Studies in Systems, Decision and Control 489

Rim El Khoury
Nohade Nasrallah Editors

Intelligent
Systems,
Business, and
Innovation
Research
Studies in Systems, Decision and Control

Volume 489

Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland
The series “Studies in Systems, Decision and Control” (SSDC) covers both new
developments and advances, as well as the state of the art, in the various areas of
broadly perceived systems, decision making and control–quickly, up to date and
with a high quality. The intent is to cover the theory, applications, and perspectives
on the state of the art and future developments relevant to systems, decision
making, control, complex processes and related areas, as embedded in the fields of
engineering, computer science, physics, economics, social and life sciences, as well
as the paradigms and methodologies behind them. The series contains monographs,
textbooks, lecture notes and edited volumes in systems, decision making and
control spanning the areas of Cyber-Physical Systems, Autonomous Systems,
Sensor Networks, Control Systems, Energy Systems, Automotive Systems,
Biological Systems, Vehicular Networking and Connected Vehicles, Aerospace
Systems, Automation, Manufacturing, Smart Grids, Nonlinear Systems, Power
Systems, Robotics, Social Systems, Economic Systems and other. Of particular
value to both the contributors and the readership are the short publication timeframe
and the world-wide distribution and exposure which enable both a wide and rapid
dissemination of research output.
Indexed by SCOPUS, DBLP, WTI Frankfurt eG, zbMATH, SCImago.
All books published in the series are submitted for consideration in Web of Science.
Rim El Khoury · Nohade Nasrallah
Editors

Intelligent Systems,
Business, and Innovation
Research
Editors
Rim El Khoury Nohade Nasrallah
Adnan Kassar School of Business LaRGE Research Center
Lebanese American University EM Strasbourg Business School
Byblos, Lebanon Strasbourg, France

ISSN 2198-4182 ISSN 2198-4190 (electronic)

Studies in Systems, Decision and Control
ISBN 978-3-031-36894-3 ISBN 978-3-031-36895-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36895-0

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2024

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Paper in this product is recyclable.

Preface I

In contemporary times, intelligent systems have emerged as a significant catalyst of

progress and development across various industries. These systems, which incorpo-
rate advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data
analytics, have the potential to automate and optimize business processes, enhance
decision-making, and enable new business models. As a result, intelligent systems
have become an indispensable tool for enterprises seeking to maintain a competitive
advantage in today’s rapidly evolving digital environment.
The book Intelligent Systems, Business, and Innovation Research aims to provide a
comprehensive overview of the role of intelligent systems in business and innovation
research. It covers a wide range of topics, including the formation and evolution of
intelligent systems, the integration of these systems into business processes, and the
impact of intelligent systems on innovation and entrepreneurship. Additionally, the
book examines the ethical and social implications of intelligent systems, such as
privacy, security, and displacement of the workforce.
This volume is tailored to researchers, practitioners, and pupils in the fields of
business, management, innovation, and technology. It serves as a valuable resource
for understanding the potential of intelligent systems in propelling innovation and
competitiveness in today’s fast-changing business milieu.
The book is structured to cover an assortment of topics related to intelligent
systems and their impact on business and innovation. It begins with a broad overview
of the fundamental aspects of intelligent systems and underlying technologies, such as
artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data analytics. Following that, the book
explores the structure and growth of intelligent systems, including their architecture,
algorithms, and applications.
One of the book’s key themes is the integration of intelligent systems into business
practices and operations. This encompasses discussions on how intelligent systems
can be used to streamline operations, improve decision-making, and enhance the
customer experience. The book also examines the challenges of integrating intelligent
systems into organizations, such as cultural resistance and technological limitations.
In addition to the operational benefits of intelligent systems, the book delves into
their impact on innovation and entrepreneurship. It explains how intelligent systems

v
vi Preface I

can foster creativity and support new business models, as well as how they can be
used to identify and exploit new market opportunities.
Finally, the volume tackles the ethical and social implications of intelligent
systems, including issues related to privacy, security, and workforce displacement. It
provides insights into how to manage these issues and ensure that intelligent systems
are developed and applied in a responsible and sustainable manner.
In a nutshell, Intelligent Systems, Business, and Innovation Research imparts
a comprehensive and up-to-date perspective on the role of intelligent systems in
business and innovation research. It combines insights from prominent experts in
the field and provides practical guidance on how to design, implement, and manage
intelligent systems within organizations.

Byblos, Lebanon Rim El Khoury

Strasbourg, France Nohade Nasrallah
August 2023
Preface II

Intelligent systems are crucial for businesses to stay competitive in the rapidly
evolving corporate world. These revolutionary systems, utilizing advanced tech-
nologies like artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data analytics, have the
potential to transform business processes, augment decision-making, and stimulate
innovation.
The book, Intelligent Systems, Business, and Innovation Research, offers a
comprehensive and up-to-date exploration of the role of intelligent systems in busi-
ness and innovation. It covers a wide range of topics, from the development and
design of intelligent systems to their integration into business processes and their
effects on innovation and entrepreneurship. The book also addresses the ethical and
social implications of intelligent systems, such as security, privacy, and workforce
displacement.
As an expert in the field of intelligent systems, both as a researcher and practi-
tioner, we believe this book makes a significant contribution to the area. It features
insights from leading experts in the field and offers practical guidance on designing,
implementing, and managing intelligent systems within organizations. Additionally,
the book highlights emerging trends and challenges, such as the need for explainable
artificial intelligence and the impact of intelligent systems on the workforce.
One of the book’s strengths is its focus on the practical applications of intelli-
gent systems in the business environment. The numerous case studies and real-world
examples show how intelligent systems can facilitate innovation, streamline opera-
tions, and enhance customer experience. This provides readers with a comprehensive
understanding of the potential of intelligent systems in practical contexts.
Another strength of the book is its emphasis on the ethical and social implications
of intelligent systems. As intelligent systems are increasingly integrated into daily
life, it is crucial to evaluate their potential impacts on society and ensure they are
developed and used sustainably and responsibly. The book provides insight into
how businesses can manage these issues and ensure that intelligent systems are
implemented in a way that benefits both the business and society as a whole.
To conclude, we strongly recommend this book to anyone interested in the inter-
section of intelligent systems, business, and innovation. The book forms a deep

vii
viii Preface II

overview of the field and constitutes a piece of practical advice on how to leverage
the power of intelligent systems to drive business success and innovation.

Byblos, Lebanon Rim El Khoury

Strasbourg, France Nohade Nasrallah
September 2023
Contents

Business, Finance, and Economics

The E-Government Systems Services and Its Impact on the Public
Jordanians Trust from the Software Quality Factors Perspective . . . . . . . 3
Ali Samer Alswalmh, Hamed Fawareh, and Mohammad Kanan
The Impact of Internal Auditing Activity on the Effectiveness
of Digital Risk Management in Banks Registered on the Palestine
Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Kayed M. Tanbour and Abdulnaser I. Nour
The Impact of Digital Transformation on Reducing the Costs
of Banking Services in Jordanian Islamic Banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Yahya Al Khassawneh
Stability of Jordanian Dinar Supports Electronic Trading System . . . . . . 47
Emad Nawayiseh, Abdullah Ibrahim Nazal, and Hawazen Metair
The Role of M/BV Ratio in the Liquidity of Amman Stock Exchange . . . 59
Mohammad Sami Ali
The Role of Financial Technology Innovations in Strengthening
the Digital Finance Services in the Jordanian Banking System . . . . . . . . . 69
Yazan Abdullah Qasrawi, Ahmed Mohammed Al-Saad,
and Majd Mahmoud Theyab
The Impact of Exports on Economic Growth in Jordan (2005–2021) . . . . 79
Thaer Ahmad Abu-Saleem, Khaled Mohammed Al-Sawaie,
Mohammad Musa Al-Momani, Abdelhalim Mohammad Jubran,
Ibrahim Mohammad Khrais, Mazin Hasan AlBasha, Nidal Ali Abbas,
and Hoda Mansour

ix
x Contents

The Influence that Covid-19 Has Had on the Electronic

Payment System, Including Perspectives on Its Usage, Trust,
and Competency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Khaled Alzeaideen, Nidal Al-Ramahi, Mahmoud Odeh,
Mohammad Sabri, Nadia Qoazmar, Allam Hamdan, and Huda Atassi
Factors Influencing Commercial Banks in Jordan’s Transition
to Electronic Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Mahmoud Odeh, Nidal Al-Ramahi, Emad Alrabi, Mohammad Sabri,
Allam Hamdan, and Qadri Aljabri
Agricultural Production, Trade Balances and Sustainable
Development in India: An Analytical Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
S. Rajeswari, R. Kasthuri, R. Thamilmani, K. Sivasubramanian,
and P. Kumarasamy
The Consequences of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Indicators
of International Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Smutchak Zinaida, Nazarova Karina, Novak Olena,
Lezhepokova Victoriia, Danyluk Liudmyla, and Maistrenko Anastasiia
An Analysis of the Determinant for Financial Stability in China . . . . . . . 131
Han Yue, Nurhaiza Nordin, and Nurnaddia Nordin
The Impact of the War on Internet Trade in Ukraine and the World:
Consumer Trends and Expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
P. Nadiia Reznik, Yuliia Havryliuk, Iryna Druzhynina,
Halyna Yu. Anishchenko, Maryna V. Omelianenko,
and Innola V. Novykova
Assessment of Investment Efficiency in Human Capital
of a Company Using Fuzzy Modeling Method Based on Linear
and Logarithmic Input Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Kostyantyn Bozhko, Nadiia Antonenko, Victoria Ilchenko,
Tamara Navrotska, Iryna Halak, and Tetiana Zaplitna
Environmental Aspects of Geospatial Diversification of Foreign
Trade: The Case of Ukraine-EU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Liudmyla Kudyrko, Mykola Stetsko, Victoriia Lezhepokova,
Oleksii Petrochenko, Dmytro Makatora, and Oleksii Yashchenko
Bibliometric Analysis of Research in the Field of Mercantilism . . . . . . . . 181
Hannah Biju, K. P. Jaheer Mukthar, Hugo Espinoza-Rodríguez,
Willian Fernandez-Celestino, Nelson Cruz-Castillo,
Carolina Falla-Gómez, and Norma Ramirez-Asis
Contents xi

Assessment of Economic Empowerment Through Micro-finance

for Sustainable Business: A Study on Woman Vegetable Vendors
in Chennai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Roopa Adarsh, K. Sivasubramanian, and P. Kumarasamy
Organization and Features of Investing in the Cryptocurrency
Market in Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Volodymyr Porfirenko, Mykola Melnyk, Vadym Ivanov,
Mykhailo Hobta, Tetiana Diachenko, and Oksana Vysochylo

Digital Transformation and Its Impact

The Impact of Digital Transformation on Institutional Excellence
in Private Jordanian Universities—Case Study: Zarqa University . . . . . . 229
Majed Al Masadeh, Khaled A. Alzeaideen, Fatima O. Haimour,
Farah Al Masadeh, Hala Alsabatin, and Hanadi Hakami
Digital Transformation Revolution and Higher Education
Universities in Jordan: Exploring the Students’ Attitude Toward
the Use of eLearning Platforms in the COVID-19 Pandemic . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Muneer Hasan, Samer AlMajaly, Rasha Alkhatatbeh, and Nedal Agha
The Effects of Innovative Technology on Quality Assurance
in Higher Education Institutions in Developing Countries: A Case
Study of Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Nidal Al-ramahi, Mahmoud Odeh, Iyad Khanfar, Nadia Qoazmar,
Allam Hamdan, Hala Alsabatin, and Mohammad Kanan
E-Tourism: New Communication Challenges for the Travel
Agencies in the UAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Anis Bachta
Digitalization of Agrarian Enterprises Management in the Frames
of Renovation After the War in Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Kateryna A. Alekseieva, Olena A. Kovtun, Anatolii D. Ostapchuk,
Nadiia P. Reznik, Maryna O. Gomeniuk, and Liubov O. Zgalat-Lozynska
Exploring the Landscape of Metaverse: A Comprehensive Analysis
of Existing Research and Future Research Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
K. P. Jaheer Mukthar, K. Sivasubaramanian, Carla Reyes-Reyes,
Wilber Acosta-Ponce, Cinthy Espinoza-Requejo, and Elia Ramírez-Asís

E-Commerce, Consumer Behavior, and Digital Marketing

E-Web Design as Marketing Element and the Influence
on Competitive Advantage with Moderation Role of Social
Influence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Haitham Allahaweh Alamro
xii Contents

Gaps Determination of E-CRM and Competitive Advantage: The

Role of Marketing Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Haitham Allahaweh Alamro, Hmood Mohammad Sanad,
and Lobna Sorour
The Impact of Digital Marketing Tools on Consumers Behavior:
A Case Study—Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Mustafa S. Al-Shaikh, Zaid Shaker Naddaf, Hatem Garmoun,
and Mohammad Kanan
E-Commerce and Digital Currencies Risk Management Challenges . . . . 343
Ibrahim Mohammad Abu Elbeh
Overview of the Factors Affecting Usage of Mobile Cloud
Computing in the Technological Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Nidal Al-ramahi, Mahmoud Odeh, Mohammed sabri, Nadia Qozmar,
Khaled Zyaden, Allam Hamdan, and Halah Nassief
Customer Segmentation Based on RFM Attributes Using Machine
Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Iyad Khanfar, Isra Khanfar, and Mahmoud Odeh
Assessing the Quality of the E-Commerce Customer Journey
Using SERVPERF: An Empirical Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Mohammad Talat Khouj, Mohammed A. Kanan, Siraj Essemmar,
Mohmmed Bawazir, and Mohammad Omar Sabri
An Application of Structure Equation Modelling in Determinants
of Customer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE) in the Banking Area . . . . . . . . 399
Sandeep Kumar Gupta, Neha Nagar, Sripal Srivastava,
Piyusha Somvanshi, and Liudmyla Akimova
Innovative and Sustainable Consumer Intention Towards Smart
Garden Gadgets—An Integrated TAM and SUS Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Ibha Rani, C. Nagadeepa, K. P. Jaheer Mukthar,
Roger Rurush-Asencio, Jose Sifuentes-Stratti,
and Hugo Espinoza-Rodríguez
Emotional Appeal in Television Advertising and Its Impact
on Buying Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Naveen Pol, Syed Kazim, Kotigari Reddi Swaroop,
Ravi Shankar Bhakat, Surendar Gade, and K. P. Jaheer Mukthar
A Study on Purchase Intention and Behaviour of Consumers
Towards Organic Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Syed Kazim, K. P. Jaheer Mukthar, Mercedes Huerta-Soto,
Eva Zarzosa-Marquez, Cinthy Espinoza-Requejo,
and Carlos Huerta-Soto
Contents xiii

Consumer Brand Relationship (CBR) in SMM Context: Does It

Matter for SMEs e-Brand Equity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Noor Hasmini AbdGhani, Lawi Adamu, and Yaty Sulaiman
Religious Values as Determinants Selection of Healthcare Facilities . . . . . 469
Rasinah Rasinah, Fatimah az Zahra, and Muafi Muafi
Intention to Use on E-Commerce in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Rava Fernanda Purnama, Fatimahaz Zahra, and Muafi Muafi
Developing Customer Networking Quality Model to Improve
SMES’ Marketing Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Naili Farida, Ida Bagus Nyoman Udayana, Mariana Simanjuntak,
and Mochamad Taufiq
Eastparc Hotel Marketing Communication Strategy for Increasing
Occupancy During the Pandemic in 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Fadhil Fadhlurrachman and Nur Sofyan
The Impact of Perceived Service Quality Towards Customer
Loyalty and Satisfaction in the Telecommunication Service
Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Mona Coretti Lee Johnny and Syarifah Hanum Ali
Assessing Customer Loyalty with the Online and In-Store
Shopping Convenience of Private Pharmacies in Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Wael Abdallah, Bushrah Al-Fakeh, and Mary McNally

Emerging Technologies, Innovation, and Their Applications

A Novel Framework for the Adoption of Information Technology
Based on Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Mahmoud Odeh, Nidal Al-ramahi, Iyad Khanfar, Nadia Qozmar,
Mohammed Sabri, Allam Hamdan, and Mohammad Kanan
Cloud Computing-Based Theoretical Transfer from Physical
to Virtual Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
Mahmoud Odeh, Nidal Al-ramahi, Khaled Alzeaideen,
Nadia Qoazmar, Mohammad Sabri, Allam Hamdan,
and Rania A. Baashirah
Transmission Line Fault Detection Using Arduino and GSM . . . . . . . . . . 559
Hamza Alqasem, Adam Dawood, Qusai Arda, Jafar Jallad,
Samer Alsadi, Tareq Foqha, Abdulelah AlWahhabi,
and Mohammad Aljaidi
Propeller Pendulum Control by Matlab Simulink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Omar Salem, Ameen Hasan, Neal zain Edden, Saif Zedan,
Muhammad Dradi, Samer Alsadi, Tareq Foqha, and Ayman Amer
xiv Contents

Detecting and Tracking Fire Remotely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575

Baraa Attili, Wael Salah, Samer Alsadi, Tareq Foqha,
Basem Abu Izneid, and Abdullah Alqammaz
Design of Power System Protection Laboratory at PTUK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Tareq Foqha, Muhammed Dradi, Samer Alsadi, and Hani Attar
Design a Smart Turbines for Power Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Mohammad Kaik, Momen Zarour, Faris Sabha, Tawfiq Abu-salah,
M. Muntaser-Aldabe, Samer Alsadi, Tareq Foqha,
and Mohammad Rasmi Al-Mousa
Automatic Smart Parking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Abdullah Ziadeh, Heba Zedan, Taima’a Theeb,
Waseem Kharoof, Arafat Zedan, Samer Alsadi, Tareq Foqha,
and Mohammed Rasmi Al-Mousa
Design of Smart Grids Protection Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Al-motaz Bellh Fakhoury, Mousa Al-wahsh, Sarah Khalil, Jafar Jallad,
Samer Alsadi, Basem Abu Izneid, and Ala’a Al Sherideh
Smart Glass for Visually Impaired Person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
Anas Shunaran, Hasan Nofal, Muntasir Aldabe, Samer Alsadi,
Tareq Foqha, Abdulelah Al Wahhabi, and Khaled Al-Qawasmi
Advanced Un Interruptible Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Sohaip Yousef, Mohammad Hethnawi, Baraa Raed, Akram Hamdan,
Samer Alsadi, Tareq Foqha, Abdulelah AlWahhabi, and Mais Alzgool
Analysis and Improvement of Anabta Distribution Network . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Hothayfa Abu Sarees, Alaa Abu Ali, Obay Nedal Naffaa, Jafar Jallad,
Samer Alsadi, Tareq Foqha, Basem Abu Izneid, and Mahmoud Odeh
Controlling Robot Arm Using Kinect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
Dawoud Sader, Ammar Ashour, Muhammad Dradi, Samer Alsadi,
Tareq Foqha, Abdulelah Alwahhabi, and Sattam Almatarneh
Educational Starting Board for Three-Phase Squirrel Cage
Induction Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Ali Kitaneh, Ahmad Jarrad, Samer Alsadi, Arafat Zeidan, Tareq Foqha,
Abdulelah AlWahhabi, and Hani Attar
Security System for Bank Cash Safe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
Ahmad Al-Fandi, Ahmad Toma, Basim Alsayid, Samer Alsadi,
Tareq Foqha, Ali Elrashidi, and Mohammad Rasmi Al-Mousa
Innovative Development Management of Food Safety in Poland:
Forecasting the Development of Dairy Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
Tetiana Ganushchak, Valentyna Khrapkina, Olena Hurman,
and Nataliia Zghadova
Contents xv

Blended Learning Adoption on Higher Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703

Dyah Sugandini, Garaika, Yuni Istanto, Rava Fernanda Purnama,
and Rahajeng Arundati
The Educational Technology: A Technology for Education
and an Education with Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Anishma Sebastian, K. P. Jaheer Mukthar, Rudecindo Penadillo Lirio,
Edwin Hernan Asis, Wilber Acosta-Ponce,
and Giovani Villegas-Ramirez

Legal, Societal, and Organizational Issues

Digital Protection of the Trademark in Jordanian Law.
A Comparative Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
Yasar Alhunieti and Dina Aljabari
The Right to Digital Oblivion, with Special Reference to Iraqi Law . . . . . 743
Khalid Alzubaidi, Bassam Abu Irmilah, and Mahfuz
Examining the Relationship Between Transactional Leadership
Style and Leader’s Emotional Intelligence Within the Palestinian
ICT Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
Marwan Milhem, Mohannad Moufeed Ayyash, Ali Ahmed Ateeq,
and Mohammed Alzoraiki
Balancing Efficiency and Ethics: The Challenges of Artificial
Intelligence Implementation in Journalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
Abdallah Aljalabneh, Hamzeh Aljawawdeh, Alia Mahmoud,
Tahseen Sharadqa, and Ashraf Al-Zoubi
Using Sanctions in Enforcing Digital Markets Act in the EU . . . . . . . . . . . 775
Gehad Mohamed Abdelaziz and Adham Hashish
Decoding Human Development and Environmental Sustainability:
A Predictive Analytical Study on Relationship Between HDI
and Carbon Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
Priya Sachdeva and Archan Mitra
Knowledge Management and Risk Control in the University
Environment: Biotechnology Center of Sfax-Tunisia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
Choura Abdallah and Kammoun Raoudha
The Mediating Role of Organizational Culture in the Relationship
Between Workforce Diversity and Turnover Intention Among
Employees in Palestine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807
Marwan Milhem, Ameer Mousa Ahmad Tahayna,
Mohannad Moufeed Ayyash, Ali Ahmed Ateeq Ali,
Mohammed Al-Zoraiki, and Tamer Alkadash
xvi Contents

Model Destination Image Dan Sustainable Rural Tourism (Case

Study on Lerep Tourism Village Tourists in Semarang District) . . . . . . . . 817
Agung Budiatmo, Naili Farida, and Mujiono Hafidh
PLA and The Future of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
Nasser A. Saif Almuraqab
Strategic Priorities for the Safe Development of Bioenergy
in Ukraine: Barriers and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837
Nadiia P. Reznik, Yuliia G. Havryliuk, Anna V. Yakymovska,
Kostiantyn M. Predun, Viktor P. Leszczynski, and Andriy V. Shpakov
Ensuring Food Security in the Face of Global Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847
Nadiia P. Reznik, Anna V. Yakvmovska, Liudmyla P. Alioshkina,
Oksana V. Zagorodniuk, Borys O. Yazlyuk, Vadym A. Tkachuk,
and Rafal A. Dvmczvk
Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Navigating the Position and Challenges
Faced by Women in the IT Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
K. G. Shantha Kumari, K. P. Jaheer Mukthar, Sanjay Kumar Singh,
M. M. Nirmala, Madhu Druva Kumar, and V. Raju
The Modern Model of Passenger Transportation Market
Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869
Yuliia Malakhova, Olena Lozhachevska, Volodymyr Smagin,
Victoria Ilchenko, Larysa Snizhko, and Oleksii Parokhnenko
Strategic Prospects for the Development of the Logistics Services
Market in Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883
Katervna Kompanets, Victoria Ilchenko, Svitlana Petrovska,
Mykola Horodetskyy, Iryna Antonyuk, Angelica Medvedieva,
and Hanna Haidai
Early Warning System and Perspective of Alluvial Risk Among
Peruvian Micro-entrepreneurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901
Hernan Ramirez-Asis, Jaheer Mukthar, Ricardo Toledo-Quiñones,
Hugo Maldonado-Levya, William Dextre-Martinez,
Judith Flores-Albornoz, and Norma Ramírez-Asis
Strategic Behavior in the Automobile Market. Case of Colombia . . . . . . . 913
Alejandra Molina Osorio and John Jairo García Rendón
Institutional Aspects of Development of Budget System: Theory
and Practice of Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925
Ivan L. Rogovskii, Nadiia P. Reznik, Nataliia V. Osadchuk,
Tetiana M. Ivanova, Miroslava M. Zinchenko, Liudmyla Yu. Melnyk,
and Hanna Ryzhakova
Contents xvii

Non-uniform Field of Concrete Deformations of Circular

Cross-Section Columns Under Cross Bending Applying Digital
Image Correlation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939
Ivan L. Rogovskii, Nadiia P. Reznik, Maksym A. Druzhynin,
Liudmyla L. Titova, Ihor M. Nychay, and Olena V. Nikulina
The Parameters that Influence the Achievement and Let-Down
of Performance Management Schemes in Major Enterprises
in India’s Manufacturing Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953
Sandeep Kumar Gupta, Anoop Kumar, Deepa Rajesh, Neha Nagar,
Fatima Qasim Hasan, Iryna Mihus, Fatima Kattiana Coelho,
and N. Suresh Kumar
The Effect of Digital Literacy on the Academic Performance
of Islamic University Students in Gaza During COVID-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967
Sedeaq Nassar and Shahira Khattab
The Educational Technology:
A Technology for Education
and an Education with Technology

Anishma Sebastian , K. P. Jaheer Mukthar ,

Rudecindo Penadillo Lirio , Edwin Hernan Asis ,
Wilber Acosta-Ponce , and Giovani Villegas-Ramirez

Abstract Educational Technology is the process of integrating technology into

education in a positive manner that promotes a more diverse learning environment and
a way for students to learn how to use technology as well as their common assignment.
twenty-first century can be precisely termed as an era of technology and innovation.
Educational technology is one such innovation that has changed the entire teaching–
learning process. The main aim of this research paper is to study the impact of new
modes of learning (using educational technology) on student’s performance in their
examinations and its role in enhancing learning outcomes. Educational technology
can be of various types including synchronous or asynchronous learning, computer-
based learning, computer-mediated learning, collaborative learning, flipped class-
rooms etc. This paper would be focusing on which type of educational technology
do the students prefer and for what purpose. Also, do they perceive it as a substitute
of conventional classroom learning? The study investigated whether all the students
from different fields, professional, non-professional, vocational etc., find Ed-tech
platforms and online learning helpful in one way or the other. The study found educa-
tional technology helpful in enhancing their learning outcomes. In their personal
capacity, student utilize the available educational technology tools to its fullest.

Keywords Educational technology · Synchronous learning · Asynchronous

leaning · Infrastructure

A. Sebastian · K. P. Jaheer Mukthar (B)

Kristu Jayanti College Autonomous, Bengaluru, India
e-mail: [email protected]
R. P. Lirio · G. Villegas-Ramirez
Universidad Nacional Santiago Antunez de Mayolo, Huaraz, Peru
E. H. Asis
Universidad San Pedro, Chimbote, Peru
W. Acosta-Ponce
Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Lima, Peru

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024 717
R. E. Khoury and N. Nasrallah (eds.), Intelligent Systems, Business, and Innovation
Research, Studies in Systems, Decision and Control 489,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36895-0_60
718 A. Sebastian et al.

1 Introduction

Technology is the systematic application of scientific or other structured information

to practical tasks. Consequently, educational technology is founded on theoretical
knowledge from a variety of disciplines (communication, psychology, sociology,
philosophy, artificial intelligence, computer science, etc.) and practical information
from educational practice. Beginning in the middle of the 1980s, digital networking
and communication in education gained popularity in the middle of the 1990s, partic-
ularly through the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail (eMail), and online
discussion forums. There are two primary types of online learning, and they are
distinct. The earlier type, based on computer-based training (CBT) or computer-based
learning (CBL), emphasized the student’s interaction with computer exercises and
tutorials, or microworlds and simulations. Both are now available online. Computer-
mediated communication (CMC), where the primary form of contact is between
students and instructors, is the prevailing paradigm in the conventional education
system at present. CBT/CBL typically refers to individualized (self-study) learning,
as opposed to CMC, which typically involves teacher or tutor facilitation and the
scenario-planning of flexible learning activities. Modern TIC also equips education
with the means to sustain learning communities and the knowledge management
activities that accompany them. Additionally, it provides resources for curriculum
and student management. Educational technology is the application of computer
hardware, software, educational theory, and educational practice to enhance learning.
Educational technology research has always had lofty objectives. Occasionally, the
goal is simply to improve the efficacy or efficiency of current practices, but peda-
gogical reform is typically the objective. In addition to being a design science, it
addresses fundamental questions regarding education, learning, and social organi-
zation. Consequently, it utilizes the entire spectrum of contemporary social science
and life science approaches. The combination of education and technology is the
ideal representation of the modern education system. In addition to practical educa-
tional experience, educational technology is founded on theoretical knowledge from a
variety of disciplines, including communication, education, psychology, sociology,
artificial intelligence, and computer science. Educational technology is the appli-
cation of technology to improve education. It is a methodical, iterative procedure
for developing training or instruction intended to improve performance. Educa-
tion technology is often referred to as learning technology or instructional tech-
nology [1]. It encompasses several disciplines, including learning theory, computer-
based training, online learning, and m-learning, which employs mobile technolo-
gies. Almost every socioeconomic sector in India has been profoundly altered by
the advent of the internet. Education is one of these verticals that experienced this
change relatively late but much more quickly than other industries. The pandemic
outbreak rendered educational technology the ‘only available’ and ‘most effective’
alternative to traditional classroom instruction. However, it must be emphasized that
the field of educational technology is quite expansive and should not be confused with
The Educational Technology: A Technology for Education … 719

merely “online classes” or “virtual classrooms.” It combines synchronous and asyn-

chronous learning. Asynchronous learning is self-paced and allows participants to
engage in the exchange of ideas or information without the participation of other
participants. Educational technology also includes collaborative learning, which
allows students to interact, collaborate, and learn together through various plat-
forms. The Association for Educational Communications and Technology defines
education technology as “the research and ethical practice of promoting learning
and enhancing performance by inventing, employing, and managing appropriate
technological processes and resources” (AECT). Document defines instructional
technology as “the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, manage-
ment, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning” [2–4]. Consequently,
the term “educational technology” is used to refer to all dependable and legitimate
applied education sciences, including scientifically-based equipment, processes, and
procedures. Depending on the context, it can also refer to theoretical, algorithmic, or
heuristic processes. Educational technology is the process of successfully integrating
technology into education to foster a more diverse learning environment.
The extent to which Ed-tech should be permitted to permeate the education system
is a topic of debate among academics, students, and other stakeholders, despite the
apparent efficacy of Ed-tech. And this debate arises due to the divergent ways in
which different academics perceive educational technology. From the existing liter-
ature, this distinction is readily apparent. For a select few, technological innovations
in the field of education improve the teaching–learning experience and orient the
entire learning process toward student needs. While for others, the situation is not as
promising as it appears. In addition, a paucity of literature focuses on how students
in various academic courses perceive educational technology. As the future of all
existing technologies largely depends on how their users respond to them, so too
does the future of educational technology depend on students. This paper aims to
examine the effectiveness of educational technology from the student’s perspective.
The primary objective of this paper is to determine to what extent educational tech-
nology has transformed the learning process and whether or not students embrace
it. The purpose of this paper is to determine if the tools of educational technology
can be integrated into the current educational structure to produce the best possible
learning outcomes for students.
The upskilling and reskilling revolution has been a long time coming due to tech-
nological and innovative advances. By providing skill-building courses that address
the fundamental issue of making children more employable, these platforms can
close the capability gap between available and existing workers.
Irwin Anand, Managing Director for India and the Asia–Pacific region at Udemy,
stated, “Technical skills will lead to the rise of new industries as well as impact
existing businesses and alter the way we do things”. To prepare their workforce for
the future, businesses will need to adapt to the new wave of flexible and effective
skill development. According to the International Technology Education Association,
Educational Technology (Information Technology) teaches with technology, focuses
on the narrow spectrum of information and communication technologies, and aims
to improve the teaching and learning process. Educational technology research has
720 A. Sebastian et al.

always had lofty objectives. Occasionally, the goal is simply to improve the efficacy
or efficiency of current practices, but pedagogical reform is typically the objective.
In addition to being a design science, it addresses fundamental questions regarding
education, learning, and social organization. As a result, the approach encompasses
the entire spectrum of contemporary social science and life sciences.
“Technology provides us with potent tools for experimenting with various designs,
allowing us to develop a science of education as opposed to theories. However, it
cannot be an analytical science such as physics or psychology; it must be a design
science such as aeronautics or artificial intelligence. In aeronautics, for instance,
the objective is to determine how different designs affect lift, drag, maneuverability,
etc. Similarly, a design science of education must determine how various learning
environment designs contribute to learning, cooperation, and motivation, among
other outcomes” ([1], p. 24).

2 Review of Literature

Kennedy [5] provides a comprehensive overview of the effectiveness of educational

technology, with a focus on studies conducted in the past decade. The author examines
research on the impact of various forms of technology, including online learning plat-
forms, multimedia tools, and mobile devices. The review concludes that while educa-
tional technology can be effective, it is important to consider how it is implemented
and integrated into the curriculum.
Stoloff et al. [6] analyses the use of educational technology in the classroom, with a
particular emphasis on how it is used to support student learning. The authors analyze
research on the impact of various forms of technology, including online learning
platforms, interactive whiteboards, and digital textbooks. The review concludes that
while technology can be effective in enhancing student learning, it is important to
ensure that it is used in a way that aligns with instructional goals and promotes
student engagement.
Lainema and Mäkitalo-Siegl (2020) focuses on the impact of educational tech-
nology on student motivation, engagement, and achievement. The authors examine
research on various forms of technology, including online learning platforms, educa-
tional games, and mobile devices. The review concludes that while technology can
be effective in promoting student motivation and engagement, its impact on student
achievement may depend on how it is used and integrated into the curriculum.
Clark [7] examines the impact of technology in the classroom on student perfor-
mance and attitudes. The author analyzes research on various forms of technology,
including online learning platforms, digital textbooks, and interactive whiteboards.
The review concludes that while technology can have a positive impact on student
attitudes and engagement, its impact on student performance may be mixed and
depend on various factors, such as the type of technology and how it is used.
The Educational Technology: A Technology for Education … 721

3 Research Questions

• How popular is Educational technology among students?

• Does it help students in learning new skills, enhancing their performance and
finding jobs?
• Do students perceive Ed-tech as an alternative for conventional methods of
learning or do they want it to play a complimentary role?
• What do they prefer, Synchronous or Asynchronous method of learning?

4 Objectives

• To determine the popularity of Educational technology among the students.

• To examine the role of Educational Technology in the 21st Century.

The article is starting with the introduction where in the researchers are introducing
education technology and briefly explaining its importance, followed by posing the
research question and objectives of the study. The researcher’s briefly explain the
methodology followed by results and discussion and provides the conclusion which in
alignment with research questions. The study also provides Future research directions
in the topic as well.

5 Methodology

The sample consists of sixty students enrolled in a variety of professional, nonpro-

fessional, and vocational degree programs. This sample was collected through an
online survey in which students responded to a series of questions designed to elicit
students’ thoughts regarding online learning and Ed-tech platforms.
It is tested using three variables, the preference of students between online and
offline learning, whether students find Ed-tech platforms helpful for learning new
skills, and whether courses and skills which students learn from Ed-tech platforms
open up employment opportunities for them.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used in checking the validity of hypothesis, other
tools like Pi-charts, Bar graphs are used for describing the result in a meaningful
manner. All these tools bring out thoughts of students towards Ed-tech platforms
and online learning in form of factual data. To understand the overall response of
students following research questions have been formulated and are worked upon in
subsequent sections.
722 A. Sebastian et al.

Table 1 The efficacy of educational technology platforms

Observation Prefer online (%) Use Ed-tech platforms (%) Useful for job (%)
1 80 97 98
2 63 98 94
3 76 90 98
Source Primary data

6 Result and Discussion

The first observation is based upon responses of students enrolled in non-professional

degree courses, second observation is based upon responses of students enrolled in
professional degree courses and third observation is based upon responses of students
enrolled in vocational and senior secondary level courses. The entries are percentage
of favourable responses filled by students of particular observation (Table 1).
Second research question that does Ed-tech platforms helps students in learning
new skills, enhancing their performance and finding jobs gets answered with the help
of hypothesis acceptance.

7 The Popularity of Educational Technology Among

Students

The popularity of educational technology is evident from the fact that out of the total
population surveyed 84.2% students accepted that they use educational technology
platforms. Thus, we can safely say that educational technology has become a part
or student’s academic life. The result for the question asking the popularity of this
technology is summarized in a following pie chart (Fig. 1).
Furthermore, in the survey the students were asked about the purpose for which
they use educational technology (Fig. 2). Students were allowed to select multiple
options. From the available data, we can conclude that problem solving and learning
new skills are the most common purpose for which educational technology is used.
Apart from that educational technology seems to be getting acceptance from students
for the preparation of competitive exams. The statistics available for the academic
exam preparations suggests that students find educational technology helpful in their
exam preparations.
The Educational Technology: A Technology for Education … 723

Fig. 1 Popularity of
educational technology.
Source Primary data 9%0%
7%

84%

Those who use educational technology

Those who dont use educational technology
Not Sure

Competitive exam preparations

Academic exam preparations

Learning new skills

Problem Solving

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Fig. 2 Purpose of using educational technology. Source Primary data

8 Educational Technology Accepted as a Facilitator

of Conventional Classroom Learning

The following research question concerns the acceptance of educational technology

as an alternative to conventional modes of learning. After analyzing student responses
to this question, it can be concluded that students want it to play a supportive role.
Despite the fact that 68.4% of students find it easier to search the internet for a
solution than to ask their teacher, they acknowledged that educational technology
cannot replace traditional classroom teaching and learning.
724 A. Sebastian et al.

9 Synchronous and Asynchrous Learning, Which One is

Preferable?

In addition, a survey question was based on virtual classroom (synchronous) and other
educational technology tools (asynchronous). After a pandemic outbreak, virtual
classrooms have become necessary. According to the data, 68.4% of students began
taking online classes only after the COVID-19 pandemic, while only 29.8% had taken
online classes prior to the outbreak of the pandemic. Asynchronous platforms are
more prevalent than synchronous ones. YouTube and Google are the most popular
educational technology platforms, followed by Ed-tech startups, as indicated by the
data. Here, educational technology includes both synchronous and asynchronous
approaches.
The final objective of this paper is to determine whether or not online learning
receives parental support. And very interesting responses were received for this query.
Only 10.5% of parents of students who use educational technology have a negative
perception of it. 52.9% of the remainder have a favorable opinion of online learning,
while 38.6% have a mixed opinion.
According to the results discussed in the preceding section, educational tech-
nology is very popular among students. The availability of the internet, smartphones,
and other tools that facilitate online learning may be to blame. Moreover, despite the
fact that education in India has been declared a non-profit sector, private organizations
and entrepreneurs see a tremendous opportunity to invest in education, particularly
in Ed-Tech (Milani and Burch 2018). This has also contributed to the increased
popularity of educational technology. Also, the result of the hypothesis suggests that
students find educational technology beneficial in a variety of ways. This is another
reason for the rising popularity of educational technology. Although the popularity of
educational technology is growing rapidly, students do not view it as a replacement
for the current educational system. Instead, they prefer that the quality of education be
improved through the incorporation of technology. However, this would necessitate
the correct preparation of educators. Teachers must be instructed on how to use tech-
nology to deliver lessons (Ringstaff et al. 2002). In addition, necessary infrastructure
should be maintained.
It is possible that the concentration of coaching centers in large and distant cities
has contributed to the rising popularity of educational technology for competitive
exam preparation. Ed-Tech startups and other platforms offer the opportunity to learn
from the comfort of one’s own home; this encourages students to choose educational
technology. In addition, a significant number of students chose online and blended
modes of instruction over traditional classroom settings. This is due to the fact that
after the pandemic, safety has become a major concern.
According to the data, both synchronous and asynchronous learning are popular
among students. It depends primarily on the purpose for which they are utilizing
the Ed-Tech. They use both synchronous and asynchronous modes of learning for
academic purposes, with the synchronous (online classes) becoming popular only
after a pandemic outbreak. This indicates that the integration of technology and
The Educational Technology: A Technology for Education … 725

school/college education in India is still in its infancy. Both modes are quite popular
for other purposes, such as gaining new abilities.

10 Conclusion

In general, students find educational technology beneficial for improving their

learning outcomes. Students utilize the available educational technology tools to the
fullest extent in their personal capacity, but the lack of infrastructure and functional
requirements in schools and colleges prevents Ed-Tech from being incorporated into
conventional classrooms. In order to maximize the efficacy of this beneficial human
innovation, a rapid improvement in infrastructure and adequate teacher training are
required. The combination of education and technology can be a panacea for our
educational system.

11 Scope for Future Research

Educational technology is the study of the process of analyzing, creating, developing,

implementing, and evaluating the instructional environment, learning materials,
students, and the learning process to enhance teaching and learning.
When speculating about the future of technology, it is essential to take into account
the rise in technology usage. The learners’ attention has already been captured by
the introduction of the Metaverse, the use of gamification, and innovative learning
techniques. Online or offline, the future of education will be dominated by these
innovative techniques. How Metaverse and Open AI ChatGpt will impact education
and the learning process can be studied.

References

1. Collins, A.: Towards a design science of education. In: Scanlon, E., O’Shea, T. (eds.) New
Directions in Educational Technology. Springer, Berlin (1992)
2. Joyce, B., Weil, M., Calhoun, E.: Models of Teaching, 9th edn. Person (2014). ISBN 0133749304
3. Antić, Z., Spasić, D.: Project-based learning in English for medicine. Acta Medica Medianae
51(2), 50–55 (2012)
4. Bell, S.: Project-based learning for the 21st century: skills for the future. The Clearing House
83(2), 39–43 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1080/00098650903505415
5. Kennedy, M.M.: How does professional development improve teaching? Rev. Educ. Res. 86,
945–980 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315626800
6. Stoloff, S., Boulanger, M., Lavallée, É., Glaude-Roy, J.: Teachers’ indicators used to describe
professional well-being. J. Educ. Learn. 9, 16 (2019). https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v9n1p16
726 A. Sebastian et al.

7. Clark, P., Shakun, J., Marcott, S., et al.: Consequences of twenty-first-century policy for multi-
millennial climate and sea-level change. Nat. Clim. Change 6, 360–369 (2016). https://doi.org/
10.1038/nclimate2923
8. Ringstaff, C., Kelley, L., Rtec, W.: The learning return on our educational technology investment
(2002)