Unit 4 Classified - Part 2 Final

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified
Chapter Page
Photosynthesis 2
Ecology 35
Natural Selection & Speciation 73
Global Warming 94
Forensics 139
Immunity & Diseases 169
Synoptic 252
Dr. Ahmed Amr 1

Forensic Medicine
Dr. Ahmed Amr 139

(Question 49) January 2014 Q7

A pathologist can use a number of methods to estimate the time of death of a body found at a
crime scene.
The extent of rigor mortis is one method that the pathologist can use to estimate the time of
death.
(a) Place a cross in the box next to the correct description of rigor mortis.
(1)
(b) The graph below shows how the extent of rigor mortis changes with time after death.
(i) The pathologist assessed the extent of rigor mortis of the body as 2.0 arbitrary units. He used
the information in the graph to estimate how long the body had been dead.
Calculate the difference between his lower and upper estimates.
Answer = ...........................hours
(2)
Dr. Ahmed Amr 140

(ii) Explain how the pathologist could use the core temperature of the body and the ambient
temperature to make this estimate more accurate. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(iii) State one other factor that could affect the pathologist’s estimate. Explain how this factor
could affect the estimate. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 141

*(c) Forensic entomologists use information on insect life cycles to estimate the time of death. The
hister beetle is an insect that may be found on a body.
The life cycle of this beetle consists of five stages:
● egg
● first instar larva
● second instar larva
● pupa
● adult beetle.
The time taken for each of these stages depends on temperature.
Describe an investigation that could be carried out to study the effect of temperature on each of
these stages. (5)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 142


Proteomics can be used to study gene expression and to analyse the structure of proteins.
(a) Describe the structure of proteins. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 143

(b) The diagram below shows some of the steps involved in proteomics. The analysis uses gel
electrophoresis and immunoassays. Immunoassays identify protein fragments using antibodies.
Enzymes can be used to produce protein fragments from the isolated protein.
Put a cross in the box next to the description that completes the following statement.
Enzymes are
(1)
Dr. Ahmed Amr 144

Put a cross in the box next to the term that completes the following statement.
Enzymes digest proteins into fragments using
(1)
Using your knowledge of gel electrophoresis in the analysis of DNA, suggest how gel
electrophoresis could be used to analyse the protein. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Immunoassays use antibodies to identify the protein fragments. Suggest why antibodies are
suitable molecules for identifying protein fragments. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 145

(c) Gene expression can be analysed by isolating and studying mRNA.
However, the structure and number of mRNA molecules do not always correspond to the proteins
in the cell.
Suggest why the mRNA molecules do not always correspond to the proteins in the cell. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 146


The time of death of a person can be estimated using a number of different methods. One of
these methods uses the degree of muscle contraction (rigor).
The graph below shows the extent of rigor in the muscles of a human body after death.
(a) Using the information in the graph, describe the relationship between time after death and the
extent of rigor. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 147

(b) A pathologist examined a dead body. She immediately measured the body temperature by
inserting a temperature probe into the liver.
The temperature probe read 34°C. She used this reading to estimate that death had occurred
eight hours previously.
Explain why the pathologist inserted the temperature probe into the liver immediately. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(c) On further examination of the dead body, it was found that the extent of rigor was 100 au. The
pathologist concluded that the body had been stored in a different place before being discovered.
Explain why the pathologist came to this conclusion. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 148


The time of death of a mammal can be estimated using a number of methods.
There are changes in the numbers and types of insects found on the body of a decomposing
mammal.
These changes are shown below.
a) Place a cross in the box next to the term that describes these changes in the types of insect on
a dead mammal.
(1)
Dr. Ahmed Amr 149

b) Place a cross in the box next to the term for studying insects on a dead mammal.
(1)
*(c) Explain how additional information about the insects and the body can be used to determine
the time of death of this mammal. (6)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 150

(Question 53) Jan 17 Q8

Brown bears are found in North America, Canada and Alaska.
The photograph below shows a brown bear in Alaska.
(a) Between 2006 and 2009, there were several cases of homes being broken into by
brown bears. These were all in the Swan Valley area in North America.
Four brown bears were captured. These bears had paw sizes that matched the
tracks left in the ground around these homes.
Analysis of DNA from blood and fur left in the homes did not match these four brown bears.
(i) State one precaution that had to be taken when the blood and fur samples were collected. (1)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain the role of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the analysis of the DNA of these
bears. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 151

(b) In 2007, the brown bear was a threatened species in Alberta, Canada.
A study was carried out to determine the number of bears in the area. Fur was
collected from trees that the bears had rubbed against and their DNA analysed.
(i) Explain how DNA analysis would help the scientists to determine the number of bears in the
area. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest one reason why this study can only estimate the number of bears in the area. (1)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 152

(c) The diagram below shows the DNA profiles of a baby bear, the mother bear and four male bears.
Use the information in the diagram to explain which of the four male bears is the father of the
baby bear. (2)
................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 153

(Question 54) June 17 Q8

In 1999, scientists used forensic entomology to determine the time of death of two illegally-killed
black bear cubs.
When the cubs were discovered, there were adult blow flies on their bodies and blow fly eggs in
their wounds.
The table below shows the timeline of the investigation and some of the observations made.
(a) (i) Suggest why some of the eggs were preserved in alcohol. (1)
...........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest why some of the blow fly eggs were incubated with bear liver. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
(iii) Use the information in the table to give the time period in which the eggs started to hatch
into maggots. (1)
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 154

(iv) Suggest why all the eggs do not hatch at the same time. (1)
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) The eggs of three species of blow fly were found on the cubs.
The scientists knew that these species of blow fly do not lay their eggs when it is dark.
The table below shows the time taken for the eggs of these three species of blow
fly to hatch into maggots, at different temperatures.
(i) Explain why the time taken for the eggs to hatch is dependent on the temperature. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 155

(ii) The scientists estimated that the time of death was in the early hours of the 14th July.
Using the information provided, explain why the actual time of death could only be an estimate. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(c) Explain why it is necessary to use several pieces of information to determine the time of death
of an organism. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 156

(Question 55) Oct 17 Q8

8 Genetic relationships can be identified using DNA profiling.
The DNA used can be either nuclear DNA or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
(a) Suggest one function of the proteins coded for by genes in the mtDNA. (1)
................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) Analysis of DNA from the nucleus requires the DNA to be amplified using the
polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The DNA fragments are then separated by gel
electrophoresis.
(i) The PCR imitates semi-conservative replication of DNA in a cell.

Compare PCR and semi-conservative replication. (4)
................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 157

(ii) Gel electrophoresis uses an electric current to separate the DNA fragments.
Put a cross in the box next to the correct statement about gel electrophoresis.
(1)
(c) A skeleton can be identified by analysing mtDNA.
Suggest why mtDNA can be analysed when it is not possible to analyse nuclear
DNA from a skeleton. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(d) Explain why the mtDNA of a child will be identical to the mtDNA of its mother. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 158


Giant pandas are an endangered species.
(a) State the meaning of the term species. (1)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) The photograph below shows a female panda and her cub.
The majority of the existing population of giant pandas are living in captivity.
Giant pandas do not breed very well in captivity. Fertilisation of females is only
successful if females are allowed to mate naturally, as well as being injected with
sperm from several different males (artificial insemination).
(i) It is important to determine the father of any cub born.
Explain why it is important to determine the father of a cub. (2)
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 159
(ii) Explain how gel electrophoresis can be used to determine the father of a cub. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 160

(iii) In the majority of cases, the father of the cub is the male that mated naturally with the female.
It is possible that the quality of sperm used in artificial insemination has been reduced by
freezing.
Suggest how the quality of the sperm could be investigated to produce valid conclusions. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(c) The DNA of wild giant pandas can be analysed using samples of their faeces. Faeces contain
DNA from the giant panda, plant material and bacteria.
The polymerase chain reaction can be used to amplify only the DNA from the giant panda.
Put a cross in the box next to the component that will ensure that only the DNA from the giant
panda is amplified.
(1)
Dr. Ahmed Amr 161


Animals are sometimes killed illegally.
Police can use a number of methods to identify the criminal, the specific animal that
has been killed and the time of death of the animal.
*(a) In 2000, a tiger was killed in a zoological park for its claws.
In 2005, a tiger claw was found.
Samples of DNA were collected from the claw. The DNA was compared and
matched to the DNA of the parents of the tiger killed in 2000.
Describe the methods used in this process. (6)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...
Dr. Ahmed Amr 162
(b) Estimating the time of death of an animal killed illegally can help to catch the criminal.
(i) Explain how measuring the body temperature of the dead animal can be used to estimate the
time of death.(3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain how one named method, other than measuring body temperature, can be used to
estimate the time of death. (3)
Method
...........................................................................................................................................................
Explanation
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 163


The presence of pollen in peat bogs can be used as evidence for global warming.
(a) Describe the role of the nuclei in pollen. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) (i) Explain why the presence of pollen in peat bogs can be used as evidence for global
warming. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain how DNA profiling can be used to identify the species of plant that the pollen came
from. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Dr. Ahmed Amr 164

(c) Pollen was extracted from peat bogs and identified to study the effects of human activity.
Changes in human activity can influence the groups of plants growing in a habitat.
The diagram below shows the relative quantities of pollen from three groups of plants.
Using the information in the diagram, explain the changes in the types of pollen found
between 3000 and 200 years ago. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 165


Forensic entomology can be used to determine the time of death of a person.
Blowfly larvae develop through a series of stages before becoming an adult.
The table below shows the minimum and maximum length of time taken to reach
each stage of blowfly development, at three different ambient temperatures.
This table could be used by a forensic scientist to determine the time of death of a person.
(a) Using the information in the table, explain why a forensic scientist uses data at three ambient
temperatures. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Dr. Ahmed Amr 166

(b) (i) A corpse was found on the 20th September at 18:00 hours.
The forensic scientist found larvae only in the prepupal stage.
The mean ambient temperature at the site where the corpse was found was 23.3 °C.
Using the information in the table, calculate the earliest date and time of death. (3)
Answer ..............................................................
(ii) Discuss the reliability of this estimate for the time of death. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 167

(c) The forensic scientist said that forensic entomology was the most accurate method for
determining the time of death of a person who had been dead for longer than three days.
Explain why the forensic scientist thought that other methods were not as accurate as forensic
entomology. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 168

Immunity
Dr. Ahmed Amr 169


When a pathogen infects a person for the first time, an immune response takes place. The
appropriate T helper cell is activated and a clone from this cell is produced.
(a) (i) Name the type of division that occurs when the T helper cell is cloned. (1)
...........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest how a microscope slide could be prepared to observe cell division in T helper cells (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) Describe the role of T helper cells in the immune response. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 170

(c) The electron micrograph below shows a T helper cell. Some structures of this cell have been
labelled.
Place a cross in the box to identify each of the labelled structures.
(i) Structure P
(1)
(ii) Structure Q
(1)
Dr. Ahmed Amr 171

(d) The diagram below shows an organelle found in T helper cells.
(i) Name this organelle. (1)
...........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe the role of this organelle in T helper cells. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 172


Some diseases are caused by viruses infecting cells.
(a) The table below shows some features of cells and viruses.
For each feature, place one cross in the appropriate box, in each row, to show whether it is found
in all viruses, some viruses or is not found in viruses.
(3)
Dr. Ahmed Amr 173

(b) An investigation was carried out to study phagocytosis of virus particles by human white blood
cells.
When the virus particles were added, they attached to the membranes of the white blood cells.
The number of virus particles attached to each white blood cell was recorded for 30 minutes.
After 30 minutes, virus particles were observed in vesicles inside the white blood cells.
The graph below shows the results of this investigation.
i) Comment on the reliability of these results. (2)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 174

(ii) Use the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes to explain the results of this investigation. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(c) Antibiotics cannot be used to treat infections caused by viruses. Hospitals have a code of
practice to prevent and control the spread of infections caused by viruses. (i) Suggest why
antibiotics cannot be used to treat infections caused by viruses. (1)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) State two ways that hospitals can reduce the spread of infections caused by viruses. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 175

Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections because they affect bacterial cells and not the
cells of the patient being treated. (a) Give two differences in the structure of a bacterial cell and a
cell of the patient. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) The effect of four different antibiotics on two types of bacteria, type 1 and type 2, was
investigated in a school laboratory.
A suspension of bacteria type 1 was spread evenly over solid medium in a Petri dish. Four paper
discs were placed on the surface of the medium. Each disc had been soaked in a different
antibiotic, P, Q, R or S.
The procedure was repeated for a suspension of bacteria type 2.
The Petri dishes were sealed and then incubated for 48 hours.
(i) Describe how the Petri dishes should be sealed. Give a reason for your answer. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 176

...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest a suitable incubation temperature to use in this investigation. Give two reasons for
your answer. (3)
Temperature...................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(iii) The results of this investigation are shown below.
Dr. Ahmed Amr 177

Describe the effect of antibiotics P, Q and R on these two types of bacteria. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 178

Immunity against micro-organisms can be developed in different ways.
(a) The diagram below shows ways in which immunity develops.
Place a cross in the box next to the name of each type of immunity that develops
(3)
Dr. Ahmed Amr 179

(b) Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is a non-enveloped single-stranded DNA virus that infects
cats.
(i) Give two differences between the structure of FPV and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) New FPV particles cannot be made unless the cells of the cat are in S-phase of the cell cycle.
S-phase occurs before mitosis. The DNA is replicated during S-phase. Suggest why these FPV
particles can only be made in S-phase of the cell cycle.
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Colostrum is the milk that kittens drink from their mother immediately after they are born.
Maternal antibodies against FPV can be passed to the kittens from the mother in the colostrum.
The level of antibodies in the kittens halves every 10 days. These antibodies protect the kittens
from FPV for approximately seven weeks.
(i) Estimate the proportion of antibodies remaining in the kittens after seven weeks.
Answer = ..............................................
(2)
Dr. Ahmed Amr 180

(ii) Suggest why these maternal antibodies do not give the kittens long-lasting protection against
this virus. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 181


Hospitals have developed codes of practice to reduce the spread of infections.
Appropriate hand washing is one measure that helps to reduce the spread of infection.
Two studies compared the effectiveness of hand washing products.
In study 1, four hand washing products were tested. One of these products was an alcohol-based
product. Graph 1 shows the mean decrease in number of bacteria on hands in this study.
In the second study, hands were washed for different lengths of time using soap and water, or an
alcohol-based product. Graph 2 below shows the results of this study
Dr. Ahmed Amr 182

a) It has been claimed that using alcohol-based products is the most appropriate way to wash
hands because these products:
• require less washing time

• act faster
• irritate hands less
• are more effective than other hand washing products.
Using the information in Graph 1 and Graph 2, comment on each of the claims made about
alcohol-based products. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) Comment on the reliability of the data in Graph 1 and Graph 2. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 183

(c) Both graphs show the mean decrease in the number of bacteria on hands. Suggest how this
could have been determined. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(d) Describe three procedures, other than hand washing, that hospitals use to reduce the spread
of infection. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 184


Adenoviruses can cause infections of the respiratory tract. The diagram below shows the
structure of an adenovirus.
a) (i) Using the information in the diagram and your own knowledge, describe how the structure of
the adenovirus is different from the structure of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 185

ii) The DNA of the adenovirus carries genes. Suggest what these genes code for. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) When the adenovirus infects someone for the first time, an immune response occurs and the
person develops immunity.
T killer cells are involved in the immune response to the adenovirus.
The type of immunity that develops the first time the adenovirus infects a person is called
(1)
Put a cross in the box next to the cell that presents antigen to T killer cells.
(1)
Dr. Ahmed Amr 186

Put a cross in the box next to the name of the chemical that T helper cells produce to activate the
T killer cells
(1)
Once activated, the T killer cells divide by
(1)
Describe the role of T killer cells in the immune response to a viral infection. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 187


The human body responds to a virus infection by producing interferon and antibodies.
The graph below shows the change in the number of virus particles, the level of interferon and the
level of antibodies in a person in the weeks following an infection.
a) Describe the structure of a virus. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Dr. Ahmed Amr 188

(b) Explain why there is a delay, following this infection, before the number of virus particles
increases. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Explain the change in the number of virus particles from day 1 to day 5. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(c) Describe the role of interferon. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 189

(d) Explain why there is a delay before the level of antibodies starts to rise. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 190


Gut flora help to protect the body from infection.
(a) Explain the meaning of the term infection. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Explain how gut flora protect the body from infection. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 191

(b) The diversity of the gut flora of a person was recorded. This person then took a course of
antibiotics for seven days.
The percentage of each type of bacteria in the gut flora was recorded for a period of 18 months.
Each type of bacteria is represented by a different letter in the chart below.
Explain the meaning of the term antibiotic. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 192

* Using the information in the graph, describe the effect of this course of antibiotics on the
diversity of gut flora. Suggest explanations for this effect. (6)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 193


Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) increases the risk of developing tuberculosis
(TB). Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
(a) The table below shows the results of a survey of patients who had TB in 2008 and in 2010.
It shows the number of patients with TB who believed that they were HIV negative and the
number of patients who knew that they were HIV positive.
Using the information in the table, calculate the percentage of patients with TB in 2008 who were
HIV positive. Show your working. (2)
Answer ................................ %
Describe how the proportion of patients who were HIV positive in 2008 compares with the
proportion of patients who were HIV positive in 2010. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 194

The actual numbers of these patients who are HIV positive may be higher than the numbers in the
table. Suggest two reasons for this. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) Treating patients with TB is a problem because Mycobacterium tuberculosis is resistant to a

number of antibiotics. Give three ways in which hospital codes of practice can reduce the rate at
which antibiotic resistance is increasing. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 195


Some bacterial and viral infections result in death.
(a) The table below shows some features of bacteria and viruses.
For each feature, place one cross in the appropriate box in each row, to show whether the
feature is found in bacteria and viruses, bacteria only, viruses only or not found in either.
(4)
(b) Describe the sequence of symptoms that result in the death of a person infected with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). (3)
.....................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 196

(c) Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can result in the death of a person
because the T helper cells are destroyed.
Explain how infection with HIV results in the T helper cells being destroyed. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
(d) The graph below shows the percentage of a population with HIV and the number of new
infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) from 1980 to 2010.
Dr. Ahmed Amr 197

Describe the evidence shown in this graph that suggests there is a correlation between
infection with HIV and TB infection. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 198


Bone marrow contains pluripotent stem cells that result in the production of platelets, white blood
cells and red blood cells.
Myeloma is a cancer that affects bone marrow. As a result, abnormal plasma cells reduce the
number of stem cells in the bone marrow.
Myeloma can lead to bleeding problems, an increase in infections and anaemia. Anaemia
results in tiredness, weakness and breathing problems.
Myeloma can be diagnosed using blood tests, genetic tests and by looking at samples of blood
and bone marrow under a microscope.
(a) Describe the role of plasma cells in the immune response. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
(b) Suggest why the stem cells in the bone marrow are considered to be pluripotent. (1)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 199

*(c) Suggest why myeloma can lead to bleeding problems, an increase in infections and
anaemia. (6)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(d) (i) Suggest how blood and bone marrow samples could be used to diagnose myeloma. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 200

(ii) Suggest why genetic tests can be used to diagnose myeloma. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 201


Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is a bacterium that is present in the gut flora of the human
digestive system.
This bacterium does not cause any problems in healthy people.
People taking antibiotics are at risk of developing C. difficile infections.
The graph below shows the proportion of gut flora before, during and after taking antibiotics.
The graph also shows the risk of C. difficile infection.
(a) Explain how gut flora protect the body from infection. (2)
.......................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 202

(b) Using the information in the graph, explain why people taking antibiotics are at risk of
developing C. difficile infections. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(c) Some types of C. difficile are resistant to antibiotics.
Whilst the antibiotic is being taken, resistant C. difficile have an advantage over non-resistant
C. difficile.
When the antibiotic is no longer being taken, the resistant C. difficile do not have this
advantage.
(i) Explain why resistant C. difficile have an advantage whilst taking the antibiotic, but not
afterwards. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 203

(ii) Explain why the development of C. difficile infections is an example of an ‘evolutionary

race’. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(iii) Describe two ways in which codes of practice relating to antibiotic prescription could help to
reduce this evolutionary race. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(d) After taking antibiotics, the gut flora return to 100%.

The time taken for the gut flora to return to 100% is variable. This depends on the type of
antibiotic being taken.
Suggest why the time taken for the gut flora to return to 100% depends on the type of
antibiotic being taken. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 204


Poliomyelitis (polio) is a disease of the central nervous system. It is an infectious disease caused
by a poliovirus.
There are three pathogenic strains of poliovirus. These strains have different antigens.
The poliovirus is a single-stranded RNA virus.
The diagram below shows some steps involved in the replication of a poliovirus.
*(a) Explain how protein and copies of the poliovirus RNA are synthesised from the poliovirus
RNA. (6)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 205

...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) Vaccines are available for immunisation against polio.
These vaccines result in artificial active immunity.
(i) Explain the meaning of the term artificial active immunity. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 206

(ii) Explain why vaccines against polio contain inactive forms of all three strains of poliovirus. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 207


Virus-infected host cells are destroyed by T killer cells.
(a) The flow chart below shows some of the steps that occur in this process.
(i) Put a cross in the box next to the name of the antigen-presenting cell involved in the
activation of T killer cells.
(1)
(ii) Explain the importance of mitosis in the proliferation of activated T killer cells. (2)
.......................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 208

(iii) Explain how virus-infected host cells are destroyed by T killer cells. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) Macrophages are involved in the immune response against virus infections.
(i) Describe the role of macrophages in the activation of T killer cells. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe the role of macrophages in the destruction of viruses. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Dr. Ahmed Amr 209

(c) Mitosis takes place during the proliferation of T killer cells.

The graph below shows the changes in distance that occur between the parts of the cell during
mitosis.
(i) Complete the table to identify which line represents the distances between parts of the cell.
(2)
(ii) Put a cross in the box next to the time at which anaphase begins.
(1)
Dr. Ahmed Amr 210

The non-specific responses of the body to infection include inflammation, interferon production
and phagocytosis.
*(a) Describe the roles of inflammation, interferon production and phagocytosis in the non-specific
response of the body to infection. (6)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 211

(b) The non-specific responses to infection also involve lysozyme. Lysozyme is an enzyme that
damages the cell walls of some bacteria.
The diagram below shows the action of lysozyme on part of a molecule present in the cell walls
of some bacteria.
(i) Put a cross in the box next to the name of the bond broken by lysozyme.
(1)
(ii) Name molecule S. (1)

.........................................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain why lysozyme does not destroy viruses. (2)

.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 212


When a person develops immunity to a pathogen, the concentration of antibodies in their blood
plasma changes.
(a) The graph below shows changes in the concentration of three antibodies, P, Q and R,
in the blood plasma of a baby in the months before and after its birth.
(i) Antibody P is a maternal antibody.

Explain the importance of maternal antibodies to a newborn baby. (2)
...................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Put a cross in the box next to the type of immunity that involves antibody Q.
(1)
Dr. Ahmed Amr 213

(iii) Explain the role of B cells in the production of antibody R. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) Immunity in a child can be increased by vaccines. Vaccines contain antigens.
(i) Explain the meaning of the term antigen. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 214

(ii) Vaccines may not be effective if the concentration of maternal antibodies in the blood plasma
is too high.
Suggest why the concentration of maternal antibodies may stop a vaccine being effective. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 215


Patients who have an organ transplant are given drugs to reduce their immune response.
Without these drugs, the transplanted organ will be rejected.
Three such drugs are steroids, azathioprine and cyclosporin.

(a) Steroids reduce inflammation.
Suggest why reducing inflammation could help to reduce a patient’s immune response. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Azathioprine blocks DNA replication.
Explain how azathioprine affects the number of T helper cells. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Dr. Ahmed Amr 216

(c) The transplanted organ is rejected when it is destroyed by T killer cells.
Cyclosporin reduces the activity of T helper cells.
Explain how cyclosporin will prevent the destruction of the transplanted organ. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 217


Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) is a common cause of death from bacterial
infections.
It is a difficult disease to cure as a combination of antibiotics is required over a long period of

time.
(a) State the meaning of the term bacterial infection. (1)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
*(b) Describe an investigation, that could be carried out in a laboratory, to determine a
suitable combination of antibiotics to use against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (6)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 218

(c) Early diagnosis of TB is important in reducing the spread of this disease.
Hero rats are trained to identify the presence of M. tuberculosis by sniffing mouth swabs.
The photograph below shows a hero rat sniffing mouth swabs.
(i) One hero rat can analyse 100 samples in 20 minutes.
Using a microscope, technicians detect TB by looking for the presence of M. tuberculosis in

mouth swabs.
One technician takes eight hours to analyse 30 samples.
Calculate how many more samples can be analysed by one hero rat in eight hours than by one
technician.
Show your working. (2)
Answer ...............................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 219

(ii) One study showed that a hero rat will correctly identify 80% of infected mouth swabs
whereas a technician will correctly identify only 58%.
Calculate how many more infected people could be identified by a hero rat than by a
technician in a sample of 150 people.
Show your working. (3)
Answer ...............................................
(iii) One advantage of using hero rats to detect TB is that they do not get infected with M.
tuberculosis.
Suggest why rats do not get infected with M. tuberculosis. (1)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 220


Gene therapy is being developed for the treatment of a number of genetic disorders, including
cystic fibrosis and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).
A number of types of SCID exist. They are all caused by gene mutations.
Adenosine deaminase deficiency is one type of SCID. This mutation results in a defective
enzyme called adenosine deaminase. This affects the proliferation of both B cells and T cells.
(a) Adenosine deaminase deficiency is inherited in a similar fashion to cystic fibrosis, as a

recessive disorder.
Explain how a baby can have adenosine deaminase deficiency when the parents do not. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) The symptoms that result from adenosine deaminase deficiency are similar to those of a
person infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Give one similarity and one difference between adenosine deaminase deficiency and HIV
infection. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 221

(c) Gene therapy requires a vector to introduce the gene into the affected cells.
Vectors include viruses and liposomes.
(i) Suggest the features of a virus that make it suitable as a vector for gene therapy. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) The diagram below shows a liposome.
Using your knowledge of the properties of phospholipids, explain why a liposome is a

suitable vector for gene therapy. (2)
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 222

Viral infections result in both non-specific responses and immune responses of the body.
(a) Production of interferons is a non-specific response of the body to viral infection.
The diagram below shows some of the effects of interferons.
Dr. Ahmed Amr 223

*(i) Using the information in the diagram, explain the role of interferons in viral infections. (6)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 224
(ii) Suggest possible disadvantages for cells of producing ribonuclease and protein kinase. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) Describe the immune response of the body to viral infections. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 225


The graph below shows the number of deaths in 2014 caused by antibiotic resistant infections
(ARIs), cancer, cholera, measles and diabetes.
The graph also shows the estimated number of deaths in 2050, caused by ARIs.
(a) Diabetes can develop when the immune system attacks the pancreas. As a result, glucose
cannot be removed from the blood and stored in the liver.
Put a cross in the box next to the polysaccharide stored in liver cells.
(1)
Dr. Ahmed Amr 226

(b) Measles is caused by a virus. Cholera is caused by bacteria.
(i) The table below shows some features of a virus and of a bacterium.
For each feature, put one cross in the appropriate box in each row, to show whether the
feature is found in a virus only, a bacterium only, both a virus and a bacterium or not found in
either. (3)
(ii) Vaccines produce artificial immunity in people. Vaccines can be used to protect people
from measles and cholera.
Vaccines are partly responsible for the low number of deaths from measles and cholera.
Describe how vaccines produce artificial immunity. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 227

(c) Explain why antibiotics cannot be used to treat people with cancer. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(d) Explain why the number of deaths from antibiotic resistant infections (ARIs) in 2050 is
expected to be so high. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 228


The graph below shows the number of deaths caused by some diseases in 2012.
(a) Heart disease can be caused by atherosclerosis.
Explain how atherosclerosis can result in death from heart disease. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 229

(b) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that make it
difficult for a person to breathe.
Explain why a difficulty in breathing affects the oxygen concentration in the blood. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 230

*(c) Explain why death from TB is common in people infected with HIV. (6)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 231


Viruses can be used as vectors in gene therapy.
The pie chart below shows the proportion of different vectors used in clinical trials for gene
therapy.
(a) Retroviruses include Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
(i) Describe the structure of HIV. (2)
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Name the host cell of HIV. (1)
.........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 232

(b) (i) Explain why viruses are used as vectors in gene therapy. (2)
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest why different types of virus have to be used in gene therapy. (2)
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 233


The photograph below shows part of a macrophage as seen using an electron microscope.
(a) (i) Describe the structure of the cell surface membrane. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 234

*(ii) Macrophages are involved in both the non-specific response and the immune response to
infection.
Explain the importance of the cell surface membrane of a macrophage in these responses. (6)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 235

(b) Describe the roles of each of the following in macrophages.
(i) Golgi apparatus(3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Lysosomes (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 236


Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is a DNA virus. This virus infects cats and can be fatal.
(a) Most DNA viruses can activate DNA synthesis in their host cells but FPV cannot activate
DNA synthesis.
Explain why FPV causes tissue damage only in host cells that are dividing rapidly. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) Kittens are born with maternal antibodies to FPV.
Maternal antibodies protect kittens from FPV only when these antibodies are above a certain
concentration in the blood plasma.
It is therefore necessary to vaccinate kittens for FPV.
The presence of maternal antibodies, above a certain concentration in the blood plasma, can
interfere with vaccination.
The graph below shows the changes in maternal antibodies to FPV in kittens.
Dr. Ahmed Amr 237

(i) Put a cross in the box next to the type of immunity that maternal antibodies provide to the
kittens.
(1)
(ii) Using the information in the graph, give the period of time after birth when the kittens will be
most susceptible to FPV infection. (1)
.........................................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain how vaccination leads to immunity of kittens to FPV. (4)
.........................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 238

(iv) Suggest how the presence of maternal antibodies can interfere with vaccination. (2)
.........................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 239


Sepsis is caused when bacteria get into the bloodstream.
As a result, an inflammatory response occurs that can destroy body organs and result in death.
(a) Explain how inflammation is a response of the body to infection. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) Sepsis is treated with antibiotics. However, scientists are developing alternative treatments.
(i) Explain the meaning of the term antibiotic. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why scientists need to develop alternative treatments for bacterial infections. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 240

(c) One alternative treatment that is being developed uses nanowires.
Nanowires are small lengths of wire with a very narrow diameter.
Blood is passed through a filter of nanowires.
Nanowires bend around the bacteria as they pass through the filter, trapping the bacteria.
The diagram below shows part of a filter of nanowires and a bacterium trapped by the nanowires.
Dr. Ahmed Amr 241

The graph below shows the mean number of bacteria trapped as blood is passed through the
filter of nanowires, at different velocities.
(i) Describe the relationship shown in the graph. (2)
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 242

(ii) Suggest why the velocity of blood flow through the filter affects the mean number of bacteria
trapped. (2)
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................

Cultures of bacteria and viruses can both be grown in a laboratory.
(a) Describe one way in which bacteria can be grown in a laboratory. (3)
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 243

(b) One way to culture viruses in a laboratory is to inject them into chicken embryos in eggs.
The photograph below shows an egg being injected with viruses.
(i) Name two structures found in all viruses. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why viruses have to be cultured in living cells. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 244

(iii) Put a cross in the box that names the host cell of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
(1)
(iv) Suggest why different types of virus have to be injected into different parts of the chicken
embryo. (2)
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 245


The membranes of red blood cells contain a number of different antigens. One of these
antigens is the rhesus antigen.
People whose red blood cells have the rhesus antigen are rhesus positive (Rh positive).
People whose red blood cells do not have the rhesus antigen are rhesus negative (Rh
negative).
The diagram below shows a red blood cell from a Rh positive person and one from a Rh
negative person.
Rhesus disease is a condition where antibodies in the blood of a pregnant woman destroy the
red blood cells of her developing baby.
The diagram below shows the sequence of events that lead to rhesus disease.
Dr. Ahmed Amr 246

(a) The rhesus antigen is coded for by the dominant allele of the RHD gene.
(i) Explain how a Rh negative mother can have a Rh positive baby, in Step 1. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain the probabilities of this mother having another Rh positive baby. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) (i) Put a cross in the box next to the diagram of an antibody for the rhesus antigen.
(1)
Dr. Ahmed Amr 247

*(ii) Explain why the mother will produce antibodies to the rhesus antigen, in Step 2. (6)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(c) Suggest why a baby born with rhesus disease can be treated by replacing all their blood with
blood from a healthy person. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 248


Individuals can develop natural immunity and artificial immunity.
(a) The table below shows some features of artificial active immunity and artificial passive
immunity.
For each feature, put one cross in the appropriate box in each row to show whether the
feature is true for each type of artificial immunity. (3)
Dr. Ahmed Amr 249

(b) The graph below shows the changes in concentration of antibodies in the blood of a person
infected by two different types of virus, virus P and virus Q.
(i) Explain why there is a delay in the concentration of antibody following the first infection of
virus P, in stage 1. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 250

(ii) Suggest why the concentration of the antibody to virus P falls in stage 3. (1)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(iii) Describe the differences in the changes in the concentration of both antibodies following the
second infection with virus P and the first infection with virus Q. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(iv) Explain the differences in the changes in the concentration of both antibodies following the
second infection with virus P and the first infection with virus Q. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Dr. Ahmed Amr 251

Synoptic
Dr. Ahmed Amr 252


Lipase is an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides into their component molecules.
An investigation was carried out to compare the effect of temperature on the activity of lipase R
and lipase S. These lipases were obtained from two different types of bacteria.
The results are shown in the table below.
(a) Name the two products from the complete breakdown of triglycerides by lipase. (1)
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) Describe and explain the effect of temperature on the activity of lipase R. (5)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 253

(c) In this investigation the pH was controlled. Further experiments were carried out to find the
optimum temperature for the activity of lipase S.
(i) Place a cross in the box next to the correct term that completes the following sentence.
The pH was controlled to make this investigation.
(1)
(ii) Place a cross in the box next to the temperatures that should be used in further experiments.
(1)

One gene can give rise to more than one protein.
(a) Explain the importance of the sequence of bases in a gene. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 254

*(b) The cochlea in a chicken’s inner ear is lined with hair cells that can detect different
frequencies of sound. The frequency detected depends on the type of BK channel protein present
in the cell membrane.
One report suggests that there are 48 different BK channel proteins in these hair cells.
The cSlo gene codes for all of these BK channel proteins.
Explain how one cSlo gene can give rise to different BK channel proteins in these hair cells. (6)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 255


Lysozyme is an enzyme with an important role in many different living organisms.
(a) Explain the role of lysozyme action in the human body. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) Lysozyme is a globular protein made up of 130 amino acids.
(i) Describe the properties of globular proteins. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Place a cross in the box next to the number of mRNA bases needed to code for 130 amino
acids.
(1)
Dr. Ahmed Amr 256

*(iii) Describe the processes involved in the production of the mRNA that codes for lysozyme. (6)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 257


Lake Vesijärvi in Finland became polluted a few years ago. This resulted in the lake becoming
overpopulated with cyanobacteria.
Large numbers of cyanobacteria make the water very green and cloudy.
(a) Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic, prokaryotic organisms. Cyanobacteria are classified in the
domain Bacteria.
Name one other domain. (1)
...........................................................................................................................................................
Organisms can be classified as belonging to these domains using
(1)
Place a cross in the box next to the structures found in cyanobacteria.
(1)
Dr. Ahmed Amr 258

Suggest why very green, cloudy water could be a problem for the organisms in Lake Vesijärvi. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) Scientists can alter the abundance of organisms in a habitat by removing or introducing
organisms. This is called biomanipulation.
The effect of the pollution in Lake Vesijärvi was reversed by removing 80% of the roach from the
lake. Other fish that eat roach were introduced into Lake Vesijärvi.
Roach are fish that eat zooplankton. Zooplankton eat cyanobacteria.
As a result of this biomanipulation, the water in Lake Vesijärvi became clear.
Explain why the water became clear. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 259


Yeast is a single-celled fungus. It can reproduce asexually by a process called budding.
When the bud is big enough it separates from the original yeast cell.
Yeast can be grown in a culture containing all the nutrients needed for growth. Small samples of
the culture can be removed and the yeast observed using a light microscope.
The photograph below shows yeast budding, as seen using a light microscope.
The diagram below shows a yeast cell with a bud
Dr. Ahmed Amr 260

(a) Suggest how the properties of the cell membrane enable the yeast cell to form a bud. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) Explain the role of the cell cycle in yeast budding. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 261

*(c) Temperature affects the rate of asexual reproduction in yeast. Suggest an investigation that
could be carried out to study the effects of temperature on the rate of asexual reproduction in
yeast. (5)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 262


A number of different enzymes are involved in the synthesis of mRNA and polypeptides. (a) The
diagram below shows two steps involved in the synthesis of a polypeptide.
Place a cross in the box that completes the following statement.
An enzyme is
(1)
Dr. Ahmed Amr 263

Place a cross in the box that completes the following statement.
An enzyme is a molecule that
(1)
Name the enzyme Y. (1)
...........................................................................................................................................................
State the role of enzyme Z. (1)
...........................................................................................................................................................
Name the parts of the pre-mRNA molecule, represented by the shaded areas in the diagram. (1)
...........................................................................................................................................................
A gene may be defined as a length of DNA coding for one polypeptide chain. Using the
information in the diagram, explain why this definition does not apply to this gene. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 264

(b) Describe how the polypeptide chain is synthesised from the mRNA. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 265


Understanding the rate of decomposition of different types of tree is important in forest
management.
Pine trees have modified leaves called pine needles. The decomposition rate of pine needles
was studied.
The photograph below shows some pine needles.
One kilogram of pine needles was left to decompose for 50 months. The mass of needles
remaining was recorded every five months.
The results of this study indicated that there were three phases of decomposition:
Phase 1 starch breakdown
Phase 2 cellulose breakdown
Phase 3 lignin breakdown
The table below shows the results of this study.
Dr. Ahmed Amr 266

(a) Suggest how the starch content of the pine needles is decreased in phase 1. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) Calculate the percentage of mass lost in phase 2. (2)
Answer ........................................%
(c) The breakdown of the starch in phase 1 and of the cellulose in phase 2 is related to their
structure.
Compare the structure of cellulose with that of starch. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 267

(d) In phase 3, lignin is broken down.
Describe the role of lignin in xylem vessels. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 268


Calcitonin is a protein hormone produced by the thyroid gland.
(a) Synthesis of a protein involves a number of processes.
The diagram below shows some of these processes.
(i) Put a cross in the box next to the row in the table that correctly identifies the four processes P,
Q, R and S.
(1)
(ii) Put a cross in the box next to the row in the table that correctly identifies the location of each
of these four processes P, Q, R and S.
(1)
Dr. Ahmed Amr 269

(b) Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) results in a high concentration of calcitonin in the blood. MTC
can be treated by surgery and radiotherapy.
The graph below shows the changes in the concentration of calcitonin in the blood of a patient
with MTC following this treatment.
The doubling time for the concentration of calcitonin in the blood is correlated with the severity
of the cancer.
(i) Using MTC as an example, explain the meaning of the term correlation. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 270

(ii) If the concentration of calcitonin doubles in less than 24 months, this indicates that the
treatment is ineffective.
Using the information in the graph, explain whether the treatment is effective for this patient. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
(iii) A blood sample has to be taken from the patient to test for calcitonin.
Antibodies are used to test the blood for calcitonin.
Explain why antibodies can be used in this test. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 271

(c) Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is produced by the hypothalamus.
The gene used to synthesise CGRP in the hypothalamus is the same as the gene that is used
to synthesise calcitonin in the thyroid gland.
Explain how the same gene can be used to produce both CGRP and calcitonin. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 272


Genetic relationships can be identified using DNA profiling.
The DNA used can be either nuclear DNA or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
(a) Suggest one function of the proteins coded for by genes in the mtDNA. (1)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) Analysis of DNA from the nucleus requires the DNA to be amplified using the polymerase
chain reaction (PCR). The DNA fragments are then separated by gel electrophoresis.
(i) The PCR imitates semi-conservative replication of DNA in a cell.

Compare PCR and semi-conservative replication. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 273

(ii) Gel electrophoresis uses an electric current to separate the DNA fragments.
Put a cross in the box next to the correct statement about gel electrophoresis.
(1)
(c) A skeleton can be identified by analysing mtDNA.
Suggest why mtDNA can be analysed when it is not possible to analyse nuclearDNA from a
skeleton. (2)
.....................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
(d) Explain why the mtDNA of a child will be identical to the mtDNA of its mother. (3)
.....................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 274


Protein synthesis involves messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA).
(a) Describe the role of mRNA in protein synthesis. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(b) A tRNA molecule is formed from the folding of a single strand of RNA. This determines the
shape of a tRNA molecule.
The diagram below shows a tRNA molecule attached to the amino acid tryptophan.
Dr. Ahmed Amr 275

(i) Put a cross in the box next to the type of bond labelled J.
(1)
(ii) Explain why it is important that this tRNA molecule can only attach to the amino acid
tryptophan. (2)
.....................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain why some amino acids can attach to more than one type of tRNA molecule. (2)
.....................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 276

(iv) There are 64 possible mRNA codons.
Explain why there are fewer than 64 different anticodons. (2)
.....................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 277


Entomology and DNA analysis can both be used in forensics to identify a murder suspect.
The photograph below shows a mosquito.
(a) Mosquitos feed on human blood.
Mosquitos inject saliva into the skin before sucking blood from a person.
The saliva prevents the blood from clotting.
Explain how injecting saliva allows blood to be sucked up into mosquitos. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 278

(b) The body of a woman was found at the scene of a crime.
A person was suspected of murdering this woman.
At the home of this person, a pathologist found a dead mosquito.
The blood in the mosquito was analysed using gel electrophoresis.
The blood contained DNA from the murdered woman, indicating that she had been in the
home of this person.
(i) Explain how gel electrophoresis could be used to analyse the DNA in the blood. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why it was also necessary to analyse the DNA of the mosquito. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 279


Spoilage of food results from decomposition of the organic matter by microorganisms.
Food can be preserved in a number of different ways to prevent spoilage.
(a) (i) Put a cross in the box next to the organic molecules that can make up organic matter.
(1)
(ii) Put a cross in the box next to the microorganisms responsible for decomposition.
(1)
Dr. Ahmed Amr 280

(b) Below is a list of some methods used to preserve food:
• pasteurising (heating to high temperatures)
• vacuum packing (removing air)
• pickling in vinegar (vinegar has a pH of 2.5)
• adding salt.
Explain how each of these methods preserves food.
(i) Pasteurizing.
(2)
.....................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Vacuum packing.
(2)
.....................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 281

(iii) Pickling in vinegar.
(2)
.....................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
(iv) Adding salt.
(2)
.....................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 282


Beta (β) thalassaemias are inherited blood disorders.
These disorders are caused by mutations in the β-globin gene. The β-globin gene codes for the
β subunit of haemoglobin.
Haemoglobin is a protein made of four subunits.
(a) The diagram below shows the template (antisense) DNA strand of the β-globin gene.
(i) Mutations affect transcription.
State the role of the template DNA strand in transcription. (1)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) A splice site is a short sequence of bases.
Explain how a mutation in one of the splice sites could affect the β subunit of haemoglobin. (4)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 283

(iii) Explain the role of the stop codon in this gene. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
*(b) Gel electrophoresis can be used to analyse haemoglobin.
Using your knowledge of gel electrophoresis, explain how this technique could be used to
analyse haemoglobin in the diagnosis of β thalassaemia. (6)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 284


Bacteria and fungi are involved in the decomposition of organic matter and the recycling of
carbon.
Fungi grow hyphae over the surface of organic matter.
The diagram below shows the structure of part of a hypha.
(a) Put a cross in the box next to the structure in the diagram that shows fungi belong to a
different domain from bacteria.
(1)
Dr. Ahmed Amr 285

(b) Put a cross in the box next to the structure in the diagram that shows fungi are not plants.
(1)
(c) Explain the role of the Golgi apparatus in the decomposition of organic matter. (3)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 286

(d) Explain the role of these mitochondria in the recycling of carbon. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 287


The features of an organism can be used to classify it into one of three domains.
(a) Name the three domains. (2)
........................................................................
.........................................................................
.........................................................................
(b) Viruses are not included in these three domains.
(i) Suggest why viruses are not included in these domains. (1)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Viruses contain only a few genes.
Explain why viruses contain only a few genes. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 288

(c) Giant viruses have been discovered in waste-water treatment centres in Austria.
Scientists analysed the giant viruses and found that they contain transfer RNA (tRNA) and
several genes. Some of these genes are similar to those found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic
organisms.
(i) Put a cross in the box next to the study that uses the analysis of tRNA from these viruses.
(1)
(ii) Describe the role of tRNA in protein synthesis. (3)
.......................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
(iii) One theory suggested that these giant viruses were derived from a fourth domain.
State what is meant by the term theory. (1)
.......................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 289

(iv) Suggest why scientists thought that these giant viruses might be derived from a fourth
domain. (2)
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
Dr. Ahmed Amr 290

Unit 4 Classified - Part 2 Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit 4 Classified - Part 2 Final

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit 4 Classified - Part 2 Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Biology A2 Unit 4 Classified

Natural Selection & Speciation 73

Immunity & Diseases 169

Dr. Ahmed Amr 1

Dr. Ahmed Amr 139

(Question 49) January 2014 Q7

Calculate the difference between his lower and upper estimates.

Dr. Ahmed Amr 140

Dr. Ahmed Amr 141

The life cycle of this beetle consists of five stages:

● first instar larva

● second instar larva

The time taken for each of these stages depends on temperature.

Dr. Ahmed Amr 142

(Question 50) January 2015 Q2

(a) Describe the structure of proteins. (4)

Dr. Ahmed Amr 143

Dr. Ahmed Amr 144

Enzymes digest proteins into fragments using

Dr. Ahmed Amr 145

(c) Gene expression can be analysed by isolating and studying mRNA.

Dr. Ahmed Amr 146

(Question 51) January 2015 Q5

Dr. Ahmed Amr 147

Dr. Ahmed Amr 148

(Question 52) January 2016 Q7

These changes are shown below.

Dr. Ahmed Amr 149

Dr. Ahmed Amr 150

(Question 53) Jan 17 Q8

Dr. Ahmed Amr 151

Dr. Ahmed Amr 152

Dr. Ahmed Amr 153

(Question 54) June 17 Q8

Dr. Ahmed Amr 154

Dr. Ahmed Amr 155

Dr. Ahmed Amr 156

(Question 55) Oct 17 Q8

(i) The PCR imitates semi-conservative replication of DNA in a cell.

Dr. Ahmed Amr 157

(c) A skeleton can be identified by analysing mtDNA.

Dr. Ahmed Amr 158

(Question 56) Jan 18 Q6

Dr. Ahmed Amr 160

Dr. Ahmed Amr 161

(Question 57) Oct 18 Q5

Dr. Ahmed Amr 163

(Question 58) Oct 19 Q2

Dr. Ahmed Amr 164

Dr. Ahmed Amr 165

(Question 59) Oct 19 Q5

Dr. Ahmed Amr 166

Dr. Ahmed Amr 167

Dr. Ahmed Amr 168

Dr. Ahmed Amr 169

(Question 60) January 2014 Q1

Dr. Ahmed Amr 170

Place a cross in the box to identify each of the labelled structures.

Dr. Ahmed Amr 171

(d) The diagram below shows an organelle found in T helper cells.