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    Q3 ConChem Chem of Soap and Detergent

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    Claude de alger Obelia
    Surface tension in water causes it to bead up on surfaces, slowing the cleaning process. Surfactants reduce surface tension so water spreads and wets surfaces better for cleaning. Soap is an anionic surfactant while detergent contains nonionic surfactants. Soap is made through saponification of fats/oils with alkalis. Detergent surfactants are made from petrochemicals and oleochemicals. Both use hydrocarbon chains to attract oils and a water-loving end. They clean by suspending soil in water using opposing chemical forces. Effective cleaning requires chemical, thermal, and mechanical energy. Surfactants and builders are key detergent components that lower surface tension and reduce water hardness

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    Q3 ConChem Chem of Soap and Detergent

    Uploaded by

    Claude de alger Obelia
    3 views6 pages
    Surface tension in water causes it to bead up on surfaces, slowing the cleaning process. Surfactants reduce surface tension so water spreads and wets surfaces better for cleaning. Soap is an anionic surfactant while detergent contains nonionic surfactants. Soap is made through saponification of fats/oils with alkalis. Detergent surfactants are made from petrochemicals and oleochemicals. Both use hydrocarbon chains to attract oils and a water-loving end. They clean by suspending soil in water using opposing chemical forces. Effective cleaning requires chemical, thermal, and mechanical energy. Surfactants and builders are key detergent components that lower surface tension and reduce water hardness

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    Q3-ConChem-Chem-of-Soap-and-Detergent

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    Surface tension in water causes it to bead up on surfaces, slowing the cleaning process. Surfactants reduce surface tension so water spreads and wets surfaces better for cleaning. Soap is an anionic surfactant while detergent contains nonionic surfactants. Soap is made through saponification of fats/oils with alkalis. Detergent surfactants are made from petrochemicals and oleochemicals. Both use hydrocarbon chains to attract oils and a water-loving end. They clean by suspending soil in water using opposing chemical forces. Effective cleaning requires chemical, thermal, and mechanical energy. Surfactants and builders are key detergent components that lower surface tension and reduce water hardness

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    3 views6 pages

    Q3 ConChem Chem of Soap and Detergent

    Uploaded by

    Claude de alger Obelia
    Surface tension in water causes it to bead up on surfaces, slowing the cleaning process. Surfactants reduce surface tension so water spreads and wets surfaces better for cleaning. Soap is an anionic surfactant while detergent contains nonionic surfactants. Soap is made through saponification of fats/oils with alkalis. Detergent surfactants are made from petrochemicals and oleochemicals. Both use hydrocarbon chains to attract oils and a water-loving end. They clean by suspending soil in water using opposing chemical forces. Effective cleaning requires chemical, thermal, and mechanical energy. Surfactants and builders are key detergent components that lower surface tension and reduce water hardness

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    Q3 Chemistry of Soap and Detergent Rwr 5 ConChem

    Surface Tension - property in water, liquid used for cleaning.


    - in body of water, each molecule is surrounded and attracted by other water molecules.
    - however at surface, molecules surrounded by other water molecules only on water side.
    - tension created as water molecules at surface are pulled into body of water.
    - causes water to bead up on surfaces (glass, fabric) slows wetting of surface and inhibits
    cleaning process.
    - drop of water onto a countertop that hold shape and not spread.

    Surfactants - surface active agents, ability to modify surface of substance; reduce surface tension so water spread
    and wet surfaces; make water wetter
    - important functions in cleaning like loosening, emulsifying (dispensing in water) holding soil in
    suspension until rinsed away.
    - provide alkalinity, remove acidic soils.
    - classified by ionic (electrical charge) properties in water, anionic (negative charge), nonionic (no
    charge), cationic (positive charge) and amphoteric (positive or negative charge)

    Soap - anionic surfactant.


    Detergent - nonionic surfactant
    Preparation of Soap
    Ingredients:
    1. Fats and oils - from animal or plant sources
    - make up of distinctive mixture of several triglycerides.

    in triglyceride molecule, 3 fatty acid molecules attached to one molecule of glycerine.


    Types of triglycerides, each consist of particular combination of fatty acids.
    Fatty Acids - components of fats and oil used in making soap, weak acids composed of two parts:

    a. Carboxylic acid group - 1 hydrogen (H) atom, 2 oxygen (O) atoms, and 1 carbon (C) atom;
    plus
    b. hydrocarbon chain attached to carboxylic acid group - made up of long, straight chain of carbon (C) atoms
    each carrying 2 hydrogen (H) atoms.

    2. Alkali - soluble salt of alkali metal like sodium or potassium.


    - used in soapmaking obtained from ashes of plants but now made commercially.
    - today, it’s a substance chemically a base (opposite of acid) and reacts with and neutralizes acid.
    - common alkalis:
    sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or caustic soda
    potassium hydroxide (KOH) or caustic potash

    How Soaps are Made


    - saponification of fats and oils - most widely used soapmaking process
    - heating fats and oils and reacting them with liquid alkali to produce soap and
    water (neat soap) plus glycerine
    Soap
    - carboxylate end of soap molecule attracted to water.
    - hydrophilic (water-loving) end.
    - hydrocarbon chain attracted to oil and grease and repelled by water.
    - known as hydrophobic (water-hating) end.

    How Water Hardness Affects Cleaning Action


    - soap effectiveness is reduced when used in hard water.
    - Mineral salts - cause hardness in water
    - calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg) and sometimes iron(Fe) and manganese(Mn).
    - Soap film or scum - insoluble precipitate when mineral salts react with soap
    - doesn’t rinse away easily.
    - tends to remain behind and produces visible deposits on clothing and makes fabrics stiff
    - attaches to insides of bathtubs, sinks and washing machines.
    - some soap used up by reacting with hard water minerals to form film
    - reduces amount of soap available for cleansing
    -even when clothes are washed in soft water, some hardness minerals introduced by soil on clothes.
    - soap molecules not very versatile and can’t be adapted to today’s variety of fibers, washing temperature and
    water condition.
    Preparation of Detergent
    - Detergent - effective cleaning product because contains one or more surfactants.
    -because of chemical makeup, surfactants used in detergents can be engineered to perform well under a variety of
    conditions.
    - surfactants less sensiitive than soap to hardness minerals in water and most will not form a film
    - Detergent surfactants - developed in response to a shortage of animal and vegetable fats and oils during WW1
    and WW2
    - substance resistant to hard water needed to make cleaning more effective.
    - petroleum - found to be plentiful source for manufacture of surfactants.
    - today made from petrochemicals (petroleum) and oleochemicals (fats and oils)
    - Petrochemicals and Oleochemicals - both petroleum and fats and oils contain hydrocarbon chains repelled by
    water but attracted to oil and grease in soils.
    - hydrocarbon chain sources used to make water-hating end of surfactant
    molecule.
    - other chemicals sulfur trioxide, sulfuric acid and ethylene oxide, produce water-loving end of surfactant molecule

    - Alkalis - detergent surfactants; sodium and potassium hydroxide - most common alkalis

    How Detergent Surfactants are Made


    Anionic Surfatants - chemical reacts with hydrocarbons derived from petroleum or fats and oils to produce new
    acids similar to fatty acids.
    -second reaction adds an alkali to new acids to produce one type of anionic surfactant molecule.

    Nonionic Surfactants - produced by first converting hydrocarbon to alcohol and reacting fatty alcohol with
    ethylene oxide
    - reacted further with sulfur-containing acids to form another type of anionic surfactant.
    How Soaps and Detergents Work
    - assume we have oily, greasy soil on clothing.
    - water alone will not remove soil.
    - oil and grease present in soil repel water molecules.
    - add soap detergent.
    - surfactant’s water-hating end is repelled by water but attracted to oil in soil.
    - at the same time, water -loving end is attracted to water molecules.
    - these opposing forces loosen soil and suspend it in water.
    - warm or hot water helps dissolve grease and oil in soil.
    - washing machine agitation or hand rubbing helps pull soil free.

    3 Types of energy needed for good result of cleaning using soap and detergent:
    a. Chemical Energy - provided by soap and detergent.
    - hydrophilic end (water-loving) mixed up water and hydrophobic end (water-hating) removes
    soil’s grease and oils.

    b. Thermal Energy - change in water temperature.


    - warm water or hot temperature helps to dissolve grease and oil of soil.

    c. Mechanical Energy - machine, hand rubbing and another way of agitation help pull soil free.

    Additional info - surfactants and builders are major components of cleaning products
    - other ing: increasing cleaning for soil/surfaces;ensuring product stability; supplying unique identity
    Surfactants
    - surface active agents, organic chemicals change properties of water.
    -lowering surface tension so enable cleaning solution to wet a surface (clothes, dishes, countertops) more quickly so
    soil readily loosened and removed (aid of mechanical action).
    - emulsify oily soils and keep them dispersed and suspended so do not settle back on surface.
    - to accomplish intended jobs effectively, many cleaning products include two or more surfactants.

    - generally classified by ionic (electrical charge) properties in water:

    Anionic surfactants - laundry and hand dishwashing detergents, household cleaner and personal cleansing products.
    - ionize (converted to electrically charged particles) in solution carry negative charge have
    excellent cleaning properties and generally are high sudsing.
    - ex. linear alky;lbenzene sulfonate, alcohol ethoxysulfates, alkyl sulfates and soap

    Nonionic Surfactants - low sudsing and typically in laundry and automatic dishwasher detergents and rinse aids
    - because they don’t ionize solution and thus have no electrical charge, resistant to water
    hardness and clean well on most soils; ex. alcohol ethoxylates.

    Cationic surfactants - used in fabric softeners and in fabric-softening laundry detergents.


    - other are disinfecting/sanitizing ingredient in some household cleaners.
    - ionize solution and have positive charge.
    - ex. Quatemary ammonium compounds are principal cationics.
    Amphoteric surfactants - personal cleansing and household cleaning products for mildness, sudsing and stability.
    - ability to be anionic, cationic or nonionic in solution, depending on pH of water.
    - ex. imidazolines and betaines.

    Builders - enhance or maintain cleaning efficiency of surfactant.


    - primary function is to reduce water hardness.
    - done either by sequestration or chelation (holding hardness minerals in solution) by precipitation
    (forming insoluble substance) or Ion exchange (trading electrically charged particles)
    - complex phosphates and sodium citrate - sequestring builders.
    - sodium carbonate and sodium silicate - precipitating builders.
    - sodium aluminmosilicate (zeolite) - ion exchange builder.
    - supply and maintain alkalinity, assists cleaning, especially of acid soils; help keep removed soil from
    redepositing during washing; and emulsify oily and greasy soil.

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