UNIT-1 POWER SYSTEM NETWORK MATRICES 1.

FORMATION OF YBUS AND ZBUS The

bus admittance matrix, YBUS plays a very important role in computer aided power system analysis. It
can be formed in practice by either of the methods as under: 1. Rule of Inspection 2. Singular
Transformation 3. Non-Singular Transformation 4. ZBUS Building Algorithms, etc. The performance
equations of a given power system can be considered in three different frames of reference as
discussed below: Frames of Reference: Bus Frame of Reference: There are b independent equations
(b = no. of buses) relating the bus vectors of currents and voltages through the bus impedance matrix
and bus admittance matrix: EBUS = ZBUS IBUS IBUS = YBUS EBUS Branch Frame of Reference:
There are b independent equations (b = no. of branches of a selected Tree sub-graph of the system
Graph) relating the branch vectors of currents and voltages through the branch impedance matrix and
branch admittance matrix: EBR = ZBR IBR IBR = YBR EBR Loop Frame of Reference: There are b
independent equations (b = no. of branches of a selected Tree sub-graph of the system Graph) relating
the branch vectors of currents and voltages through the branch impedance matrix and branch
admittance matrix: ELOOP = ZLOOP ILOOP ILOOP = YLOOP ELOOP Of the various network
matrices refered above, the bus admittance matrix (YBUS) and the bus impedance matrix (ZBUS) are
determined for a given power system by the rule of inspection as explained next. Rule of Inspection
Consider the 3-node admittance network as shown in figure5. Using the basic branch relation: I =
(YV), for all the elemental currents and applying Kirchhoff‟s Current Law principle at the nodal
points, we get the relations as under: At node 1: I1 =Y1V1 + Y3 (V1-V3) + Y6 (V1 – V2) At node 2:
I2 =Y2V2 + Y5 (V2-V3) + Y6 (V2 – V1) Power System Analysis R17A0215 2 At node 3: 0 = Y3
(V3-V1) + Y4V3 + Y5 (V3 – V2) (12) Fig. 3 Example System for finding YBUS These are the
performance equations of the given network in admittance form and they can be represented in matrix
form as: In other words, the relation of equation (9) can be represented in the form IBUS = YBUS
EBUS (14) Where, YBUS is the bus admittance matrix, IBUS & EBUS are the bus current and bus
voltage vectors respectively. By observing the elements of the bus admittance matrix, YBUS of
equation (13), it is observed that the matrix elements can as well be obtained by a simple inspection of
the given system diagram: Diagonal elements: A diagonal element (Yii) of the bus admittance matrix,
YBUS, is equal to the sum total of the admittance values of all the elements incident at the bus/node i,
Off Diagonal elements: An off-diagonal element (Yij) of the bus admittance matrix, YBUS, is equal to
the negative of the admittance value of the connecting element present between the buses I and j, if
any. This is the principle of the rule of inspection. Thus the algorithmic equations for the rule of
inspection are obtained as: Yii = S yij (j = 1,2,…….n) Yij = - yij (j = 1,2,…….n) (15) For i = 1,2,….n,
n = no. of buses of the given system, yij is the admittance of element connected between buses i and j
and yii is the admittance of element connected between bus i and ground (reference bus). Power
System Analysis R17A0215 3 Bus impedance matrix In cases where, the bus impedance matrix is also
required, it cannot be formed by direct inspection of the given system diagram. However, the bus
admittance matrix determined by the rule of inspection following the steps explained above, can be
inverted to obtain the bus impedance matrix, since the two matrices are interinvertible. Note: It is to
be noted that the rule of inspection can be applied only to those power systems that do not have any
mutually coupled elements. Examples on Rule of Inspection: Example 6: Obtain the bus admittance
matrix for the admittance network shown aside by the rule of inspection Example 7: Obtain YBUS for
the impedance network shown aside by the rule of inspection. Also, determine YBUS for the reduced
network after eliminating the eligible unwanted node. Draw the resulting reduced system diagram.
Power System Analysis R17A0215 4 SINGULAR TRANSFORMATIONS The primitive network
matrices are the most basic matrices and depend purely on the impedance or admittance of the
individual elements. However, they do not contain any information about the behaviour of the
interconnected network variables. Hence, it is necessary to transform the primitive matrices into more
meaningful matrices which can relate variables of the interconnected network. Power System Analysis
R17A0215 5 Bus admittance matrix, YBUS and Bus impedance matrix, ZBUS In the bus frame of
reference, the performance of the interconnected network is described by n independent nodal
equations, where n is the total number of buses (n+1nodes are present, out of which one of them is
designated as the reference node). For example a 5-bus system will have 5 external buses and 1
ground/ ref. bus). The performance equation relating the bus voltages to bus current injections in bus
frame of reference in admittance form is given by IBUS = YBUS EBUS (17) Where EBUS = vector
of bus voltages measured with respect to reference bus IBUS = Vector of currents injected into the bus
YBUS = bus admittance matrix The performance equation of the primitive network in admittance
form is given by i + j = [y] v Pre-multiplying by At (transpose of A), we obtain At i +At j = At [y] v
(18) However, as per equation (4), At i =0, since it indicates a vector whose elements are the algebraic
sum of element currents incident at a bus, which by Kirchhoff‟s law is zero. Similarly, At j gives the
algebraic sum of all source currents incident at each bus and this is nothing but the total current
injected at the bus. Hence, At j = IBUS (19) Thus from (18) we have, IBUS = At [y] v (20) However,
from (5), we have v =A EBUS And hence substituting in (20) we get, IBUS = At [y] A EBUS (21)
Comparing (21) with (17) we obtain, YBUS = At [y] A (22) The bus incidence matrix is rectangular
and hence singular. Hence, (22) gives a singular transformation of the primitive admittance matrix [y].
The bus impedance matrix is given by , ZBUS = YBUS-1 (23) Note: This transformation can be
derived using the concept of power invariance, however, since the transformations are based purely on
KCL and KVL, the transformation will obviously be power invariant.