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    Hanna Obiado - Soap and Detergent

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    Allynn Junio
    This document discusses the key ingredients and chemical processes involved in making soap and detergent. Soap is made through saponification, which involves heating oils or fats with an alkali like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Detergent production uses petrochemicals or oleochemicals reacted with chemicals like sulfur trioxide or ethylene oxide and an alkali. Both soap and detergent work by using their hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends to emulsify oils and allow them to be rinsed away with water and mechanical agitation. Surfactants are the active ingredients that lower water's surface tension to enable better wetting and soil removal. Other additives like builders enhance cleaning by reducing water hardness.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Hanna Obiado - Soap and Detergent

    Uploaded by

    Allynn Junio
    8 views13 pages
    This document discusses the key ingredients and chemical processes involved in making soap and detergent. Soap is made through saponification, which involves heating oils or fats with an alkali like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Detergent production uses petrochemicals or oleochemicals reacted with chemicals like sulfur trioxide or ethylene oxide and an alkali. Both soap and detergent work by using their hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends to emulsify oils and allow them to be rinsed away with water and mechanical agitation. Surfactants are the active ingredients that lower water's surface tension to enable better wetting and soil removal. Other additives like builders enhance cleaning by reducing water hardness.

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    This document discusses the key ingredients and chemical processes involved in making soap and detergent. Soap is made through saponification, which involves heating oils or fats with an alkali like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Detergent production uses petrochemicals or oleochemicals reacted with chemicals like sulfur trioxide or ethylene oxide and an alkali. Both soap and detergent work by using their hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends to emulsify oils and allow them to be rinsed away with water and mechanical agitation. Surfactants are the active ingredients that lower water's surface tension to enable better wetting and soil removal. Other additives like builders enhance cleaning by reducing water hardness.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    8 views13 pages

    Hanna Obiado - Soap and Detergent

    Uploaded by

    Allynn Junio
    This document discusses the key ingredients and chemical processes involved in making soap and detergent. Soap is made through saponification, which involves heating oils or fats with an alkali like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Detergent production uses petrochemicals or oleochemicals reacted with chemicals like sulfur trioxide or ethylene oxide and an alkali. Both soap and detergent work by using their hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends to emulsify oils and allow them to be rinsed away with water and mechanical agitation. Surfactants are the active ingredients that lower water's surface tension to enable better wetting and soil removal. Other additives like builders enhance cleaning by reducing water hardness.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    Chemicals Present in Soap and Detergent

    Consumer Chemistry Quarter 3


    Reporter: Hanna Camille DC
    Obiado

    .
    Preparation of Soap
    Ingredients:
    A. Fatty acid from animal fats and vegetable oils

    ▪ Source of the hydrocarbon chain – hydrophobic


    (water-hating end) but attracted to grease and oils
    ▪ Carboxylate end – hydrophilic (water-loving end)

    B. Alkali

    ▪ Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or caustic


    soda –
    produces hard soap-like bath and bar soap
    ▪ Potassium hydroxide (KOH) or caustic
    potash – produces soft soap like in liquid hand
    soap

    .
    Chemical Structure of Soap

    Saponification
    -involves heating plant oils and animal fats, reacting them with a
    liquid alkali to produce soap plus water plus glycerine.li
    Another way of soap making is the hydrolysis of oils and fats in high-pressure steam to yield crude fatty
    acids and glycerine – purification of fatty acids through distillation and neutralization of fatty acids with
    alkali to form soap and water

    .
    Preparation of Detergent
    Ingredients:

    A. Petrochemicals (derived from


    petroleum) and oleochemical (derived
    from fats and oils – the source of the
    hydrocarbon chain, the hydrophobic
    end of detergent but attracted to grease and oils

    B. Other chemicals like sulfur trioxide,


    sulfuric acid, or ethylene oxide
    - the source of hydrophilic end of the detergent

    C. Alkali
    – sodium or potassium hydroxide

    .
    Chemical Structure of Detergent

    The chemicals like sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid react


    with the hydrocarbon from petrochemical or oleochemical.
    It produces a new acid. The new acid then reacts with the
    alkali to produce the anionic surfactant molecule.

    Another way to produce detergent is when the


    hydrocarbon chain is converted to fatty alcohol
    and then reacts with ethylene oxide. It produces
    a nonionic surfactant. This nonionic
    surfactant can further react to sulfur-
    containing acids to form the anionic
    surfactant, the active ingredient of detergents.

    .
    How soap and detergent
    works
    Three types of energy are needed for a good result of cleaning
    using soap and detergent:
    A. Chemical energy – is provided by the soap and detergent.
    The
    hydrophilic end (water-loving) mixed up the water, and the
    hydrophobic end (water-hating) removes the soil’s grease and
    oils.
    B. Thermal energy – change in water temperature. Warm water
    or hot temperature helps to dissolve the grease and oil of the
    soil.

    C. Mechanical energy – Machine, hand rubbing, and


    another way of agitation help pull the soil free.

    .
    Surface Tension

    ● Property of water

    ● The tension is created as the water


    molecules at the surface are pulled into the
    body of water.

    ● It slows down the wetting of the surface


    and inhibits the cleaning process.

    .
    Surfactant

    ● Also called surface-active agents

    ● Chemicals change the properties of water by


    lowering the surface tension

    ● Enables the cleaning solution to wet a surface more


    quickly so the soil can easily be loosened or removed

    ● Emulsifies the oily soils and keeps them dispersed


    and suspended

    .
    Classificatio
    n of
    surfactants

    .
    Chemical Structure of the Different Types of Surfactants

    .
    Builder
    s
    ● Enhance the cleaning effectiveness of surfactants
    ● Reduce water hardness (possible formation of scum or film)
    ● Supply and maintain alkalinity
    ● It is done either by:

    Sequestration or chelation – holding hard materials in the


    solution
    Examples: complex phosphates and sodium citrate

    Precipitation – forming an insoluble substance


    Examples: sodium carbonate and sodium silicate

    Ion exchange – trading electrically charged particles


    Example: sodium aluminosilicate (zeolite)

    .
    Questions?
    .
    Thank you all for
    listening!!!

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