Chapter 1- Plantation on cactus

Introduction
Cactus is a Greek word which mean semi-desert climate. Cactus has 127 general family with
1750 known spiece of the order of Caryophyllales. Cactus is a type of plant that grows mostly in hot area, especially
desert but rarely some type of cactus grows in quite humid area. Atacama Desert, one of the driest places in earth
where cactus family found more compare to another one place. Cacti occur in a wide range shapes and size.
Although some species lives in quite humid environment, most cacti live habitats subject to at least some drought.
Many lives in extremely dry environment. One thing is interested about cactus it grows in dry area but it’s a source
of water. Every Cactus has inside thickened, fleshy parts adapted to store water.

Cactus Structure
Most species of cacti have lost true leaves retaining only spines, which are highly modified
leaves as well as defending against herbivores spines help to prevent water loss by reducing
air flow close to the cactus and provides some shades. In the absence of true leaves, cacti’s enlarged stems carryout
photosynthesis process. Cactus spines are produced from specialized structure called aerosols. Aerosol is an identify
feature of cacti as well as spines aerosols give rise to flowers which are usually tubular and multipetailed. Many cacti
have short growing season and long dormancies and are able to react quickly to any rainfall. Cactus steams are often
fluted which allow them to expand and contract easily for quick
water absorption after rain.

Photosynthesis process of Cactus

Cacti can carry out Photosynthesis but they do it a little differently than other plants. Cacti utilize Crassulacean Acid
Metabolism (CAM) Photosynthesis. Basically, their stems are doing the photosynthesis work but in two steps. During
the night oxygen is released and carbon dioxide is stored. During the Day the carbon dioxide is being transformed
into sugar and oxygen with the help of the sun. However, photosynthesis require sunlight as Normal plant.

Scientific classification
Kingdom Plantae
Scientific classification & Subfamilies
Clade Tracheophyts
Clade Angiosperms
1 Clade Eudicots
Order Caryophyllas
Family Cactaceae
 Subfamilies

Cactoideoae
Maihuenioideae
Opuntioideae
Pereskioideae

Major part of Cactus

Stems
The leafless, spiny stem is the characteristic feature of the majority of cacti. It’s adapted to absorb water.
The stems of most cacti are some shades of green, often bluish or brownish green. Such stems
contain chlorophyll and are able to carry out photosynthesis. They also have stomata (small structures that
can open and close to allow passage of gases). Cactus stems are often visibly waxy.

Areoles
Aerosol are structures unique to cacti. Although variable, they typically appear as woolly or hairy areas on
the stems from which spines emerge. Flowers are also produced from areoles. In leafless cacti, areoles are
often borne on raised areas on the stem where leaf bases would have been. Areoles are highly specialized
and very condensed shoots or branches. In most cacti, the areoles produce new spines or flowers only for
a few years and then become inactive. This results in a relatively fixed number of spines, with flowers being
produced only from the ends of stems, which are still growing and forming new areoles

Leaves
The great majority of cacti have no visible leaves; photosynthesis takes place in the stems
Spines
, "Spines" are distinguished from thorns, spines are modified leaves, and thorns are modified branches.
Cacti produce spines, always from areoles as noted above. The spines of cacti are often useful in
identification, since they vary greatly between species in number, colour, size, shape and hardness.

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Roots
Most ground-living cacti have only fine roots, which spread out around the base of the plant for varying
distances, close to the surface. Some cacti have taproots.
Taproots may aid in stabilizing the larger columnar cacti.

Flowers
Cactus flowers usually have many stamens, but only a single style, which may branch at the end into more
than one stigma. The stamens usually arise from all over the inner surface of the upper part of the floral
tube, although in some cacti, the stamens are produced in one or more distinct "series" in more specific
areas of the inside of the floral tube.

Health benefit of cactus

1. Cactus is a rich source of antioxidant.
2. They protect to nerves cell and also antiviral for the human body.
3. It regulate the body sugar level and also enlarged proslate gland.
4. Cactus also reduce cholesterol in human body.
5. In additionally,also estimate the hangover.

Cactus is a source of human food

Cactus acts as a good source of food for human in the present past.
In countries like Mexico,China,prickly pears,Africa are often used to making
appetizers,soup and salad beverage,candy and cactus drink and many more.
However,that variety of dishes or drinks are often made in India too.

Purpose of farming of cactus

1.There are many benefit of cactus farming .
2.The first and foremost advantage of cactus farming requires less water or no water
3.The cactus farmer can use this cactus as multipurpose like as fruits,vegetable
drink.They can feed their animal like as a grass.

Medical use of cactus

Its use to make facewash,cancer medicine,diabties medicine etc .

Refference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus
https://www.britannica.com/plant/cactus
https://cactusglobal.com

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Chapter 2-Organic Gopalan Farm
Introduction
Gopalan Organic farm is situated in Uttari Village, Kagalipura (Kanakapura Road), Bangalore. It’s established in
1984.This farm is famous for it fresh, green and Chemical less product. Here 210+ people work in growing area of
200 acres. This farm is produced vegetable like chills, brinjal, tomato, palak, lemon, fruits and many more thing.
They use to capture insect without using chemical and neem, cow dung etc. for composition.

Organic farming
Organic farming-Organic farming continues to developed by various organized today. It’s defined by the
use of fertilizer of organic origin such as compost manure, green manure, and bone meal and place
emphasis on technique such as crop rotation and companion planting. Organic standards are design to
allow the use of naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthesis substances.
For instance, naturally occurring pesticides are generally prohibited
Gopalan Organic farming advocates claim advantage in sustainability openness, self-suffenciency, autonomy and,
independence, health food and food safety.

Need of organic farm in India

1.India is one of the sufferers of the conventional farming system.
2.Organic Farming is environment friendly farming practices.
3.The current farming product caused several health issues by the consumption of contaminated
food product.
4.The modern agriculture, method caused damage to environment and human life directly due
to excess use of additive like chemical and pesticides during farming.

Advantages of Organic Farming

1. Organic farming can assist future generations in achieving success.
2. Natural fertilizers are used in organic farming to increase yields.

3. Organic farming is a more environmentally friendly way of growing.

4. Insect pollinators are supported by organic farming.

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5.Organic farming contributes to better soils.

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Disadvantages of Organic Farming
1. Organic farming in the United States lacks a supporting infrastructure.

2. Organic farming does not always take prior practices into account.

3.Organic farming demands more effort than conventional methods.

4.It’s a whole lot more work.

5.Less production.

Organic farming is a technique, which involves the cultivation of plants and rearing of animals in
natural ways. This process involves the use of biological materials, avoiding synthetic substances to
maintain soil fertility and ecological balance thereby minimizing pollution and wastage.

Reasons For Organic Farming

The population of the planet is skyrocketing and providing food for the world is becoming
extremely difficult. The need of the hour is sustainable cultivation and production of food for all.
The Green Revolution and its chemical-based technology are losing its appeal as dividends are
falling and returns are unsustainable. Pollution and climate change are other negative externalities
caused by the use of fossil fuel-based chemicals.
In spite of our diet choices, organic food is the best choice you’ll ever make, and this means
embracing organic farming methods. Here are the reasons why we need to take up organic
farming methods.
1. To Accrue the Benefits of Nutrients
Foods from organic farms are loaded with nutrients such as vitamins, enzymes, minerals and
other micro-nutrients compared to those from conventional farms.
2. Stay Away from GMOs
Statistics show that genetically modified foods (GMOs) are contaminating natural foods sources
at real scary pace, manifesting grave effects beyond our comprehension.
3. Natural and Better Taste

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 Those that have tasted organically farmed foods would attest to the fact that they have a
natural and better taste.

Technique uses in Gopalan Organic Farm

Gopalan organic farm uses some technique to maintain environment for required plants. And they use to
pyridine to capture insects and one more thing for they use colourful light with attractive paper where
insect paste by itself and dies without any chemical product.

Types Of Organic Farming

There are mainly two types of organic farming- pure organic farming and integrated organic farming. These farming

methods have their advantages and disadvantages. Some farmers choose to use a purified farming process, whereas

some opt for an integrated farming method.

1. Crop Diversity
Crop diversity is referred to as plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, embraces diversity within
and amongst crops, their wild relatives and wild edible plant species. It mainly provides the biological
foundation for food production and food security and contributes to economic development. It refers to
crops and varieties that farmers cultivate and use as part of their subsistence.

2. Crop Rotation
Crop rotation is the technique of planting crops in the event area of the garden so that no single crop will be
planted in the identical place two or more years in a row. Crop rotation assists maintain soil structure and
nutrient levels and inhibit soil-borne pests from obtaining a foothold in the garden. However, when a single
crop is planted in the related place every year, the soil composition slowly deteriorates as the nutrients are
practiced time and time again.

3. Biological Pest Control

The agricultural field includes a compound of organisms, some utilized for plant cultivation, and a few are
damaging. The development of these organisms should be under control to guarantee the security of the field
and the crops. Pesticides and herbicides that include some chemicals or natural can be practiced for pest

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control. A method in which existence organisms are managed to regulate pests without or with restricted
usage of chemicals.

4. Soil Management
After crop cultivation, the soil wastes its nutrients and its exhausts condition. Organic farming begins the
performance of natural approaches to improve the health of the ground. It concentrates on bacteria existing
in animal waste, which assists deliver the soil nutrients prolific to improve the soil.
Organic farming utilizes several methods to develop soil productivity, including crop rotation, decreased
tillage, cover cropping, and the utilization of compost. Plants need a large number of nutrients in different
amounts to flourish. It is challenging for organic farmers to provide sufficient nitrogen and principally
synchronizing to arrange adequate nitrogen when plants require it most.
Crop rotation and green manure aid to provide nitrogen through legumes, which fix nitrogen from the
environment through symbiosis with rhizoidal bacteria. Intercropping, seldom utilized for insect and disease
restriction, can enhance soil nutrients. Still, the conflict between the legume and the crop can be doubtful,
and broader spacing amidst crop rows is needed.

5. Green Manure
It refers to the dying plants extracted and packed into the soil to obtain them act as a nutrient for the soil to
enhance its characteristic. Green undecomposed substance applied as manure is recognized as green manure.
It is accomplished by developing green manure crops or assembling green leaf from shrubs produced in
wastelands, field bunds, and forests.
Green manuring is developing in the meadow plants, referring to the leguminous family and consolidating
the soil behind adequate completion. And, the significant green manure products are cluster beans, sunn
hemp, dhaincha and Sesbania rostrata.

6. Compost
Compost is extremely productive in nutrients, and this is a recycled organic material used as a fertilizer in
agricultural fields. Compost farming converts raw organic deposits into humus-like substances through the
movement of soil microorganisms. Prepared compost reserves are strong and biologically steady, free of
offensive odors, more relaxed to handle, and less massive than raw organic trash.

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Composting can decrease or eradicate weed roots and pathogens in organic deposits. Compost contributes
advantages as a soil improvement and a cause of organic material by increasing soil biological, chemical,
and physical properties;

 Enhances microbial movement

 Improves plant infection elimination

 Develops soil fertility

 Progresses soil structure in clayey soils

 Develops water retention in sandy soils

 Decreases bioavailability of heavy metals

7. Weed Management
Weed management in organic farming increases weed-suppressing rather than weed dismissal by improving
crop competition and phototoxic impacts on weeds. Organic standards require a rotation of seasonal crops,
suggesting that a single crop cannot be produced in the same position without a separate, intermediate crop.
To promote organic techniques to improve the growth of general microorganisms that includes normal
weeds’ growth and germination. The two extensively used weed management procedures are;

 Mulching – A method where we practice plastic films or plant deposits on the soil’s surface to block

weed extension.

 Mowing or Cutting – It is a procedure where there is an elimination of weeds’ top increase.

8. Controlling Other Organisms

There are beneficial and dangerous organisms in the agricultural field which influence the area. The increase
of organisms requires to be managed to defend the soil and crops. This can be caused by the usage of
herbicides and pesticides that include several chemicals or are natural. Also, proper sanitization of the whole
farm must be maintained to manage different organisms.

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Summary
Gopalan Organic farming yields numerous nutritious and secure foods. The prevalence of organic food is
growing as consumers inquire about more potent and secure organic foods. Thus, organic food perhaps
ensures food safety from farm to plate.

The organic farming method is numerous eco-friendlies than traditional farming. Moreover, organic farming
preserves soil healthy and manages environmental integrity thereby, improving the health of purchasers.
Moreover, the organic produce market is now the fastest-growing business all over the globe, including
India.

India, at present, is the world’s most extensive organic producer. With this conception, we can conclude that
stimulating organic farming in India can strengthen a nutritionally, ecologically, and economically healthy
population shortly.

In Gopalan organic farm we can also buy it online from a reliable organic online store.

Reference
https://www.britannica.com/topic/organic-farming

https://orgizon.com/.../organic-farming-types-objectives-and-methods

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_farming

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 Chapter 3-Heritage of Tipu
Sultan Palace
Introduction
The Tipu palace situated close to the Krishna Rajendra
city near market at the intersection Of Krishna
Rajendra Road and Albert Victoria Road. Tipu Sultan palace also known as “Abode of
Happiness “enclose the precinct of the castle. The Tipu fort which is prominent Landmark of
the city of Bangalore depicts intricate Islamic style architect. The palace was Built by Tipu
Sultan and he named it as “Rashe Zannat”. The Sultan used the palace as a summer retreat
and was built completely of teak wood. The Palace was opened to the general public in
2005.

Museum
The palace now hosts a museum from the four rooms on the ground floor displaying the
artifact and antique collection from the era showcasing the heroics and chivalry of the
Mysore King and luxurious lifestyle of the royals. The museum contained Tipu Sultan
Sword, Old two Tipu time old rocket which are used in battle, clothes etc and inside of
Museum phone, camera is not alloy to use.

History and Architecture

Hyder Ali started the construction the construction of the palace in 1781 and it was
completely by his son Tipu Sultan in 1791, upon which people started calling it Tipu’s
palace. The entire place is built of teak wood, mortar, stone and plaster. It is laid on a stone
plinth. The structure is two-storied and is supported by wooden pillar that rest on the stone
base. The exquisitely carved pillar support giant wooden beam that constitute the palace
structure.
The pillars are met with brackets and cusped arches that are decorated with the beautiful
With beautiful carvings emphasized in two colours. The carving at the base of pillars have
emerged out of flowers. The walls and ceilings have madder-red surface that are
embellished with floral motifs, giving it a magnificent look. The palace portrays a perfect
picture of indo-islamic style art and architecture.

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Tipu Sultan had a penchant for manicured lawns and abundant greenery. He ensured that
there were immaculate gardens all around his summer palace. The structure of the palace
itself is alluring. Constructed of sturdy teak wood, this palace has managed to survive the
ravages of time.
Tiger as he was known would come to the palace almost every summer and hold court
or durbar here. He would be seated in the upper floor and the audience or court would gather
around below. The palace itself, having been used in the summers, was therefore modelled
along the lines of the palace at Sira, which no longer exists. The palace is airy and has many
balconies, pillars, arches, rooms and walls, all of which are wooden and carved beautifully.
Many parts of the palace have beautiful paintings of floral motifs on the inside. On the
outside, there are paintings of battle scenes amongst many others. Sadly, due to lack of
maintenance by the authorities, many of these paintings have all but vanished.

Group photos

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Tipu Sultan Fort
Tipu sultan fort is near to Tipu palace about 200 meters from there. Hyder Ali’s father of
Tipu Sultan, imprisoned many British army officers in this fort. In this fort so many old jails
are here which are looks like cave. Now this palace is use as a visiting palace for tourism.
And every year college student, foreigner comes to visit this historical place.

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Conclusion
Tipu sultan was famous for brave emperor in old time. The summer palace was a favourite of
Tipu.
The palace and the fort was where he could repose, entertain his guests; he would hold many meetings and
devise many a stratagem. Many months were spent here every year; the fort and the palace was literally
devised by the brave and brilliant Tipu Sultan till he passed away in 1799. This palace now seems slightly
unassuming, but do visit this place to pay your respects to a great sultan who fought incessantly for freedom
against the British. His courage, pride, and honour echo throughout the walls of thispalace.

Refference
https://www.india.com/travel/articles/tipu-sultans-summer-palace a
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan's_Summer_Palace

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 Chapter 4-
Indigenous cooking in festival
(Gajar ka Halwa)

Introduction
Gajar Ka Halwa is an Indian Carrot Pudding, a
traditional North Indian sweet dish which can be
enjoyed either hot or cold. Made with simple
ingredients, especially the red variety of carrots
popular in North India, this Carrot Pudding is
typically enjoyed during winter.

Origin of food and place

North Indian The Gajar ka halwa was first introduced during the Mughal period and the
name originates from the Arabic word " halwa ", which means "sweet" and it is made from
carrot (in Hindi: gajar) so that it is known as gajar ka halwa (meaning pudding of carrot or
Halwa of carrot). It’s a traditional sweet dessert
Ingredient used
The main ingredients of gajar ka halwa are freshly grated carrots, milk, sugar,
cardamom khoya and ghee. The quantity and quality may vary according to
personal taste.

Health and benefit

1. Good for Eye Health

The key ingredient of gajar ka halwa is carrot or gajar which is abundantly enriched with
beta-carotene that helps in Vitamin A formation in the body. Carrot halwa, thus, may help
improve vision and is beneficial for overall eye health.

2. Boosts Immunity

Since carrot is a seasonal ingredient, it is excellent for winter immunity. It has a good
amount of Vitamin C that may offer protection against diseases. Further, the addition of dry
fruits and ghee in the halwa may further add to its immunity quotient.

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3. Keeps You Warm
Although gajar ka halwa can be consumed hot or cold, it does offer some protection
against winter chills. Experts have emphasized that ghee is a winter superfood
thanks to the good fats present in it. The addition of ghee to the halwa may give the
body some warmth and comfort in the biting cold weather.

4. Full of Nutrients
All the elements of gajar ka halwa - carrots, milk, ghee and nuts - are loaded with
good nutrients. Milk has protein, vitamins, calcium and magnesium. Dry fruits have
good fats, antioxidants and proteins. Carrots, as mentioned earlier, have Vitamin A,
C and K and are also rich in fibre and may promote digestion too.

5. Good for Skin and Bones

Skin health may also get a boost with the Vitamin A and C-rich gajar used in halwa.
The good calcium content in the milk used in halwa may further improve bone
health and promote stronger bones.

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Gajar Ka Halwa Recipe - Indian Carrot Pudding
1. To begin making the Gajar Halwa Recipe, make sure you have all the
ingredients ready and kept by the side.
2. Heat ghee in a heavy bottomed pan; add the carrots and sauté for a few
minutes until the carrots become lightly soft.
3. Add the milk and turn the heat to medium high and allow the milk and
carrot mixture to come to a boil. Once the milk and carrot mixture come to
a boil, turn the heat to medium low and cook the gajar halwa until entire
milk is evaporated.
4. This process will take close to 35 to 40 minutes. Make sure you keep
stirring the gajar halwa with a wooden spoon every time the milk froths
up. Stirring also prevents the halwa from sticking to the bottom of the pan.
5. Cook and stir until the entire milk is evaporated and until the gajar halwa
mixture is thickened. When you notice the entire milk has solidified, add in
the sugar, cardamom and the sliced almonds. Keep stirring the halwa until
the sugar melts and the halwa thickens a little more.
6. Once the gajar halwa has thickened to a good consistency, turn off the
heat and the halwa is ready to be served.

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