UNIT 1- Society and Education

PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE
Process Question: When you hear the word Classical Philosophies, what comes in you?

Possible answer: Classical philosophy relied heavily on deductive reasoning, logical

analysis, and the use of first principles to answer fundamental questions.
INTRODUCTION
 Classical Philosophies

-may be loosely defined as the set of beliefs, assumptions, and analyses of experience, together
with the intellectual edifice erected upon them, worked out by Ancient Greek philosophers,
especially Aristotle, and further developed by Medieval and post-Medieval thinkers, foremost
among them Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, and Francisco Suarez. The tradition has
continued to our own day, in the persons of Jacques Maritain and Etienne Gilson, among others.
Extending over a period of 2500 years, classical philosophy has undergone many changes; but
some basic underlying ideas and ways of viewing the world have remained remarkably constant.
It is these which are the subject of the present study.

In the course of developing his own philosophy, Xavier Zubiri (1898-1983) has thoroughly and
incisively analyzed much of classical philosophy. Zubiri ultimately parts company with Aristotle
and classical philosophy because he believes that despite its successes and insights, it suffers
from fundamental errors with respect to both point of departure and the answers given to certain
critical questions. In many cases, these errors have been set into high relief by developments in
modern science; in others, they have been made visible by the critique of philosophers not in the
classical tradition.

 Idealism- Idealism is a philosophical approach that has as its central tenet that ideas are
the only true reality, the only thing worth knowing. In a search for truth, beauty, and
justice that is enduring and everlasting, the focus is on conscious reasoning in the mind.
Plato, father of Idealism,espoused this view about 400 years BC, in his famous book,
The Republic. Plato believed that there are two worlds. Mental World and World of
Appearance
-PLATO IS THE FATHER OF IDEALISM
 Realism- Realism believe that reality exists independent of the human mind.The
ultimate reality is the world of physical objects. The focus is on the body/objects. Truth
is objective-what can be observed. Aristotle, a student of Plato who broke with his
mentor’s idealist philosophy, is called the father of both Realism and the scientific
method.
 - ARISTOTLE IS THE FATHER OF REALISM
 Existentialism- The nature of reality for Existentialists is subjective, and lies within the
individual. The physical world has no inherent meaning outside of human existence.
Individual choice and individual standards rather than external standards are central.
Existence comes before any definition of what we are. We define ourselves in
relationship to that existence by the choices we make. We should not accept anyone
else’s predetermined philosophical system; rather; we must take responsibility for
deciding who we are. the focus is on freedom, the development of authentic individuals,
as we make meaning of our lives.
 Pragmatism- Pragmatism is a philosophical movement that includes those who claim
that an ideology or proposition is true if it works satisfactorily, that the meaning of a
proposition is to be found in the practical consequences of accepting it, and that
unpractical ideas are to be rejected. Pragmatism originated in the United States during
the latter quarter of the nineteenth century. Although it has significantly influenced non-
philosophers—notably in the fields of law, education, politics, sociology, psychology,
and literary criticism—this article deals with it only as a movement within philosophy.

HIGHLIGHTS

PHILOSOPHY- Philosophy is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions

concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language. It is a rational
and critical inquiry that reflects on its own methods and assumptions. Philosophy is derived
from the Greek word Philo which means Love and Sophos which means Wisdom.

Activity

Pick a piece of folded paper and read the statement to identify if it is the following ;

A. Idealism

B. Realism

C. Existentialism

D. Pragmatism
MODERN PHILOSOPHY

Objectives:

At the end of discussion, student should be able to :

1. Understand the Modern Philosophy.

2. Know the difference of the three types of Modern Philosophy.

Lesson Proper:

Modern Philosophy - Modern Philosophy is a philosophy developed in the modern era and
associated with modernity.

1. Perennialism: A modern educational philosophy that emphasizes the enduring principles and
values of Western civilization. Perennialists believe that the great works of literature, history,
philosophy, and science should form the core of the curriculum, and that education should be
focused on cultivating the intellectual and moral virtues of students.

 PERENNIALISM AND EDUCATION

 PERENNIALISM AND CURRICULUM
 PERENNIALISM AND AIMS OF EDUCATION
 PERENNIALISM AND TEACHER
 PERENNIALISM AND METHOD OF TEACHING

2. Progressivism: A modern educational philosophy that emphasizes student-centered learning

and the importance of experiential learning. Progressivists believe that education should be
focused on the needs and interests of students, and that students should be active participants in
their own learning.

 PROGRESSIVSM AND AIMS OF EDUCATION

 PROGRESSIVSM AND PROCESS OF TEACHING
 PROGRESSIVSM AND CURRICULUM
 PROGRESSIVSM AND TEACHING METHOD

3. Humanism: A modern philosophy that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings,
and the importance of human dignity, freedom, and rationality. Humanists believe that
individuals have the capacity to make meaningful choices and to create their own values and
goals.
ASSESMENT

1. Differentiate the Perennialism, Progressivsm, and Humanism in Education.

2. Give at least 2 method of teaching in perennialism.

ASSIGNMENT

1.Create an essay and discuss the modern philosophy in Education.

POSTMODERN PHILOSOPHIES

Objectives:

At the end of the discussion, students should be able to;

1. Understand the principles of Postmodern Philosophy

2. Apply the philosophies and theories in their everyday lives

Lesson Proper:

Postmodern Philosophy— is a broad term that encompasses a variety of different schools of

thought, but there are a few key ideas that are commonly associated with this movement.

1.) DECONSTRUCTION: A postmodern approach to literary and cultural criticism that

emphasizes the importance of questioning and subverting dominant narratives and binary
oppositions. Deconstructionists believe that all texts are inherently unstable and contradictory,
and that meaning is always shifting and provisional. An example of deconstruction can be seen
in the work of Derrida, who famously argued that "there is nothing outside of the text."

2.) RELATIVISM: A postmodern approach to truth and knowledge that emphasizes the idea
that all perspective are equally valid and that there is no objective truth. Relativists believe that
knowledge is always situated within a particular, cultural, social, or historical context, and that
different cultures and individuals may have different truths. An example of relativism can be
seen in the work of Richard Rorty, who argued that there are no objective standards for truth and
that we should focus on achieving social and political goals rather than seeking a universal truth.

3.) POST- STRUCTURALISM: A postmodern approach to Language and meaning that

emphasizes the idea that language shapes our understanding of reality and that there is no single,
stable meaning for any term or concept. Post-structuralists believe that language is a system of a
signs and symbols that are constantly shifting and changing, and that meaning is always
contingent on context and interpretation. An example of post-structuralism can be seen in the
work of Michel Foucault, who analyzed the ways in which power relations are embedded in
language and social institutions.
4.) QUEER THEORY: A postmodern approach to sexuality and gender that emphasizes the
importance of deconstructing binary categories such as male/famale, gay/straight, and
normal/deviant. Queer theorists believe that sexuality and gender are socially constructed, and
that individuals should be free to explore and express their identities without fear of judgment or
discrimination. An example of queer theory can be seen in the work of Judith Butler, who argued
that gender is a performance that is constantly being enacted and contested in social interactions.

Assessment
1. In your own idea, what is postmodern philosophy?
2. What are the importance of having this philosophies?

Assignment
1. Give the four (4) postmodern approaches.
2. Give the three (3) examples of interactionist theories.

F. SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Learning Objectives:

 Differentiate the various social science theories,

 Explain the relationship of the various social theories- the conflict, consensus,
functionalism and interactionist theories-- and educational systems,
 Discuss how the various social theories affect the functions of schools.

• Sociologists see education as one of the major institutions that constitutes society.
• While theories guide research and policy formulation in the sociology of education, they also
provide logical explanations for why things happen the way they do. Sociological Perspective on
Education.

There are three social science theories that provides models of examining society which in turn
provides the bases for educational changes.
  Consensus and Conflict Theories
 Structural Functionalism Theory
 Interaction Theories

CONSENSUS AND CONFLICT THEORY

According to some sociologist; society has two faces; the face of consensus and the face of
conflict.
Further, they emphasized that sociological theory should be divided into two parts between the
consensus theory and the conflict theory.

CONSENSUS

is a general or widespread agreement among all members of a particular society.

CONFLICT

is a clash between ideas, principles and people.

Society cannot exist without both conflict and consensus, which are prerequisites of each other
(Dahrendorf). Thus, we cannot have conflict unless there is some prior consensus.

CONSENSUS VS CONFLICT THEORY

Consensus Theory

 It is the people' shared norms and values that ensure the order, peace and stability in the
society. Any change that happens in a society is slow, gradual, and orderly.
 The theory is concerned with the maintenance or continuation of social order in society in
relation to accepted norms, values, rules and regulations as widely accepted or held
collectively by the society.
 Emphasizes on social order, stability and social regulation; or is concerned with the
preservation or continuity of social order in society relation to established norms, values,
rules and regulations as widely accepted collectively accepted by society or within a
given society.

Conflict Theory

 Emphasized the dominance of some social groups over others.

 Social order is the result of the dominance and manipulation of the strong groups over the
weak.
  Social change is seen as occurring rapidly and disorderly as the subordinate group tries to
overthrow the dominant group, (Ritzer in Vega, et al., 2015, p. 2).

CONSENSUS THEORY IN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM.

 Schools teach generally accepted norms and values.
 Education System follows consensual norms and values.
 Students learn to agree on how to behave in some social situations. e.g. greetings &
school/ classroom rules
 School community & Stakeholders are involve in School- Based Management.
 Education is essential to maintain the modern workforce.

CONFLICT THEORY IN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM.

 Educational system reinforces and perpetuates social inequalities that arise from
differences in class, gender, race and ethnicity.
 Educational System preserves the status quo and push people of lower status into
obedience. Education works as a means by which those on
 power stay in power.
 The fulfillment of one's Education closely link to social class.
 Schools contribute to the unequal distribution of people into jobs in society.

The conflict model is concerned with the stresses and conflicts that emerge in society because of
competitions over scarce resources.
It focuses on the inequalities that are built into social structures rather than on those that emerge
because of personal characteristics.

THE CONFLICT MODEL

Social Structure produce patterns of inequality in the distribution of scarce

resources

Conflict

Reorganization and Change

STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM (AGIL)
The acronym AGIL stands for Adaptation, Goal Attainment, Integration, and Latency (or Pattern
Maintenance). According to Parsons, these four functions are essential for any social system to
maintain stability and survive.
1. Adaptation- a system must cope with external situational exigencies. It must adapt to its
environment and adapt environment to its needs.
2. Goal attainment- a system must define and achieve its primary goals.
3. Integration- a system must regulate the interrelationship of its component parts. It must
also manage the relationship among the other three functional imperatives (A,G,L)
4. Latency (pattern maintenance)- a system must furnish, maintain and renew both the
motivation of individuals and the cultural patterns that create and sustain the motivation.

INTERACTIONISM THEORY
What is an example of interactionism?
An example of interactionism is examining the relationship between a teacher and a student. A
student acts in certain ways toward their teacher because of social expectations.
What is Interactionist theory in sociology?
Interactionist theory in sociology is one of four major theories in the field. It states that
individuals learn about society through interactions with other people, and that society as a
whole is created by a multitude of individual interactions.
Why is Interactionist theory important?
Interactionist theory is very important because it informs, and is informed in turn, by other
sociological ideas. For example, constructivism is influenced by interactionism. Interactionism is
also important because it examines how individuals change through their interactions and how
social norms are created.

INTRODUCTION
Interactionism is one of the four common perspectives on society in the field of sociology
which observes human societies, chiefly from the perspective of the interactions between
individuals in various relationships. It can also examine the interactions between and within
small groups. It is distinct from the theory of dualist interactionism, which is a philosophical
theory. The interactionist perspective on society states that societies are ultimately the product of
millions of daily social interactions between individuals.
HIGHLIGHTS
Max Weber was a prominent contributor to the interactionist theory of sociology, although his
contributions were not recognized much during his own lifetime.

LESSON PROPER:
The interactionist theory was first suggested by Jerome Bruner in 1983 who believed that,
although children do have an innate ability to learn language, they also require plenty of direct
contact and interaction with others to achieve full language fluency.
In other words, the theory of interaction suggests that children can't learn to speak just by
watching TV or listening to conversations. They have to fully engage with others and understand
the contexts in which language is used.
Caregivers tend to provide the linguistic support that helps a child learn to speak. They correct
mistakes, simplify their own speech and build the scaffolding that helps a child to develop
language. This support from caregivers can also be referred to as the 'Language Acquisition
Support System' (LASS).

The interactionist approach looks at both social and biological perspectives to explain how
children develop language. It moves away from Noam Chomsky's Nativist Theory which failed
to recognise the importance of the social environment in language acquisition.

Some examples of interactionist theories include:

1. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM: This perspective, developed by George Helbert Mead
and Helbert Blumer, emphasizes the idea that individuals create and negotiate symbolic
meanings through their interactions with each other. This perspective is often used to study how
people form and maintain social relationship, and how they construct their identities through
their interactions with others.
2. ETHNOMETHODOLOGY: This perspective, developed by Harold Garfunkel, focuses on
the ways in which individuals make sense of their social world and create social order through
their everyday interactions. Ethnomethodologists study the practices and assumptions that
underlie social interactions, and seek to understand how individuals use these practices to create
and maintain social reality.
3. DRAMATURGY: This perspective, developed by Erving Hoffman, views social interactions
as performances that are guided by social norms and expectations. Hoffman argued that
individuals present a "front stage" image of themselves or others, while also maintaining a "back
stage" self that is less scripted and more spontaneous.
Overall, interactionist theories offer important insights into the ways in which individuals create
and negotiate social reality through their interactions with each other, and help us to understand
the complex processes that shape our everyday lives.

ASSESSMENT
1. The acronym AGIL stands for?
2. Why does this four functions of structural functionalism is essential in any social system?

Assignment
Discuss the three examples of interactionist theories one by one. (5pts each)

SCHOOL S AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Learning objectives:
At the end of the lesson, student can able to:
a. Define social institutions;
b. Identify and analyze the five major social institutions; and
c. Differentiate the 3 types of education

What is a Social Institution?

 A group of social positions, connected by social relations, performing a social role.
 Any institution in a society that works to socialize the groups of people in it.
 Ex. universities, governments, families,
 It is a major sphere of social life organized to meet some human need.

5 Major Social Institutions:

 Family
 Education
 Religion
 Economic Institutions
 Government

Family
 The smallest social institutions with the unique function.
  It is the basic unit of Philippine society and the educational system where the child begins
to learn his ABC.
 The basic agent of socialization because it is here where the individual develops values,
behaviors, and ways of life through interaction with members of the family.

Characteristics of the Filipino Family

 The Filipino family is usually an extended one and therefore, big.

 Parents gets sponsors (ninong and ninang) in the baptism of their child and wedding of a
son or daughter.

Functions of the Family

1. The control and regulation of sexual behavior.
2. To provide for new members of society (children).
3. To provide for the economic and emotional maintenance of individuals.
4. To provide for primary socialization of children.
Education
 The education institutions is the social structure concerned with the formal transmission
of knowledge. It is one of our most enduring and familiar institutions. Education is a
form of socialization that involves systematic, formal transmission of skills, knowledge,
and other aspects of culture.

3 Types of Education

 Formal Education-Schooling is formal education, which involves instruction by

specially trained teachers who follow officially recognized policies.
 Informal Education - unlike formal education, informal education is not imparted by an
institution such as school or college. Informal education is not given according to any
fixed timetable. There id no set curriculum required. It consists of experiences: and
actually living in the family or community.
 Non-Formal Education - is imparted unconsciously and deliberately and systematically
implemented. It should be organized for a homogeneous group.

Functions of Education
1. Transmitting culture.
2. Preparation for occupational roles.
3. Evaluating and Selecting competent individuals.
4. Transmitting functional skills for functioning in society.
Religion
 Religion is found in every known society. It gives individual believes an explanation for
life, a guide for ethical behavior, and an explanation for human problems that cannot be
answered by reason alone.

Variety

 Monotheism
 Polytheism
 Ethical Religion
 Totem Warship

Organization of Religious Behavior

 church
 Denomination
 Sect
 Cult

Functions of Religion
1. Providing solutions for unexplained natural, phenomena.
2. Supplying a means for controlling the natural world.
3. Religion tends to support the normative structure of the society.
4. Furnishing a psychological diversion from unwanted life situations.
5. Sustaining the exiting class structure.
6. Religion serves as an instrument of socialization.
7. Religion may both promote and retard social change.
8. Religion may both reduce and encourage conflict in groups.
Economic Institutions
 Economic organization involves production, distribution, and consumption of goods and
services.

Functions of Economy
1. Provide methods for the production of goods and services.
2. Provide methods for the distribution of goods and services.
3. Enable societies members to consume goods and services which are produced.
Government
 A government is an institution entrusted with making and enforcing the rules of a society
as well as with regulating relations with other societies.

Types of Government

 Monarchy
 Oligarchy
 Dictatorship
 Totalitarianism
 Democracy

Functions of Government
1. The Institutionalization of norms (Laws).
2. The enforcement of laws.
3. The adjudication of conflict (Court).
4. Provide for the welfare of members of society.
5. Protection of Society from external threat.

Activity
Divide the class into five groups. Discuss in the group the following question.
Question: Explain the concept of a social institution and provide examples of major social
institutions in society. Discuss their significance in shaping individuals and fulfilling human
needs.

Assessment
Let us gauge your understanding through multiple choice. Choose the BEST answer.
1. What is a social institution?
a. A group of unrelated individuals
b. A gathering of friends
c. A group of social positions connected by social relations performing a social role
d. A political organization
2. Which of the following is NOT a major social institution?
 a. Family
b. Education
c. Media
d. Government
3. What is the basic agent of socialization according to the lesson?
a. Government
b. Education
c. Family
d. Religion
4. Characteristics of the Filipino family include being:
a. Isolated and small
b. Nuclear and independent
c. Extended and big
d. Formal and distant
5. In the Filipino family, sponsors (ninong and ninang) are involved in:
a. Economic activities
b. Education decisions
c. Baptism and wedding ceremonies
d. Political discussions

Assignment
Differentiate the 3 types of education.

Education 4.0: Responding to the Demands of Society

Objectives
At the end of this topic the students will be able to:
•Analyze the evolution of education paradigms from traditional methods to the current
Education 4.0 framework; and
•Examine the societal demands and challenges that have influenced the development of
Education 4.0.

Education 4.0 represents a transformative paradigm shift in the educational landscape,

driven by the integration of technology, personalized learning, and a focus on developing
essential skills for the 21st century. This report examines the evolution of education paradigms,
analyzes the societal demands shaping Education 4.0, explores its key components, evaluates its
impact on addressing societal needs, and provides recommendations for optimizing its
implementation.
Education has always been influenced by societal demands, evolving to meet the changing needs
of individuals and communities. Education 4.0 represents the latest iteration of this evolution,
characterized by the convergence of digital technologies, data analytics, and pedagogical
innovation.
Education 4.0 is a purposeful approach to learning that lines up with the fourth
industrial revolution and about transforming the future of education using advanced
technology and automation.
Societal Demands Shaping Education 4.0:
The societal demands driving the development of Education 4.0 are examined in this section.
Factors such as globalization, rapid technological advancement, changing workforce needs, and
demographic shifts are explored in relation to their impact on education policy and practice.
Major trends of Education 4.0
(i) A more personalized learning Education 4.0 appreciates the individuality of every single
student and their own pace of learning. Having a personalized way of teaching will
have a greater impact on students to achieve their outcomes easily.
(ii) More remote learning opportunities The cornerstone of Education 4.0 is making learning
available anywhere, anytime with the set of e-learning tools that promote remote and self-paced
learning.
(iii) The plethora of education tools Education 4.0 offers a clear route to students by making
tools and techniques handy in their learning environment. (iv) Data at the fingertips There are
greater insights into the students learning journey with data analytics and reporting in Education
4.0. The statistical analysis allows teaching staff to learn where students exactly stand and guide
them appropriately.
(iv) Easy and accurate assessment A more practical way of assessment comes into place with
Education 4.0. There are both online and offline assessments and students get assessed on
projects, assignments, and fieldwork.
(vi) Project-based learning The project-driven approach that Education 4.0 supports helps
students learn in a fun and interesting way!
Top 6 Digital Skill Education 4.0 Demands
1. Complex Problem Solving. This is a skill that can enable a person to see a link between
industries and create unique and creative solutions to various problems.
2. Critical Thinking. By the ancient essential undertaking of thinking, these skills combine a set
of five skills.
•Analytical Open-minded
•Problem solving
•Organization Communication
3. Creativity. An idea is just an idea unless the execution happens. Still, the idea
is a mandatory step and very first impulse that will eventually lead to proper
solutions.
4. People Management. People management is human resource management (HRM), and it is
built from numerous, different but yet intertwined, tasks, such as: Recruitment Management, and
ongoing support
5. Coordinating with others. In general, coordination always refers to whether a child can get
legs and arms to work together. In a world of an adult person, coordination with others refers to
effective communication and team collaboration.
6. Emotional Intelligence. Intelligence comes in many forms. No one is intelligent in the same
way.
This report provides a comprehensive overview of Education 4.0 and its role in addressing the
demands of society, serving as a valuable resource for policymakers, educators, researchers, and
other stakeholders in the field of education.

EDUCATIONAL REFORMS: The K to 12 Curriculum Example

Objectives
At the end of the lesson, students will be able to:
1. Discuss the history of Philippine Education Reform as well as K to 12 programs;
2. Distinguish the primary features of the K to 12 program that helped shaping the Filipino
students;
3. Appreciate the importance of K to 12 program to the improvement of Philippine Education.
The Philippines educational system was modeled after that of Spain and the United States until
the country attained complete independence in 1946.

History of Philippine Education

 Era Description Methods
Pre- Colonial Period Many has gained solely •Show and tell
occupational training from their •Observation
parents, tribal tutors or those •Trial and Error
assigned specific, specialized •Imitation
occupations within their
communities.
Spanish The Spaniards brought formal •Dictation
education to the Philippines, •Memorization
which was mostly supplied by •Trial and Error
Catholic organization.
American Around a year, after taking •Socialized recitation
Manila, the Americans were keen •Debates
to establish seven schools with •Game playing
army personnel teaching and army
command-selected supplies and
equipment. The Americans wear
eager to construct seven schools
with army personnel lecturing and
utilizing supplies chosen by army
headquarters shortly after taking
control of Manila.
Fourth Republic Under proclamation 1081, enacted •Dictation
by President Ferdinand Marcos in •Memorization
1972, the Department of •Trial and Error
Education was renamed the
Department of Education and
Culture (DEC)
Fifth Republic A new constitution was ratified in •Subject—matter centered
1987 and entered into force on •Student—center
February 11, Section 3 Article •Community centered
XIV of the 1987 constitution
contains the 10 fundamental aims
of Education in the Philippines.
Recent years Recent years •Face to face classes
In 2010, Senator Benigno Aquino •Online classes
III express his desire implement •Modular classes
the K-12 basic education cycle to
increase the number of years of
compulsory education to
thirteen(13) years.

What is the K-12 curriculum ?

K-12 curriculum
After further consultations and studies under President Aquino formally adopted the K-6-4-12
basic education system.
K-12 Benefits
The K-12 program aims to provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts and skills, develop
lifelong learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education, middle-level skills of
development, employment and entrepreneurship.
Primary Features
• Strengthening early childhood education (Universal kindergarten)
• Making the curriculum relevant to learners ( Contextualized and Enhancement)
• Building proficiency through language ( Mother Tongue - Based Multilingual Education)
• Ensuring integrated and seamless learning ( Spiral Classroom)
• Gearing up for the future ( Senior High School)

Core Curriculum of SHS

There are seven learning areas under the core curriculum. These are Language, Literature,
Communication, Mathematics, Philosophy, Natural Science, and Social Sciences. Current from
some General Education subjects are embedded in SHS curriculum.
TRACKS
Each senior high school students can pick between 3 tracks
Academic, Technical—Vocational—Livelihood, and Sports and Arts.
The Academic Track includes 3 strands
—Business, Accountancy, Management (BAM);
—Humanities, Education, Social Sciences (HESS);
—Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM).

•TVET (Technical Vocational Education & Training) National Certificate

• Modeling best practices for senior high school
• Nurturing the hostically developed Filipino ( College and Livelihood Readiness, 21st
Century Skills
Assessment
1. In your own idea what do you think are the other benefits of K-12 curriculum?
2. Give the seven learning areas under the core curriculum.

Assignment
1. Right a brief summary about the History of Philippine Education.