Class 11 Maths Ch-4 Notes

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Class 11
Mathematics
Unit :Complex number and quadratic equation.
Imaginary Numbers:
★
The square root of a negative real number is called an imaginary
number, e.g. √-2, √-5 etc.The quantity √-1 is an imaginary unit and it
is denoted by ‘i’ called Iota.
Note:
For any two real numbers a and b, the result √a × √b :

√ab is true only, when atleast one of the given numbers
i.e. either zero or positive.
√-a × √-b ≠ √ab
So, i2 = √-1 × √-1 ≠ 1
‘i’ is neither positive, zero nor negative.
In + in+1 + in+2 + in+3 = 0.
□ Complex number:
A number of the form a + ib, where a and b are real
numbers, is defined to be a Complex number. For
example, 2 + i3, (– 1) + i.
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“Equality of Complex Number” :

Two complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2
are equal, iff x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 i.e. Re(z1) = Re(z2)
and Im(z1) = Im(z2)
Note: Order relation “greater than’’ and “less than” are
not defined for complex number.
✓ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS:

1) Addition of two complex numbers –
Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 be any two complex
numbers, then their sum defined as
Z1 + z2 = (x1 + iy1) + (x2 + iy2) = (x1 + x2) + i (y1 + y2).
• Properties of Addition :
Commutative: z1 + z2 = z2 + z1
Associative: z1 + (z2 + z3) = (z1 + z2) + z3
Additive identity z + 0 = z = 0 + z
Here, 0 is additive identity.
2)Difference of two complex numbers :
Let z1 = (x1 + iy1) and z2 = (x2 + iy2) be any two complex
numbers, then their difference is defined as
Z1 – z2 = (x1 + iy1) – (x2 + iy2) = (x1 – x2) + i(y1 – y2).
3)Multiplication of complex numbers:

Multiplication of complex numbers is a process of the

multiplication of two or more complex numbers using the
distributive property. Mathematically, if we have two complex
numbers z = a + ib and w = c + id, then multiplication of
complex numbers z and w is written as zw = (a + ib) (c + id).
• Properties of Multiplication:
Commutative: z1z2 = z2z1
Associative: z1(z2z3) = (z1z2)z3
Multiplicative identity: z . 1 = z = 1 . z
Here, 1 is multiplicative identity of an element z.
Multiplicative inverse: For every non-zero complex number z,
there exists a complex number z1 such that z . z1 = 1 = z1 . z
Distributive law: z1(z2 + z3) = z1z2 + z1z3.
4) Division of Complex Numbers
Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 be any two complex
numbers, then their division is defined as

Question -

Question –

Question -3

★Conjugate of Complex Number:

Let z = x + iy, if ‘i’ is replaced by (-i), then said to be
conjugate of the complex number z and it is denoted by
z¯, i.e. z¯ = x – iy.
★Modulus of complex numbers:

The modulus of the complex number is the distance of
the point on the Argand plane representing the complex
number z from the origin. Let P is the point that denotes
the complex number, z = x + iy. Then, OP = |z| = √(x2 +
y2 ).

Question -

Question -2-
Solution –

★Argand plane:
Argand plane is used to represent a complex number in a two-

dimensional plane. The argand plane is similar to a coordinate plane,
and a complex number z = x + iy is plotted as a point (x, y).
• Argument of a complex Number:

The angle made by line joining point z to the origin, with the positive
direction of X-axis in an anti-clockwise sense is called argument or
amplitude of complex number. It is denoted by the symbol arg(z) or
amp(z).
Polar Form of a Complex Number
★
If z = x + iy is a complex number, then z can be written as z = |z| (cosθ

+ isinθ), where θ = arg(z). This is called polar form. If the general
value of the argument is θ, then the polar form of z is z = |z| [cos
(2nπ + θ) + isin(2nπ + θ)], where n is an integer.
Question -1-Determine the multiplicative inverse of 4 – 3i.
Solution –

Question -2- Determine the modulus and arguments of 1 – i.

Also, find its polar form.
Solution – Given expression: 1 – i.

The complex number z = a + ib in polar form is given as z = |z|

(cos θ + i sin θ) …(1)
Let z = 1 – i
Finding Argument of 1 – i:
Θ = arg (z) = tan-1 (|b| / |a|)
Here, |b| = 1 and |a| = 1.


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These notes are provided from studifysuccess

For any two real numbers a and b, the result √a × √b :

https://www.studifysuccess.com/ MADE BY – PRATEEK SHUKLA

“Equality of Complex Number” :

✓ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS:

https://www.studifysuccess.com/ MADE BY – PRATEEK SHUKLA

Multiplication of complex numbers is a process of the

https://www.studifysuccess.com/ MADE BY – PRATEEK SHUKLA

https://www.studifysuccess.com/ MADE BY – PRATEEK SHUKLA

https://www.studifysuccess.com/ MADE BY – PRATEEK SHUKLA

https://www.studifysuccess.com/ MADE BY – PRATEEK SHUKLA

★Conjugate of Complex Number:

★Modulus of complex numbers:

https://www.studifysuccess.com/ MADE BY – PRATEEK SHUKLA

https://www.studifysuccess.com/ MADE BY – PRATEEK SHUKLA

https://www.studifysuccess.com/ MADE BY – PRATEEK SHUKLA

Argand plane is used to represent a complex number in a two-

• Argument of a complex Number:

If z = x + iy is a complex number, then z can be written as z = |z| (cosθ

https://www.studifysuccess.com/ MADE BY – PRATEEK SHUKLA

Question -2- Determine the modulus and arguments of 1 – i.

Solution – Given expression: 1 – i.

https://www.studifysuccess.com/ MADE BY – PRATEEK SHUKLA

The complex number z = a + ib in polar form is given as z = |z|

Here, |b| = 1 and |a| = 1.

https://www.studifysuccess.com/ MADE BY – PRATEEK SHUKLA

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