 100BASE-FX fiber-optic 125–250 Vdc or 110–240 Vac
network ports, or
Operating
Two 10/100BASE-T twisted-pair –40° to +85°C (–40° to +185°F)
Temperature
network ports and two 100BASE-FX
fiber-optic network ports
Five-Port Ethernet Card
Two 100/1000BASE SFP ports
Three 100BASE SFP ports

Making Electric Power Safer, More Reliable, and More Economical

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