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Study on the optimization of the basin’s design parameters of the gravitational

water vortex microhydropower plant

Conference Paper in AIP Conference Proceedings · December 2022

DOI: 10.1063/5.0113910

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Study on the optimization of the basin’s
design parameters of the gravitational water
vortex microhydropower plant
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2686, 020024 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0113910
Published Online: 05 December 2022

Abdushoxid Mamadjanov, Romen Zakhidov, Jurabek Izzatillayev, et al.

AIP Conference Proceedings 2686, 020024 (2022); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0113910 2686, 020024

© 2022 Author(s).
Study on the Optimization of the Basin's Design Parameters
of the Gravitational Water Vortex Microhydropower Plant

Abdushoxid Mamadjanov1,a), Romen Zakhidov2, Jurabek Izzatillayev3, and

Hasanboy Ismailov1
1
Department of Power Engineering, Namangan Engineering - Building Institute, 160605 Namangan, Uzbekistan
2
Institute of Energy Problems, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
3
Department of Power Supply and Renewable Energy Sources, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural
Mechanization Engineers, 100000 Tashkent, Uzbekistan

a)
Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. The article presents the work planned to be carried out by the government in order to further develop
renewable energy sources in the Republic of Uzbekistan, in particular the sphere of hydropower. In particular, the
construction of environmentally friendly mini-and micro-hydroelectric power stations with a high energy efficient and
profitable working coefficient and the development of their optimal structures in our country is one of the pressing
problems. The simulation model of the vortex was analyzed using ANSYS CFD in accordance with the constructive
parameters of the gravational vortex microHPPs basin, which allows it to work at exactly low pressure (from 0.7 to 3
meters). In addition, cases of changes in the flow rate in the basin at different values of water consumption were studied.

INTRODUCTION

The development of every society in the world today is determined by its level of supply of electricity. However, the
increasing use of energy, as well as the use of fossil fuels for its production, leads to global pollution of the
environment and, as a result, poses a serious threat to human life. Therefore, one of the most pressing issues in
energy today is the use of environmentally friendly, renewable non-conventional energy sources. Micro hydropower
is one of the most straightforward and reliable sources of renewable energy [1-9]. Micro and pico hydropower are
the most effective form of generating electricity in off-grid remote areas [10]. Hydropower technology, which
generates energy by using a head of less than 3 m, belongs to the category of hydropower with a very low head,
which includes mostly unused hydropower in the form of streams, waterfalls, channels and water supply dams [11,
12]. Low head and small hydropower are almost harmless in terms of carbon footprint [12], economical and more
suitable for fragile ecology and dispersed population [13, 14].
According to forecasts, the annual increase in electricity demand in the Republic of Uzbekistan will amount to 6-7%
in the period up to 2030. By 2030, the consumption of the republic amounted to 120.8 billion kWh. Almost 85% of
the electricity produced is activated by burning gas and coal, while the remaining 15% is generated by hydroelectric
power plants. On average, in the year are spent for electricity production 16.5 billion m3 of natural gas, 86 thousand
tons of fuel and 2.3 million tons of coal. Currently (excluding the sphere of hydro energy), the share of renewable
energy sources (RES) does not exceed one percent in the organization of the country's energy balance. Theoretically,
the total annual capacity of the rivers flowing through the territory of Uzbekistan is 88.5 billion. per kWh, the
technical annual hydropower capacity is 27.4 billion. kW is equal to an hour. The total capacity of rivers, channels
and reservoirs of the republic can be built up to 250 hydro power plants (HPP)s with a total capacity of 5,8-11,0

2nd International Conference on Energetics, Civil and Agricultural Engineering 2021 (ICECAE 2021)
AIP Conf. Proc. 2686, 020024-1–020024-9; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0113910
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-4278-8/$30.00

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GW. In practice, this is only about 1/3 of the work performed, that is, 31 hydroelectric power plants with a total
capacity of 1,7 GW were built.
Taking into account the best international experience and current trends in the development of the global electric
power industry, in order to meet the growing needs of the Republic of Uzbekistan and ensure further balanced
development of the electric grid, the concept of electricity supply of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2020-2030 was
developed. Accordingly, in order to achieve the indicators of the development of renewable energy in our country in
2020-2030, the target parameters of the RES capacity, which is scheduled to be used annually, are defined in the
plan for the construction of 3.8 GW of hydropower, 3 GW of wind and 5 GW of solar. In 2020-2030, it is planned to
the construction of 35 HPPs with a total capacity of 1,537 MW and the modernize the 27 HPPs with a capacity of
186 MW. In particular, next year it is planned to implement 7 projects (170 MWs), in 2023-2024 - 12 projects (150
MWs), in 2025-2026 - 2 projects (420 MWs). As a result, by 2030, the total installed capacity of the HPP will be
approximately 3785 MW (13.1 billion kWh).
Based on the results of the multivariate research conducted by Williamson et al [15], shows that Turgo and propeller
turbines with a draft tube are turbines for low pressure and water consumption variable pico-hydro site in remote
areas are considered to be the most acceptable option. But the search covered only turbines only like Pelton/Turco
wheel, water wheels, Archimedes' Ccrew, propeller, radial and cross-flow turbines. Typical types of hydraulic
turbines designed for low pressure: for example, the Archimedes screw, water wheels and modified (miniaturized
and improved in design) high-tech turbine tracks - due to poor part flow efficiency, manufacturing difficulties/cost,
and uneconomical deployment [12]. Gravitational Water Vortex is a technology modified for ultra-low pressure.
Viktor Schauberger is considered a pioneer in conceptualizing the use of a vortex for generating electricity, but his
work did not use a vortex of free surface water [16]. For the first authors, the use of a vortex of free surface water is
considered by Brown [17] with submerged outlet. For many years, attempts have been made by Kuris [18] and
Zotloterer [19] in developing technologies for generating electricity from a vortex of free surface water, but in the
end the successful implementation for electricity generation was carried out by Zotloterer [20].
The result of this research is to improve the design parameters and increase the efficiency of the existing low-
pressure water gravity micro-hydropower plant. This method of power generation was first patented and put into
practice in 2003 by the Austrian inventor Franz Zotleterer, in which part of the water flowing from a river or stream
is directed into a concrete cylinder [21]. The water falls into the cylinder and forms a spiral gravitational vortex, and
a turbine mounted vertically in the middle moves along with the water.
Low-head hydropower facilities could provide a large supply of green energy, but there has been little interest in this
technology to date. Small hydropower plants with energy capacities ranging from 100 kW to 1000 kW, installed at
0.5 to 2.0 m heads, have a bright future [22]. A great number of energy converters have been proposed to exploit the
currently untapped hydropower potential [23]. The so-called Gorlov-Turbine, Kinetic Hydro Power System,
HydroVenturi, Davis-Turbine, and Underwater Electric Kite technologies are all in the works, as are Transverpello,
HydroPowerLens, Stream Wheel technologies in the lab, Gravitational Vortex Converter [24, 25], Aniprop, Roue
Barrage, and Rotary Hydraulic Pressure Machine technologies in the prototype stage. A new sort of Gravitational
Vortex Converter (GVC) was proposed in this study. This GVC is distinct from others previously identified by
water flow via a vertical conical channel [22, 24]. Turbine blades positioned at varying heights were used to achieve
diverse water flow rates in such a device. In this case, the efficiency of energy generation will be considered in
terms of speed, and a mathematical model will be proposed.
Each micro-hydro power plant has a distinct edge over the others. However, the gravitational water vortex power
plant (GWVPP) has several advantages over other types of micro-hydro power plants, including: reduced
installation costs and transmission losses associated with long transmission lines; low serviceability and operating
costs; parts can be manufactured locally; and it operates at a low rpm and does not interrupt the natural flow of
water, causing no harm to aquatic and microbial life [26, 27, 28] ; It's simple to set up, and you'll get a quick return
on your investment [29]; it does not emit any harmful pollutants [30]; it significantly increases the flow velocity of
the water without any external effort [28]; it generates more power because the water acts on all the blades at the
same time [31]; it can be installed along the river's course, eliminating the need for dam construction [32]; it is a low
head (0.73 m) micro-hydro turbine that can be easily installed on irrigation canals and rivers [33, 34]; it is a low
head (0.7 This type of power plant does not require a huge water storage reservoir [35], and it produces higher
output power for the same flow conditions than other micro-hydro power plants [31].
As shown in Figure 1 [29], a cascade of turbines can be constructed on the same river in such a way that they do not
affect the flow of the following turbines in the system.

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 FIGURE 1. The GWVPP cascaded system is depicted in this diagram

METHODS
The water flow is directed into the circular base through the inlet channel, generating circulation. A vortex basin is
formed by the combination of localized low pressure at the orifice (outlet) and induced circulation at the inlet [36].
The water entry flow strikes the impeller blades, changing the flow direction on the blades' surface before exiting
the lower hole into free flow [37]. The slider is concentrically situated above the outlet and is made up of two
primary components: a hub and blades. Although the depression of the free surface in the center (also shown in
Figure 1) allows part of the impeller blades to air, it is designed to be totally immersed in a vortex pool. The blades
protrude from the hub, which is a hollow cylinder attached to the turbine shaft. Due to the low speed of the turbine,
scientists suggest that GWV also aerates water in a mild fashion, unlike traditional hydropower - the impact of water
purification - and does not influence fish migration and life; however, others [16] argue that this theory still needs to
be proved.

FIGURE 2. Operational area of GWPP

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Although no particular operating range for the GWV turbine has been described correctly, the operating range given
by Timilsina et al. [16] is illustrated in Figure 2, with a proposed head range of 0.7–2 m [20, 37, 38], which has a
greater operational envelope than waterwheels and Archimedes Screw.
The efficiency of this gravitational vortex micro hydroelectric power plant will depend on many factors such as the
parameters of the basin, the design of the vortex basin and the construction of the fins. The various geometric
parameters that can be changed for the area of a conical basin: the opening of the basin, the length of the recess, the
height of the channel, the diameter of the basin, and the angle of the cone. Among these above-mentioned
parameters for a given diameter of the basin, all other parameters make a significant contribution to the change in
velocity, except for the incision angle [28].
By eliminating the above factors, the task is to generate electricity while ensuring the optimal operating mode of the
station. The Computational Fluid Dynamics package of Ansys software was used to determine the dynamics of flow
motion. The computational dynamics of a fluid packet is a package designed to solve and analyze problems related
to fluid flows [38, 39]. The software package used Navier Stokes equations as control discrete equations in the
limited volume method, and Simplex method to solve the discrete equations. Navier Stokes' limited volume control
equation is used as follows:

(1)

(2)

(3)

Here, Ωz – rotation rate, V- speed (m/s), r- radius (mm) and С- Stokes constant.
The turbine revolves at a rate of around 20 revolutions per minute. It is connected to the generator via a gearbox.
The test installations recorded an energy conversion efficiency of 84 percent. Another installation reported a test
efficiency of 73 percent [29].
In this case, the height of the vortex inside the reservoir and the tangential and radial velocity of the circulating
water reach the maximum value. In the study, we consider the optimal state (d/D) of the ratio of the diameter of the
outlet hole to the diameter of the basin using the Computational Fluid Dynamics package of Ansys software. Figure
1 shows the basin parameters for the simulation analysis.

FIGURE 3. Basin drawing

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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
For a basin with these parameters, different water flows were analyzed. In the case of air turbulence at the center of
the vortex, the high tangential and radial velocities of the vortex and, consequently, the high water consumption and
vortex capacity were determined using a simulation model as shown in Figures 4 and 5.
The main output parameters that were monitored during the basin analysis are height of vortex (H v), the average
radial velocity (Vravg), air loop formation (represented by ɸ), gain in tangential velocity (ΔVtmax), maximum
tangential velocity (Vtmax), average tangential velocity (Vtavg) and average axial velocity (Vaavg).
The formation of air core was monitored throughout the cylindrical region of the basin, while other parameters were
monitored by using two planes in xy and yz directions at the center of the basin and average of the values obtained
by the two planes was used. The height of the planes was kept the same as the height of the basin, while the width of
the planes was set equal to half of the basin diameter.

FIGURE 4. A simulation model with an air loop in the center of the vortex

FIGURE 5. A simulation model with no air loop at the center of the vortex

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Gain in tangential velocity was monitored in order to observe the relation between inlet velocity water and its
velocity at the loop of the radius. This was necessary as the increase in tangential velocity at inlet may possibly be
accompanied by an increase in the tangential velocity at the air-core. The gain in tangential velocity (ΔVtmax) is the
percentage increase in maximum tangential velocity at the core. The maximum tangential velocity (V tmax) was
monitored in order to check the effect of different parameters on the maximum velocity.
The flow from the exit creates a vortex on the free surface, which gradually intensifies, speeds up the rotation of the
water, and lowers the pressure in the vortex's core. Naturally, this pressure declines to the point where it is less than
atmospheric pressure, sucking air into the intake and forming an air core. As the air core advances from the free
surface to the air intake, its radius gradually shrinks. The tangential velocity of water in a vortex loop is inversely
proportional to the radius from the vortex core's center, whereas the axial velocity is directly proportional to the
depth inside the vortex core.
The results reveal that different basin parameters, such as inlet velocity, inlet channel width, inlet channel depth,
basinl height, outlet diameter, and mass flow rate, produce variable outputs and vortices. The adjusted design
specifications of the basin are found to considerably increase the installation's efficiency by creating a strong vortex
with an air loop. Distinct parameters have different effects on velocity.

TABLE 1. GVPP dependence of basin parameters on water consumption and flow rate
Basin Water
Water outlet diameter Inlet
Basin diameter height Inlet height consump Flow velocity
/basin diameter width
D [mm] H [mm] tion [m/s]
d/D [mm] [mm]
[mm] [kg/s]
1000 0.14 1000 300 300 5 0.1
1000 0.14 1000 300 300 10 0.2
1000 0.14 1000 300 300 15 0.5
1000 0.14 1000 300 300 20 0.6
1000 0.14 1000 300 300 25 0.3

During the experiments, values of water consumption ranging from 5 kg/s to 25 kg/s were considered. In this case,
the diameter and height of the basin, the width and height of the water inlet and the diameter of the water outlet were
assumed to be constant. The results showed that when the water consumption was increased from 5 to 20 kg/s, the
flow rate increased, creating an air swirl in the vortex center as shown in Figure 4. When the water consumption was
increased to 25 kg/s, the flow rate decreased, the air circulation in the center of the vortex, as in Figure 5,
disappeared and the flow rate suddenly decreased. The results obtained are presented in Table 1.

FIGURE 6. Water consumption and flow rate correlation graph

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Increasing the inlet velocity causes an increase in the water height. The increase in the height of the water can be
explained as an increase in the mass of water entering the pool and the height of the water will continue to grow
until the water overflows through the walls of the basin.
Based on the results presented in the table above, the relationship graph of water consumption and flow rate shown
in Figure 6.
With a mass flow rate of 4.5 kg/s, the improved basin provides a full-air core vortex that is significantly more ideal
for power generation. The basin's access canal has been optimized using criteria such as narrowing the canal,
softening water entry to the basin, raising the height of the canal and permitting the formation of a high-altitude
vortex, and increasing the amount of water exiting from the bottom. Because of the combined effects of these
changes, a full air-core with a higher vortex height was created. Furthermore, as compared to the initial/reference
basin, the optimized basin resulted in an 85.5 percent increase in tangential velocity. The creation of an air core
causes an increase in tangential velocity.

CONCLUSIONS
GVPP proves to be a simple and cost effective solution for drainage disposal. Based on the results obtained from the
simulation model based on the above basin parameters, the following conclusions were drawn:
a) Water outlet diameter/basin diameter d/D=(0.13 ÷ 0.18);
b) Flow rate Vmax=0.6 m/s with water consumption 20 kg/s;
c) In the presence of air turbulence in the center of the vortex, the vortex height and tangential and vertical velocity
of water flow reached the highest value;
d) He noted the low tangential and radial velocity of water consumption and flow in the absence of air turbulence in
the vortex center.

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